Exploring the relationship between manual dexterity and cognition in people with multiple sclerosis: 9-hole peg and multiple cognitive functions.

AIM AND RATIONALE: Problems with manual dexterity and cognition impact the everyday performance of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Accumulated findings point to the relationship between deficits in manual dexterity and auditory domains of cognition with a lack of evidence on visuospatial and verbal aspects of cognitive functioning. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between manual dexterity and cognition in a cohort of PwMS. METHOD: This cross-sectional study collected data from 63 PwMS aged 22 to 55 through a convenient sampling method. Participants were diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Cognition was measured using a multi-domain computerized cognitive testing, NeuroTrax, and manual dexterity was measured using a 9-hole peg assessment. Spearman correlation was used to identify the correlation among cognition subtests as well as with manual dexterity. Linear regression analysis was also conducted to identify whether manual dexterity predicts cognitive functioning. RESULTS: A significant negative correlation was found between 9-hole peg scores and global cognitive scores (GCS), r = -0.34, p = 006. The manual dexterity scores were also shown to predict GCS, R2= 0.165, p = 0.001. CONCLUSION: Manual dexterity was found to not only predict cognitive dysfunction but was also associated with multiple cognitive domains. Understanding the relationship between manual dexterity and cognition and the inferred progression of deficits can assist clinicians to provide interventions at earlier stages of disease progression to potentially increase daily functioning and quality of life (QoL).

Multiple sclerosis and quality of life: The role of cognitive impairment on quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), affects functional ability and quality of life (QoL). Depression, fatigue, and disability status are among the many factors that have been shown to impact QoL in people with MS, but the extent to which MS-related cognitive impairment is related to QoL is understudied in the literature. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine relevant predictors of QoL from a wide list of symptoms including physical disability, and a multi-dimensional computerized cognitive assessment battery (CAB), depression, fatigue, and demographic variables (including employment status). In addition, the unique predictive power of cognitive impairment on QoL was explored in relation to other common factors of disease impact. METHODS: 171 people with MS (PwMS) were evaluated with a computerized assessment battery (CAB), EDSS examination, and validated Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) measures (Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale, MSIS-29; Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition BDI-2; and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, MFIS). RESULTS: 171 PwMS were included [Age: 46.02 years ± 9.85, 124 (72.5%) female]. Depression and fatigue scores were highly correlated with MSIS-29. EDSS, unemployment, memory, executive functioning, and motor skills were moderately correlated with MSIS-29. Predictors of QoL were EDSS, depression, fatigue, executive functioning, and attention. Attention and executive functioning were predictive of QoL even after controlling for demographic variables, fatigue, depression, and physical disability status. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate the need for comprehensive and quantified evaluation of all factors associated with disease burden, which will ultimately serve to improve the QoL in PwMS through more targeted and patient-centered care.

Evaluation of an Innovative Curriculum Enhancement: The Conversation Project.

Two northeast nursing schools piloted an innovative curriculum to teach The Conversation Project (TCP) to the next generation of nurses. The goal was to educate 26 graduate nursing students about how to have end-of-life and advance care planning conversations with people before they experience a crisis. The focus of assignments was on communicating newly learned TCP information. Postreflections demonstrated that participants felt their communication skills had been enhanced while their anxieties were reduced. The students' abilities to have end-of-life conversations increased.

Examining changes to statewide NP practice in Connecticut.

In 2014, Connecticut legislators eliminated the need for advanced practice registered nurses with 2,000 practice hours to obtain collaborative practice agreements with physicians. This study examined resulting practice changes, barriers, and suggestions for improved implementation of independent practice. Thirteen NPs participated in focus groups to share their experiences and recommendations.

Sequence and Timing of Intracranial Changes in Cytomegalovirus in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of intrauterine infection, occurring in up to 2% of all live births. Most women are asymptomatic or experience nonspecific symptoms, which can lead to long-term sequelae in newborns including neurological impairment, hearing loss, and mental retardation. A 41-year-old woman (G6 P2), with a medical history of epilepsy, presented for her routine anomaly scan at 20 + 4/40. A single finding of echogenic bowel was noted on ultrasound which prompted a full investigation. A repeat ultrasound only five days later demonstrated progressive changes, which included bilateral ventriculomegaly with oedema of the posterior ventricular wall, periventricular hyperechogenicity, and enlargement of the cisterna magna. CMV DNA was detected at amniocentesis. Ultrasound findings are not diagnostic for CMV with only 11-15% of at-risk fetuses being identified. Unfortunately, these findings may be the only indication of an abnormality. There is a well-documented lack of awareness surrounding CMV and screening is not routinely offered. Given the risk to the pregnancy of CMV and to subsequent pregnancies, simple education at the start of a pregnancy could significantly reduce the incidence of maternal CMV.

Nursing Students' Access to Test Banks: Are Your Tests Secure?

BACKGROUND: Schools of nursing have moved to multiple choice test questions to help prepare students for licensure and practice. However, students can buy test banks to help them "get through" nursing school. Accurate assessment of nursing students' knowledge and judgment comprises access to test banks. METHOD: The purpose of this exploratory study was to gain an understanding about nursing faculty's knowledge concerning test bank security issues, to assess whether publishers were aware of this issue, and vendor's reasons for supplying test banks to students. RESULTS: Overall, the results indicated that the majority of faculty were unaware of student access to test banks, and although most do not use test banks verbatim, general consensus existed that test bank security is a concern. CONCLUSION: Implications include increasing faculty awareness of test bank access by students, supporting educators to develop their own test bank items, and promoting security of all examinations. [J Nurs Educ. 2017;56(5):292-294.].

Changes in Fatigue and Cognition in Patients with Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Natalizumab: The ENER-G Study.

Fatigue and cognitive impairment are debilitating features of multiple sclerosis (MS). ENER-G was a 12-month, open-label, multicenter, single-arm observational study designed to evaluate changes in fatigue and cognition in MS patients treated with natalizumab. Adults with relapsing MS and initiating natalizumab were enrolled. The primary endpoint was change in Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F) score over 12 weeks. Changes in Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) score, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score, and cognitive performance, using Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM), were also assessed. Patients (N = 89) had a mean age of 41 years and a median Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 3.0, and 83% had used at least two prior MS therapies. Significant improvements were observed and maintained at 12 weeks in VAS-F (mean ± SD baseline score, 77.7 ± 10.2; mean ± SD change, -14.9 ± 17.1; P < .0001), MFIS (mean baseline score, 59.1 ± 12.2; mean change, -7.4 ± 11.8; P < .0001), and FSS (median baseline score, 6.3 [range, 3.9-7.0]; median change, -0.4 [range, -2.9-1.4]; P < .0001). Cognitive performance remained stable or improved (depending on the ANAM measure). Thus significant improvements in fatigue were maintained over time, and cognitive performance improved or remained stable up to 48 weeks after initiation of natalizumab in MS patients with some degree of fatigue.

Cognitive changes and quality of life in neurocysticercosis: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have focused on the cognitive morbidity of neurocysticercosis (NCC), one of the most common parasitic infections of the central nervous system. We longitudinally assessed the cognitive status and quality of life (QoL) of patients with incident symptomatic NCC cases and matched controls. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The setting of the study was the Sabogal Hospital and Cysticercosis Unit, Department of Transmissible Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima, Peru. The design was a longitudinal study of new onset NCC cases and controls. Participants included a total of 14 patients with recently diagnosed NCC along with 14 healthy neighborhood controls and 7 recently diagnosed epilepsy controls. A standardized neuropsychological battery was performed at baseline and at 6 months on NCC cases and controls. A brain MRI was performed in patients with NCC at baseline and 6 months. Neuropsychological results were compared between NCC cases and controls at both time points. At baseline, patients with NCC had lower scores on attention tasks (p<0.04) compared with epilepsy controls but no significant differences compared to healthy controls. Six months after receiving anti-parasitic treatment, the NCC group significantly improved on tasks involving psychomotor speed (p<0.02). QoL at baseline suggested impaired mental function and social function in both the NCC and epilepsy group compared with healthy controls. QoL gains in social function (p=0.006) were noted at 6 months in patients with NCC. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Newly diagnosed patients with NCC in this sample had mild cognitive deficits and more marked decreases in quality of life at baseline compared with controls. Improvements were found in both cognitive status and quality of life in patients with NCC after treatment.

Psychological Distress during Ovarian Cancer Treatment: Improving Quality by Examining Patient Problems and Advanced Practice Nursing Interventions.

Background/Significance. Ovarian cancer patients are prone to psychological distress. The clinical significance and best practices for distress among this population are poorly understood. Method. Secondary analysis of research records from a six month randomized control trial included 32 women with primary ovarian cancer. All received 18 advanced practice nurse (APN) visits over six months. Three sub-samples were determined by distress level (high/low) and mental health service consent for high distress. Demographic, clinical factors, patient problems and APN interventions obtained through content analysis and categorized via the Omaha System were compared. Results. Clinically-significant psychiatric conditions were identified in 8/18 (44%) high distress subjects consenting to mental health intervention. High distress subjects who refused mental health intervention had more income and housing problems than the other subjects, received the fewest interventions at baseline, and progressively more throughout the study, exceeding the other sub-samples by study completion. Conclusions. Highly-distressed women not psychologically ready to work through emotional consequences of cancer at treatment onset may obtain support from APNs to manage cancer problems as they arise. Additional studies may identify best practices for all highly-distressed women with cancer, particularly those who do not accept mental health services for distress, but suffer from its effects.

Neuropsychologic assessment of a population-based sample of Gulf War veterans.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this project was to compare neuropsychologic performance and quality of life in a population-based sample of deployed Gulf War (GW) veterans with and without multisymptom complaints. BACKGROUND/METHODS: The study participants were obtained from the 30,000 member population-based National Health Survey of GW-era veterans conducted in 1995. Cases (N=25) were deployed to the year 1990 and 1991 GW and met Center for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for multisymptom GW illness (GWI). Controls (N=16) were deployed to the 1990 and 1991 GW but did not meet Center for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for GWI. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in composite scores on the traditional and computerized neuropsychologic battery (automated neuropsychologic assessment metrics) between GW cases and controls using bivariate techniques. Multiple linear regression analyses controlling for demographic and clinical variables revealed composite automated neuropsychologic assessment metrics scores were associated with age (b=-7.8; P=0.084), and education (b=22.9; P=0.0012), but not GW case or control status (b=-63.9; P=0.22). Compared with controls, GW cases had significantly more impairment on the Personality Assessment Inventory and the short form-36. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with GW controls, GW cases meeting criteria for GWI had preserved cognition function but had significant psychiatric symptoms and lower quality of life.

Recognizing and treating common psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The rate of depression and other psychiatric disorders is greater in multiple sclerosis (MS) than in other chronic conditions or neurologic diseases. This means that clinical neurologists seeing MS patients will frequently be engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric distress. REVIEW SUMMARY: This review provides a summary of what is known about psychiatric dysfunction in MS. It offers information about the current views on the link between various psychiatric disorders and MS. More important, it offers suggestions on how the knowledge from existing research can be integrated into real-world practice. CONCLUSION: Clinicians need to understand the factors that influence the development of psychiatric disorders in MS, the relationship between disease-modifying therapies and psychiatric distress, and the issues surrounding the treatment of psychiatric conditions in MS. Thorough knowledge of psychiatric dysfunction and MS will allow the clinician to design an effective treatment regimen that helps patients cope with their disease.

The use of ANAM to assess the side-effect profiles and efficacy of medication.

Cognition has become increasingly important as an outcome measure in studies of medication. Traditional neuropsychological assessment is limited in its ability to detect subtle, medication-related changes and it is not suitable for the rapid serial assessment required in most clinical trials. Thus, investigators have turned to computerized neuropsychological assessment for its repeatability, sensitivity to subtle cognitive changes, and ease of administration. The automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM) is one such computerized battery that has been used to measure the effects of numerous CNS-active drugs. This paper is an exhaustive review of studies that have used ANAM to measure cognitive changes associated with pharmacological treatments. The benefits and limitations of using ANAM in clinical trials are discussed.

Image-guided resection of high-grade glioma: patient selection factors and outcome.

OBJECT: In patients with glioma, image-guided surgery helps to define the radiographic limits of the tumor to maximize safety and the extent of resection while minimizing damage to eloquent brain tissue. The authors hypothesize that image-guided resection (IGR) techniques are associated with improved outcomes in patients with malignant glioma. METHODS: Data recorded in 486 patients enrolled in the Glioma Outcomes Project were analyzed in this study. Demographic data and outcomes in patients who underwent IGR were compared with those in patients who underwent resection without IGR. Univariate analysis performed with chi-square testing was used to compare patient presentation, tumor characteristics, and death rates. Multivariate logistic regression was used to predict various outcome parameters. Patients who underwent IGR were younger and had smaller, lower-grade tumors than those in whom IGR was not performed. They were more likely to present with seizure and normal consciousness. Unexpectedly, gross-total resection was performed in significantly fewer patients with IGR than in individuals without IGR. Patients with IGR were more likely to be discharged home with the ability to live independently, and they had a shorter duration of hospital stay than patients without IGR. Survival was significantly longer in patients who underwent IGR, but multivariate analysis showed that glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and age accounted for these observations. CONCLUSIONS: Selection bias occurs regarding patients who receive IGR; these biases include younger age, presentation with seizure and normal level of consciousness, tumor diameter less than 4 cm, and non-GBM on histopathological studies. Outcome appears to be improved in patients who undergo IGRs of high-grade gliomas. It is unclear if these improved outcomes are due to the selection of a more favorable patient population or to the IGR techniques themselves. It is likely that the full potential of image guidance in glioma surgery will not be realized until it is applied to a wider range of patients.

Desloratadine for allergic rhinitis.

Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) affect up to 40% of the population (depending on geographical area), and are associated with significant morbidity, socioeconomic costs and reductions in quality of life. Antihistamines are a first-line therapy, with newer nonsedating agents having superseded sedating first-generation drugs. Desloratadine is a nonsedating, nonimpairing antihistamine that is effective in relieving nasal and non-nasal symptoms of SAR and PAR, including nasal congestion. Desloratadine has a 24-h duration of action, enabling once-daily dosing and providing relief of morning symptoms. Clinical trials have demonstrated that it has no performance impairment, cardiovascular effects or clinically relevant interactions with other tested medications. This article reviews the use of desloratadine in the treatment of SAR and PAR.

Body image changes associated with dual-chamber pacemaker insertion in women.

PURPOSE: The study's purpose was to examine body image changes in subjects participating in a long-term multicenter pacemaker trial. METHODS: At study closeout, 383 adults, all of whom had received a dual-chamber pacemaker, completed questionnaires evaluating what effect their pacemaker or pacemaker site and scar had on them or their spouses or significant others. RESULTS: Most reported that their pacemaker did not change the way they or their spouses or significant others felt about their body (73.2% and 93.5%, respectively). Most (87.1%) denied feeling differently because of the pacemaker site and scar. Most were not concerned how their clothes fit or about wearing a swimsuit (92.0% and 90.7%, respectively). Women were more concerned about how the pacemaker site and scar made them feel about their body (P =.001), clothes fitting (P =.002), and wearing a swimsuit (P =.004). Men were more concerned with how their spouses or significant others perceived them postimplantation (P =.021). CONCLUSIONS: Most subjects did not express undue concern about changes in body image.

A comparison of the effect of diphenhydramine and desloratadine on vigilance and cognitive function during treatment of ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Decrements in cognitive performance are associated with the use of sedating antihistamines. Most, but not all, second-generation antihistamines have been found to be nonsedating. OBJECTIVE: To examine the central nervous system (CNS) profile of a new second-generation antihistamine, desloratadine. METHODS: Subjects with ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis (aged 18-60 years) who demonstrated a predetermined severity of symptoms after priming with ragweed pollen in the Environmental Exposure Unit were randomized to receive a single dose of desloratadine, 5 mg; diphenhydramine, 50 mg; or placebo. A comprehensive battery of repeatable, automated neuropsychological tests was administered to subjects before treatment (symptomatic baseline) and 90 minutes after taking study medication. RESULTS: Both desloratadine (P = .04) and diphenhydramine (P < .01) alleviated the symptoms of allergic rhinitis compared with placebo, but treatment with diphenhydramine was associated with clinically meaningful decrements on all vigilance parameters (P < .05 for desloratadine-diphenhydramine contrasts). Also, subjects treated with diphenhydramine performed significantly worse than subjects given desloratadine or placebo across all cognitive domains evaluated. Most effect sizes for the mean desloratadine and diphenhydramine differences were between 0.4 and 0.8 (moderate to high). Stanford Sleepiness Scale scores also indicated significantly more somnolence with diphenhydramine vs desloratadine or placebo (P < .001). There were no significant differences on any of the cognitive parameters between subjects treated with desloratadine and those given placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Desloratadine improved ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis symptoms without adversely affecting performance. Diphenhydramine improved allergic rhinitis symptoms but caused significant decrements in vigilance and cognitive functioning. Thus, efficacy of antihistamine treatment must be balanced against the associated effects on CNS functioning.

Practice variation and missed opportunities for reperfusion in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE).

BACKGROUND: The benefits of reperfusion therapy for patients with acute coronary syndromes have been established, but there is much variation in the type of reperfusion given and decisions about which patients are eligible. This study assessed current practices in relation to reperfusion therapy of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction from data collected in the multinational, prospective Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. METHODS: 94 hospitals in 14 countries are recruiting patients for the registry. Hospitals are organised into population-based clusters that reflect the population characteristics of the region. Information about patients' demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, medical history, time between symptom onset and presentation, and clinical and electrocardiographic features is recorded in a standard case record. FINDINGS: Of the 9251 patients enrolled, 1763 presented within 12 h of symptom onset with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Of these, 30% did not receive reperfusion therapy. Elderly patients (75 years and older), those presenting without chest pain, and those with a history of diabetes, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary bypass surgery were less likely to receive reperfusion therapy. The rate of primary percutaneous coronary intervention was highest in the USA and lowest in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. The rate at sites with a catheterisation laboratory was 19% compared with zero at sites without this facility. INTERPRETATION: A substantial proportion of patients who are eligible for reperfusion therapy still do not receive this treatment. These typically high-risk patients can be identified in advance, and reasons for the underuse of these beneficial treatments need to be clarified.