Changed nocturnal levels of stress-related hormones couple with sleep-wake states in the patients with chronic insomnia disorder: A clinical pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationship between nocturnal levels of stress-related hormones and different sleep-wake states in chronic insomnia disorder (CID) patients. METHODS: Thirty-three CID patients and 34 good sleepers were enrolled and completed assessment of sleep log, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index. During a-overnight polysomnography monitoring, the patients' vein bleeds were continually collected at different time points (pre-sleep, deep-sleep, 5-min or 30-min waking, and morning waking-up). The control subjects' bleeds were collected only at 22:00 and morning waking-up. The serum hormones were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Compared with at pre-sleep, the level of cortisol was significantly higher at morning waking-up respectively in two-group subjects (Ps < 0.001), with insignificant inter-group differences in cortisol, corticotropin releasing hormone and copeptin at the two time-points. In the patients, the nocturnal secretion curves of three hormones were similar, with the highest concentration at morning waking-up, followed by 30-min waking, 5-min waking, pre-sleep, and deep-sleep. The patients' cortisol (Z = 79.192, P < 0.001) and copeptin (Z = 12.333, P = 0.015) levels were statistically different at different time-points, with higher cortisol at morning waking-up relative to deep-sleep, pre-sleep and 5-min waking (Ps < 0.05), and at 30-min waking relative to deep-sleep and pre-sleep (Ps < 0.05), and higher copeptin at morning waking-up relative to deep-sleep (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In CID, the nocturnal wakes were instantaneously accompanied by high level, and deep sleep was accompanied by the lowest levels, of stress-related hormones, especially in cortisol, supporting the insomniac hypothesis of increased nocturnal pulse-release of cortisol.

Physical activity and sleep pattern in relation to incident Parkinson's disease: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: How physical activity (PA) and different sleep traits and overall sleep pattern interact in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively investigate the joint associations of PA and sleep pattern with risk of PD. METHODS: Included were 339,666 PD-free participants from the UK Biobank. Baseline PA levels were grouped into low (< 600 MET-mins/week), medium (600 to < 3000 MET-mins/week) and high (≥ 3000 MET-mins/week) according to the instructions of the UK Biobank. Healthy sleep traits (chronotype, sleep duration, insomnia, snoring, and daytime sleepiness) were scored from 0 to 5 and were categorized into "ideal sleep pattern" (≥ 3 sleep scores) and "poor sleep pattern" (0-2 sleep scores). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of PD were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During a median of 11.8 years of follow-up, 1,966 PD events were identified. The PD risk was lower in participants with high PA (HR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.84), compared to those with low PA; and participants with ideal sleep pattern also had a lower risk of PD (HR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.87), compared to those with poor sleep pattern. When jointly investigating the combined effect, participants with both high PA and ideal sleep pattern had the lowest risk of incident PD (HR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.69), compared to those with low PA and poor sleep pattern; notably, participants with high PA but poor sleep pattern also gained benefit on PD risk reduction (HR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Both high PA and ideal sleep pattern were independently associated with lower risk of developing PD, and those with both high PA level and ideal sleep pattern had the lowest risk. Our results suggest that improving PA levels and sleep quality may be promising intervention targets for the prevention of PD.

Acid-sensing ion channel 3 is required for agmatine-induced histamine-independent itch in mice.

Introduction: Itch is a common symptom of many skin and systemic diseases. Identifying novel endogenous itch mediators and the downstream signaling pathways involved will contribute to the development of new strategies for the treatment of chronic itch. In the present study, we adopted behavioral testing, patch clamp recording and metabonomics analysis to investigate the role of agmatine in itch and the underlying mechanism. Methods: Behavioral analysis was used to evaluate the establishing of acute and chronic itch mice model, and to test the effects of different drugs or agents on mice itch behavior. Western blotting analysis was used to test the effect of agmatine on phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK) expression in the spinal cord. Patch clamp recording was used to determine the effect agmatine on the excitability of DRG neurons and the role of ASIC3. Finally, the metabonomics analysis was performed to detect the concentration of agmatine in the affected skin under atopic dermatitis or psoriasis conditions. Results: We fused a mouse model and found that an intradermal injection of agmatine (an endogenous polyamine) into the nape of the neck or cheek induced histamine-independent scratching behavior in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the ablation of nociceptive C-fibers by resiniferatoxin (RTX) abolished agmatine-induced scratching behavior. However, agmatine-induced itch was not affected by the pharmacological inhibition of either transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) or transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1); similar results were obtained from TRPV1-/- or TRPA1-/- mice. Furthermore, agmatine-induced itch was significantly suppressed by the administration of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) inhibitors, APETx2 or amiloride. Agmatine also induced the upregulation of p-ERK in the spinal cord; this effect was inhibited by amiloride. Current clamp recording showed that the acute perfusion of agmatine reduced the rheobase and increased the number of evoked action potentials in acute dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons while amiloride reversed agmatine-induced neuronal hyperexcitability. Finally, we identified significantly higher levels of agmatine in the affected skin of a mouse model of atopic dermatitis (AD) when compared to controls, and the scratching behavior of AD mice was significantly attenuated by blocking ASIC3. Discussion: Collectively, these results provide evidence that agmatine is a novel mediator of itch and induces itch via the activation of ASIC3. Targeting neuronal ASIC3 signaling may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of itch.

Transcription factor ETS proto-oncogene 1 contributes to neuropathic pain by regulating histone deacetylase 1 in primary afferent neurons.

Nerve injury can induce aberrant changes in ion channels, enzymes, and cytokines/chemokines in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs); these changes are due to or at least partly governed by transcription factors that contribute to the genesis of neuropathic pain. However, the involvement of transcription factors in neuropathic pain is poorly understood. In this study, we report that transcription factor (TF) ETS proto-oncogene 1 (ETS1) is required for the initiation and development of neuropathic pain. Sciatic nerve chronic constrictive injury (CCI, a clinical neuropathic pain model) increases ETS1 expression in the injured male mouse DRG. Blocking this upregulation alleviated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, with no apparent effect on locomotor function. Mimicking this upregulation results in the genesis of nociception hypersensitivity; mechanistically, nerve injury-induced ETS1 upregulation promotes the expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1, a key initiator of pain) via enhancing its binding activity to the HDAC1 promotor, leading to the elevation of spinal central sensitization, as evidenced by increased expression of p-ERK1/2 and GFAP in the dorsal spinal horn. It appears that the ETS1/HDAC1 axis in DRG may have a critical role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and ETS1 is a potential therapeutic target in neuropathic pain.

A postpartum enriched environment rescues impaired cognition and oxidative markers in aged mice with gestational inflammation.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have shown that gestational inflammation can accelerate age-associated cognitive decline (AACD) in maternal mice; enriched environments (EEs) have been reported to protect normally aging mice from AACD and improve mitochondrial function. However, it is unclear whether the nitrosative stress-related proteins tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) are involved in the accelerated aging process of gestational inflammation and whether EEs can slow this process. METHODS: In this study, CD-1 female mice on the 15th day of pregnancy were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (50 µg/kg; LPS group) or an equivalent amount of normal saline (CON group) from the abdominal cavity for 4 consecutive days. Twenty-one days after delivery, half of the LPS-treated mice were randomly selected for EE until the end of the behavioral experiment (LPS-E group). When the female rats were raised to 6 months and 18 months of age, the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to detect spatial learning and memory ability; RT-PCR and Western blots were used to measure the mRNA and protein levels of hippocampal TET1 and GSNOR. RESULTS: As for the control group, compared with 6-month-old mice, the spatial learning and memory ability of 18-month-old mice decreased, and the hippocampal TET1 and GSNOR mRNA and protein levels were decreased. Gestational inflammation exacerbated these age-related changes, but an EE alleviated the effects. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that performance during the learning and memory periods in the MWM correlated with the levels of hippocampal TET1 and GSNOR. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that gestational inflammation accelerates age-related learning and memory impairments and that postpartum EE exposure could alleviate these changes. These effects may be related to hippocampal TET1 and GSNOR expression.

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine inducing optimal expression of the SARS-CoV-2 S gene in hACE2 mice.

The wide spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly threatened public health. Human herd immunity induced by vaccination is essential to fight the epidemic. Therefore, highly immunogenic and safe vaccines are necessary to control SARS-CoV-2, whose S protein is the antigenic determinant responsible for eliciting antibodies that prevent viral entry and fusion. In this study, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine expressing the S protein, named pVAX-S-OP, which was optimized according to the human-origin codon preference and using polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid as an adjuvant. pVAX-S-OP induced specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in BALB/c and hACE2 transgenic mice. Furthermore, we observed 1.43-fold higher antibody titers in mice receiving pVAX-S-OP plus adjuvant than in those receiving pVAX-S-OP alone. Interferon gamma production in the pVAX-S-OP-immunized group was 1.58 times (CD3+CD4+IFN-gamma+) and 2.29 times (CD3+CD8+IFN-gamma+) lower than that in the pVAX-S-OP plus adjuvant group but higher than that in the control group. The pVAX-S-OP vaccine was also observed to stimulate a Th1-type immune response. When, hACE2 transgenic mice were challenged with SARS-CoV-2, qPCR detection of N and E genes showed that the viral RNA loads in pVAX-S-OP-immunized mice lung tissues were 104 times and 106 times lower than those of the PBS control group, which shows that the vaccine could reduce the amount of live virus in the lungs of hACE2 mice. In addition, pathological sections showed less lung damage in the pVAX-S-OP-immunized group. Taken together, our results demonstrated that pVAX-S-OP has significant immunogenicity, which provides support for developing SARS-CoV-2 DNA candidate vaccines.

LC-MS/MS methods for determination of unstable pivmecillinam and mecillinam in acidified human plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study.

Pivmecillinam, the ester of biologically active antibiotic mecillinam, is an effective oral preparation to treat urinary tract infections. To study pharmacokinetics in humans, LC-MS/MS methods were developed to quantify pivmecillinam and mecillinam in human plasma, respectively. Considering cephalexin as internal standard, analytes were separated on UltimateXB-C18 columns after protein precipitation by acetonitrile. The mobile phase was composed of water containing 0.1% formic acid and methanol. The multiple reactions monitoring transitions of m/z 440.2→167.1, 326.1→167.1, and 348.1→158.1 were selected to inspect pivmecillinam, mecillinam, and the internal standard in positive ion mode. No apparent matrix effect was perceived. Linearities were obtained over calibration ranges of 0.0500-12.0 and 10.0-15,000 ng/mL, respectively. The intraday precisions were below 5.5%, the interday precisions were below 6.1%, and accuracies were within -8.1 to 13.0%. Stability tests were conducted and an acidification step was explored to enhance the stability of pivmecillinam and mecillinam. Further stability was validated under various storage and processing conditions. Both methods were applied to a pharmacokinetic study of pivmecillinam and mecillinam after oral administration of 400 mg pivmecillinam hydrochloride tablets in healthy Chinese subjects.

Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders.

Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWDs) are a distinct class of sleep disorders caused by alterations to the circadian time-keeping system, its entrainment mechanisms, or a mismatch between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the external environment. The main clinical manifestations are insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness that often lead to clinically meaningful distress or cause mental, physical, social, occupational, educational, or other functional impairment. CRSWDs are easily mistaken for insomnia or early waking up, resulting in inappropriate treatment. CRSWDs can be roughly divided into two categories, namely, intrinsic CRSWDs, in which sleep disturbances are caused by alterations to the endogenous circadian rhythm system due to chronic changes in the regulation or capture mechanism of the biological clock, and extrinsic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, in which sleep disorders, such as jet lag or shift-work disorder, result from environmental changes that cause a mismatch between sleep-wakefulness times and internal circadian rhythms. Sleep diaries, actigraphy, and determination of day and night phase markers (dim light melatonin onset and core body temperature minimum) have all become routine diagnostic methods for CRSWDs. Common treatments for CRSWD currently include sleep health education, time therapy, light therapy, melatonin, and hypnotic drug therapy. Here, we review the progress in the epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of intrinsic CRSWD, with emphasis on the latter, in the hope of bolstering the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRSWDs.

Corosolic acid and its structural analogs: A systematic review of their biological activities and underlying mechanism of action.

BACKGROUND: The corosolic acid (CA), also known as plant insulin, is a pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from plants such as Lagerstroemia speciosa. It has been shown to have anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Its structural analogs ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), maslinic acid (MA), asiatic acid (AA) and betulinic acid (BA) display similar individual pharmacological activities to those of CA. However, there is no systematic review documenting pharmacological activities of CA and its structural analogues. This study aims to fill this gap in literature. PURPOSE: This systematic review aims to summarize the medical applications of CA and its analogues. METHODS: A systematic review summarizes and compares the extraction techniques, pharmacokinetic parameters, and pharmacological effects of CA and its structural analogs. Hypoglycemic effect is one of the key inclusion criteria for searching Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases up to October 2020 without language restrictions. 'corosolic acid', 'ursolic acid', 'oleanolic acid', 'maslinic acid', 'asiatic acid', 'betulinic acid', 'extraction', 'pharmacokinetic', 'pharmacological' were used to extract relevant literature. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS: At the end of the searching process, 140 articles were selected for the systematic review. Information of CA and five of its structural analogs including UA, OA, MA, AA and BA were included in this review. CA and its structural analogs are pentacyclic triterpenes extracted from plants and they have low solubilities in water due to their rigid scaffold and hydrophobic properties. The introduction of water-soluble groups such as sugar or amino groups could increase the solubility of CA and its structural analogs. Their biological activities and underlying mechanism of action are reviewed and compared. CONCLUSION: CA and its structural analogs UA, OA, MA, AA and BA are demonstrated to show activities in lowering blood sugar, anti-inflammation and anti-tumor. Their oral absorption and bioavailability can be improved through structural modification and formulation design. CA and its structural analogs are promising natural product-based lead compounds for further development and mechanistic studies.

Overexpression of the PLK4 Gene as a Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Autosomal Recessive Microcephaly by Improving Centrosomal Dysfunction.

Autosomal recessive microcephaly and chorioretinopathy (MCCRP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development, growth retardation with dwarfism, and ocular abnormalities, and its occurrence has been found to be closely related to variants of the gene encoding centrosomes. However, the association between centrosomal duplication defects and the etiology of microcephaly syndromes is poorly understood. It is well known that polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a key regulator of centriole duplication, and the abnormalities of centrosomal function caused by its protein variation need to be further explored in the pathogenesis of microcephaly. In our study, we found that a patient with microcephaly and chorioretinopathy harbored compound heterozygous missense variants NM_014264.4: c.2221C > T (p.Gln741*) and NM_014264.4: c.2062 T > C (p.Tyr688His) in the PLK4 gene. Overexpression experiments of the variant PLK4 proteins then showed that the G741 variant rather than the T688H variant had lost centrosomal amplification ability, and the G741 variant but not the T688H variant induced centrosomal replication disorder, which further inhibited cell proliferation, cycle division and cytoskeleton morphology in HeLa cells. Moreover, the overexpression of the two variant proteins had inconsistent effects on the target protein PLK4 by western blot analysis, also indicating that T688H variant overexpression is not functionally equivalent to WT-PLK4 overexpression. Therefore, all data support the idea that the PLK4 mutation induces centriolar duplication disorder and reduces the efficiency of mitosis inducing cell death or cell proliferation in the etiology of microcephaly disorder.

Lack of association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in TCF7L2 and T2DM in the Chinese Yao population: A case-control study.

ABSTRACT: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene have been identified to be associated with the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in various populations worldwide, but the results in Chinese are conflicting, and no data are available about the Liannan Yao population. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of the TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms (rs12255372, rs7903146, rs7901695, rs11196205, and rs7895340) with T2DM in the Yao population living in the rural areas in the Liannan Yao Autonomous County.This was a case-control study of 28 subjects with T2DM or prediabetes and 52 non-T2DM controls, all from the Chinese Yao population and recruited between January 2019 and June 2020. Patients with T2DM and prediabetes were grouped as the case group. The five SNPs (rs12255372, rs7903146, rs7901695, rs11196205, and rs7895340) were examined by polymerase chain reaction and direct genomic DNA sequencing in case and control groups.The subjects in case group were older than the controls (55±14 vs 48 ±â€Š15 years, P = .047), had higher FBG levels (9.31 ±â€Š5.43 vs 4.09 ±â€Š0.81, P < .001), higher TC (5.79 ±â€Š1.29 vs 5.13 ±â€Š1.18 mmol/L, P = .025), and higher triglycerides (2.94 ±â€Š2.04 vs 1.86 ±â€Š1.39 mmol/L, P = .003). The genotypic distribution for each of the SNPs was in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were no statistically significant differences in the distributions of genotypes or alleles at all five SNPs of the TCF7L2 gene between the case and control groups (all P > .05).TCF7L2 SNPs were not associated with T2DM in the Liannan Yao population.

Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Inflammation Coupled With Stress Exposure During Adolescence on Cognition and Synaptic Protein Levels in Aged CD-1 Mice.

Age-associated impairment of spatial learning and memory (AISLM) presents substantial challenges to our health and society. Increasing evidence has indicated that embryonic exposure to inflammation accelerates the AISLM, and this can be attributable, at least partly, to changed synaptic plasticity associated with the activities of various proteins. However, it is still uncertain whether social psychological factors affect this AISLM and/or the expression of synaptic protein-associated genes. Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) are two synaptic proteins closely related to cognitive functions. In this study, pregnant CD-1 mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (50 µg/kg) or normal saline at days 15-17 of gestation, and half of the offspring of each group were then subjected to stress for 28 days in adolescence. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to separately evaluate spatial learning and memory at 3 and 15 months of age, while western blotting and RNAscope assays were used to measure the protein and mRNA levels of Arc and Syt1 in the hippocampus. The results showed that, at 15 months of age, control mice had worse cognitive ability and higher protein and mRNA levels of Arc and Syt1 than their younger counterparts. Embryonic exposure to inflammation or exposure to stress in adolescence aggravated the AISLM, as well as the age-related increase in Arc and Syt1 expression. Moreover, the hippocampal protein and mRNA levels of Arc and Syt1 were significantly correlated with the performance in the learning and memory periods of the MWM test, especially in the mice that had suffered adverse insults in early life. Our findings indicated that prenatal exposure to inflammation or stress exposure in adolescence exacerbated the AISLM and age-related upregulation of Arc and Syt1 expression, and these effects were linked to cognitive impairments in CD-1 mice exposed to adverse factors in early life.

A Long-Term Enriched Environment Ameliorates the Accelerated Age-Related Memory Impairment Induced by Gestational Administration of Lipopolysaccharide: Role of Plastic Mitochondrial Quality Control.

Studies have shown that gestational inflammation accelerates age-related memory impairment in mother mice. An enriched environment (EE) can improve age-related memory impairment, whereas mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain aging. However, it is unclear whether an EE can counteract the accelerated age-related memory impairment induced by gestational inflammation and whether this process is associated with the disruption of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes. In this study, CD-1 mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 µg/kg) or normal saline (CON group) during gestational days 15-17 and were separated from their offspring at the end of normal lactation. The mothers that received LPS were divided into LPS group and LPS plus EE (LPS-E) treatment groups based on whether the mice were exposed to an EE until the end of the experiment. At 6 and 18 months of age, the Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory abilities. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to measure the messenber RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of MQC-related genes in the hippocampus, respectively. The results showed that all the aged (18 months old) mice underwent a striking decline in spatial learning and memory performances and decreased mRNA/protein levels related to mitochondrial dynamics (Mfn1/Mfn2, OPA1, and Drp1), biogenesis (PGC-1α), and mitophagy (PINK1/parkin) in the hippocampi compared with the young (6 months old) mice. LPS treatment exacerbated the decline in age-related spatial learning and memory and enhanced the reduction in the mRNA and protein levels of MQC-related genes but increased the levels of PGC-1α in young mice. Exposure to an EE could alleviate the accelerated decline in age-related spatial learning and memory abilities and the accelerated changes in MQC-related mRNA or protein levels resulting from LPS treatment, especially in aged mice. In conclusion, long-term exposure to an EE can counteract the accelerated age-related spatial cognition impairment modulated by MQC in CD-1 mother mice that experience inflammation during pregnancy.

Enhanced ultraviolet emission and improved spatial distribution uniformity of ZnO nanorod array light-emitting diodes via Ag nanoparticles decoration.

Localized surface plasmon (LSP) enhanced ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated by embedding a ZnO nanorod array/p-GaN film heterostructure into a Ag-nanoparticles/PMMA composite. By optimizing the concentration of Ag nanoparticles in PMMA, two distinct changes in electroluminescence (EL) spectra were observed: (1) the UV EL component from ZnO excitons was selectively enhanced more than 13-fold and the entire spectral lineshape was changed and (2) the spatial uniformity of the output photon intensity was improved and the linewidth of an angular distribution curve was increased by ∼2 times. These observations can be attributed to near-field optical coupling between Ag LSPs and ZnO excitons. Time-resolved luminescence measurements and a model calculation reveal that the optical coupling results in the increase of the spontaneous emission rate and internal quantum efficiency of Ag-nanoparticles-decorated ZnO nanorod arrays. Moreover, the LSP-exciton interaction allows the device's EL to be coupled out of the nanorod waveguide and to be isotropically scattered into every direction, thus broadening the angular distribution of the EL intensity.

Nonthermal effect of microwave irradiation in nonaqueous enzymatic esterification.

Microwave has nonthermal effects on enzymatic reactions, mainly caused by the polarities of the solvents and substrates. In this experiment, a model reaction with caprylic acid and butanol that was catalyzed by lipase from Mucor miehei in alkanes or arenes was employed to investigate the nonthermal effect in nonaqueous enzymatic esterification. With the comparison of the esterification carried by conventional heating and consecutive microwave irradiation, the positive nonthermal effect on the initial reaction rates was found substrate concentration-dependent and could be vanished ostensibly when the substrate concentration was over 2.0 mol L(-1). The polar parameter log P well correlates the solvent polarity with the microwave effect, comparing to dielectric constant and assayed solvatochromic solvent polarity parameters. The log P rule presented in conventional heating-enzymatic esterification still fits in the microwaved enzymatic esterification. Alkanes or arenes with higher log P provided positive nonthermal effect in the range of 2 ≤ log P ≤ 4, but yielded a dramatic decrement after log P = 4. Isomers of same log P with higher dielectric constant received stronger positive nonthermal effect. With lower substrate concentration, the total log P of the reaction mixture has no obvious functional relation with the microwave effect.