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Objective Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has only recently been proposed; therefore, the characteristics of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and MAFLD remain unclear. This study evaluated the effect of MAFLD on AIH patients with AIH. Methods We reevaluated the Japanese Nationwide Survey of AIH in 2018, which involved a survey of patients diagnosed with AIH between 2014 and 2017. We categorized patients with AIH according to the presence or absence of MAFLD and compared the clinical characteristics between the two groups. Results A total of 427 patients (77 men and 350 women) were included in this study. The overall prevalence of MAFLD was 10.5%. Compared to AIH patients without MAFLD, AIH patients with MAFLD had the following characteristics at the time of the AIH diagnosis: (1) a higher body mass index, (2) a higher prevalence of hypertension, (3) mild elevation of hepatobiliary enzymes and total bilirubin, and (4) histologically progressive fibrosis. However, the levels of hepatobiliary enzymes and total bilirubin after treatment were significantly higher in AIH patients with MAFLD than in those without MAFLD. Conclusions AIH patients with MAFLD had characteristics different from those of AIH patients without MAFLD. These findings could help increase our understanding of patients with AIH with MAFLD.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Bevacizumab , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Bevacizumab/uso terapéutico , Bevacizumab/administración & dosificación , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The neutrophil -to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is useful for predicting the effectiveness of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Because a growing body of evidence has recently shown that the number of lymphocytes that comprise NLR fluctuates according to nutritional status, this study examined whether the usefulness of NLR varies in ICI treatment due to changes in nutritional status. A retrospective analysis was performed on 1234 patients who received ICI treatment for malignant tumors at our hospital. Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly prolonged in patients with NLR < 4. Multivariate analysis revealed that the factors associated with the occurrence of irAE were NLR < 4 and the use of ipilimumab. However, when limited to cases with serum albumin levels <3.8 g/dL, lymphocyte counts significantly decreased, and the associations between NLR and PFS and between NLR and irAE occurrence disappeared. In contrast, when limited to the cases with serum albumin levels ≥3.8 g/dL, the associations remained, with significantly prolonged PFS and significantly increased irAE occurrence at NLR < 4. NLR may be a good predictive tool for PFS and irAE occurrence during ICI treatment when a good nutritional status is maintained.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have indicated the involvement of shared (population-nonspecific) and nonshared (population-specific) susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) among European and East-Asian populations. Although a meta-analysis of these distinct populations has recently identified more than 20 novel PBC susceptibility loci, analyses of population-specific genetic architecture are still needed for a more comprehensive search for genetic factors in PBC. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 ( PTPN2) was identified as a novel PBC susceptibility gene locus through GWAS and subsequent genome-wide meta-analysis involving 2181 cases and 2699 controls from the Japanese population (GWAS-lead variant: rs8098858, p = 2.6 × 10 -8 ). In silico and in vitro functional analyses indicated that the risk allele of rs2292758, which is a primary functional variant, decreases PTPN2 expression by disrupting Sp1 binding to the PTPN2 promoter in T follicular helper cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Infiltration of PTPN2-positive T-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells was confirmed in the portal area of the PBC liver by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of PBC-liver samples indicated the presence of a compromised negative feedback loop in vivo between PTPN2 and IFNG in patients carrying the risk allele of rs2292758. CONCLUSIONS: PTPN2 , a novel susceptibility gene for PBC in the Japanese population, may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC through an insufficient negative feedback loop caused by the risk allele of rs2292758 in IFN-γ signaling. This suggests that PTPN2 could be a potential molecular target for PBC treatment.
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BACKGROUND: To identify predictive factors associated with successful transition to conversion therapy following combination therapy with atezolizumab and bevacizumab in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: In total, 188 patients with HCC, who received atezolizumab plus bevacizumab combination therapy as the first-line chemotherapy, were studied. Patients who achieved complete response (CR) with systemic chemotherapy alone were excluded. Clinical factors possibly linked to successful transition to conversion therapy and the achievement of cancer-free status were identified. RESULTS: Fifteen (8.0%) patients underwent conversion therapy. In the conversion group, there was a significantly higher proportion of patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A or B (73.3% versus [vs.] 45.1%; p = .03) and tended to have lower Child-Pugh scores and alpha-fetoprotein levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that BCLC stage was a predictive factor for the implementation of conversion therapy (A or B; odds ratio 3.7 [95% CI: 1.1-13]; p = .04). Furthermore, 10 (66.7%) patients achieved cancer-free status and exhibited a smaller number of intrahepatic lesions at the start of treatment (3.5 vs. 7; p < .01), and a shorter interval between systemic chemotherapy induction and conversion therapy (131 vs. 404 days; p < .01). In addition, the rate of achieving cancer-free status by undergoing surgical resection or ablation therapy was significantly higher (p = .03). CONCLUSION: BCLC stage was the sole predictive factor for successful transition to conversion therapy when using combination therapy with atezolizumab and bevacizumab to treat HCC. Furthermore, a small number of intrahepatic lesions and early transition to conversion therapy were associated with the achievement of cancer-free status.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Bevacizumab , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Bevacizumab/uso terapéutico , Bevacizumab/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto , Análisis Multivariante , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
We herein demonstrate three patients diagnosed with early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during follow-up for Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD). Case 1: Twenty-one years after undergoing the Fontan procedure, a 26-year-old female was diagnosed with FALD. At the initial consultation, her serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were markedly elevated, and dynamic enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed HCC measuring 40 mm in diameter. She underwent partial hepatectomy. Ten months later, she underwent conventional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (cTACE) for recurrent HCC near the resected hepatic stump as a curative treatment. Case 2: Twenty-one years after undergoing the Fontan procedure, a 25-year-old male was diagnosed with FALD and underwent HCC surveillance every 6 months. Thirteen months after the initial consultation, dynamic enhanced CT revealed HCC measuring 10 mm in diameter. He received cTACE as a curative treatment. Case 3. Twenty-eight years after undergoing the Fontan procedure, a 37-year-old male was diagnosed with FALD and underwent HCC surveillance every 3 months. Fourteen months later, abdominal ultrasonography (US) revealed HCC measuring 13 mm in diameter. He received radiofrequency ablation. These cases showed that HCC surveillance using abdominal US and AFP measurements in patients with FALD enables the detection of HCC and increases the chance of a cure.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Quimioembolización Terapéutica , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagen , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirugía , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugía , alfa-Fetoproteínas , Complicaciones PosoperatoriasRESUMEN
Liver fibrosis is an important phenomenon in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. Standard markers reflecting liver fibrosis, including the FIB-4 index, increase with age. This study aimed to identify fibrosis progression-related markers that are diagnostically beneficial even in aged individuals. Serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured by multiple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two standard NAFLD or fibrosis progression-related markers - the FIB-4 index and APRI score - were analyzed along with cytokine levels to define the best approach to discriminate advanced fibrosis. Ninety-eight NAFLD patients were enrolled: 59 and 39 patients with fibrosis stages 1-2 and 3-4 respectively. In addition to the FIB-4 index and APRI score, the following factors showed significant differences between stages 1-2 and stages 3-4 in a multivariate analysis: platelet counts, IP-10, and RANTES. The fibrosis stage, FIB-4, APRI, PDGF-BB, and RANTES were related to the prognosis. In aged patients, IP-10, GM-CSF, and RANTES differed between stages 1-2 and stages 3-4. FIB-4 and APRI were beneficial for their correlation with fibrosis. However, to stratify either young or elderly advanced fibrosis patients, and to identify patients likely to have a bad outcome, RANTES was the best marker.
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Quimiocina CCL5 , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Anciano , Humanos , Quimiocina CXCL10 , Cirrosis Hepática/diagnóstico , Citocinas , Progresión de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The IMbrave 150 trial revealed the usefulness of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), making it now considered the first-line systemic chemotherapy agent for HCC. The present study investigated factors associated with early tumor progression of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in patients with advanced HCC in real-world clinical practice. METHODS: A total of 184 HCC patients who received atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy were studied. We investigated the frequency of early progressive disease (e-PD; PD within 9 weeks) and analyzed the risk factors for e-PD. RESULTS: There were 47 patients (25.5%) diagnosed as e-PD. Patients with e-PD had a worse performance status (PS) and albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) and Child-Pugh (C-P) scores and a significantly higher rate of a systemic therapy than those with non-e-PD. A multivariate analysis showed that PS ≥1 (odds ratio [OR] = 4.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9-10, p < 0.001), ALBI score ≥-2.30 (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0-4.5, p = 0.044) and the history of a systemic therapy (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.4-6.4, p = 0.0038) were significant and independent determinants of e-PD. When examining the liver function trends in e-PD patients, the ALBI scores at 3 and 6 weeks after starting therapy were significantly higher than before the treatment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The liver function and systemic therapy are useful predictors of e-PD in HCC patients treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in real-world clinical practice.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Bevacizumab/efectos adversos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/efectos adversos , Albúminas , BilirrubinaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare chronic liver disease. The mechanisms and prediction of PSC progression are unclear. Recent investigations have shown that general conditions, such as oxidative stress, affect the course of chronic diseases. We investigated the clinical course and oxidative stress-related condition of PSC to determine prognostic factors. METHODS: We recruited 58 patients with PSC (mean age; 37.4 years, mean observation period; 1382 days) who visited our department from 2003 to 2021. Clinical characteristics were investigated to define prognostic factors. Oxidative stress status was evaluated using two types of markers: an oxidative stress marker (serum reactive oxygen metabolite; dROM) and an antioxidant marker (serum OXY adsorbent test; OXY). RESULTS: The revised Mayo risk, Child-Pugh, model for end-stage liver disease-sodium (MELD-Na) scores or fibrosis-related FIB-4 index significantly predicted poor overall survival. High intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels predicted poor survival. Among patients with high and intermediate revised Mayo risk scores, those with physiologically high dROM levels showed better survival than those with lower dROM levels. In this population, dROM was negatively correlated with AST and IgA, which are both correlated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: High and intermediate revised Mayo risk score group predicted a poor clinical course in PSC. Additionally, the Child-Pugh score, MELD-Na score, FIB-4 index, and serum IgA were significantly correlated with survival. In patients with high and intermediate revised Mayo risk scores, physiologically high oxidative stress status correlated with low IgA levels and a good prognosis.
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Colangitis Esclerosante , Enfermedad Hepática en Estado Terminal , Humanos , Pronóstico , Japón , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Estrés Oxidativo , Inmunoglobulina A , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are specific markers for the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) but can also be found occasionally in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The present large multicentre cohort study assessed the prevalence and significance of AMA in AIH-patients. METHODS: 123 AMA-positive AIH-patients were investigated and compared with 711 age-matched AMA-negative AIH-patients and 69 patients with AIH/PBC variant. RESULTS: AMA prevalence in AIH-patients was 5.1% (range: 1.2%-11.8%). AMA-positivity was associated with female sex (p = 0.031) in AMA-positive AIH-patients but not with liver biochemistry, bile duct injury on liver biopsy, disease severity at baseline and response to treatment compared to AMA-negative AIH-patients. Comparing AMA-positive AIH-patients to those with AIH/PBC variant, there was no difference in disease severity. Regarding liver histology, AIH/PBC variant patients were characterized by the presence of at least one feature of bile duct damage (p<0.001). Response to immunosuppressive treatment was similar among groups. From AMA-positive AIH patients only those with evidence of non-specific bile duct injury had higher risk to progress to cirrhosis (HR=4.314, 95%CI: 2.348-7.928; p<0.001). During follow-up, AMA-positive AIH-patients had higher risk to develop histological bile duct injury (HR 4.654, 95%CI 1.829-11.840; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AMA presence is relatively common among AIH-patients, but their clinical significance seems important only when they co-exist with non-specific bile duct injury at the histological level. Therefore, a careful evaluation of liver biopsy seems of utmost importance in these patients.
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Hepatitis Autoinmune , Cirrosis Hepática Biliar , Femenino , Humanos , Autoanticuerpos , Estudios de Cohortes , Hepatitis Autoinmune/epidemiología , Hepatitis Autoinmune/diagnóstico , Cirrosis Hepática Biliar/diagnóstico , Prevalencia , MasculinoRESUMEN
This study sought to identify factors that are predictive of a therapeutic response to hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) by focusing on the number of prior transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) sessions. To determine the parameters predicting a good response to HAIC, we retrospectively analyzed 170 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who received HAIC regimens comprising low-dose cisplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil (LFP) or cisplatin (CDDP) for the first time. In both the LFP and CDDP regimens, the response rates were significantly lower in patients with three or more prior TACE sessions than in those with two or fewer prior TACE sessions (LFP 57% versus 28%; p=0.01, CDDP 27% versus 6%; p=0.01). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of prior TACE sessions (≥ 3) was significantly associated with non-responder status (odds ratio 4.17, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.76-9.86) in addition to the HAIC regimen. Multivariable analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model revealed that a larger number of prior TACE sessions (≥ 3) was a significant risk factor for survival (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% CI 1.12-2.29) in addition to Child-Pugh class, serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration, and maximum diameter of HCC. HCC patients who receive fewer prior TACE sessions (≤ 2) were found to be better responders to HAIC.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Quimioembolización Terapéutica , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Cisplatino/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Arteria HepáticaRESUMEN
Background: The number of patients with non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has increased recently, and the rate of liver metastasis of NETs is about 20% in patients at the first diagnosis. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) and everolimus are therapies with reported efficacy, but few reports have described their combined treatment. We therefore aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with everolimus and TAE in patients with liver metastasis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) in a prospective study. Methods: We design a single-arm, open-label, prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with everolimus and TAE in patients with liver metastases of GEP-NETs. The study started in June 2021 at Okayama University Hospital and is expected to enroll 18 patients over a 2-year period. Discussion: This study is a prospective study investigating a new treatment method for a rare disease called GEP-NETs. We may obtain useful information that contributes to the treatment guidelines in this study. However, NET is a rare disease, and although the number of cases is statistically established, it may not be possible to accurately assess causality.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: jRCT1061210015.
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Anorexia nervosa (AN) can cause severe protein energy malnutrition and the consequent development of various organ disorders. AN is known to cause hepatic complications. We report two cases of starvation and refeeding-induced liver injury in patients with AN, and review the literature on the hepatic complications of AN. Acute liver injury can be induced by both starvation and refeeding, although the underlying pathomechanisms and management of liver injury differ between these two conditions. Clinicians should carefully identify the clinical features to ensure an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of these conditions.
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Anorexia Nerviosa , Humanos , Anorexia Nerviosa/complicaciones , Anorexia Nerviosa/diagnóstico , Anorexia Nerviosa/metabolismo , HígadoRESUMEN
AIM: Some autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) patients experience relapse during their clinical course, and some risk factors for relapse have been identified previously using a relatively small sample size. The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors for relapse in recently diagnosed AIH patients using a nationwide survey in Japan. METHODS: The nationwide survey performed in Japan in 2018 of AIH patients diagnosed between 2014 and 2017 was re-evaluated. A total of 614 patients who received corticosteroids were enrolled in the present study. Associations between relapse and patients' characteristics at diagnosis were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Relapse was identified in 143 (23.3%) patients after remission. At the time of diagnosis of the disease, there were significant differences in the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) level, prevalence of liver cirrhosis, and degree of liver fibrosis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that γ-GTP elevation and liver cirrhosis were significantly associated with relapse. CONCLUSION: The γ-GTP level at diagnosis could help identify AIH patients at higher risk of relapse.
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BACKGROUND: Anti-programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD1/PD-L1) antibodies have been successfully used as treatment agents for several solid tumors; however, it is difficult to predict their effectiveness. We evaluated whether biopsy specimens could predict the positive status of PD-L1 in surgically resected tissue. METHODS: Among 91 patients who underwent tissue sampling with endoscopic or liver biopsy before surgery for biliary tract neoplasms in an academic center, 45 (49%) patients were selected for retrospective analysis because the quality and quantity of their biopsy specimens were adequate for histologic evaluation. We performed immunohistochemical staining to investigate the PD-L1 expression in both resected and biopsy specimens. The percentage of the positively stained cells was calculated for subsequent use in the correlation investigation. RESULTS: The biopsy methods were endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 28 cases, percutaneous liver biopsy in 10 cases, and endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration in 7 cases. Among the 45 patients, when patients with > 10% positive tumor cells in surgically resected tissues were regarded as truly positive PD-L1, the positive and negative concordance rates between surgically resected tissues and biopsy samples were 56% (5/9) and 100% (36/36), respectively. With regard to the use of preoperative biopsy as a diagnostic tool, all (5/5) PD-L1-positive patients had a positive resected specimen. The accuracy of each biopsy method was as follows: ERCP, 89% (25/28); fine-needle aspiration, 86% (6/7); and liver biopsy, 100% (10/10). CONCLUSIONS: Biopsy samples could be a surrogate material for the assessment of the PD-L1 expression with substantial positive and high negative concordance rates.
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Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar/cirugía , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Biopsia/métodos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/cirugía , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Metformin, a commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been shown to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Notably, AMPK activation has recently been observed to be associated with anti-inflammatory responses. Metformin is also reported to elicit anti-inflammatory responses in CD4+ T cells, resulting in improvement in experimental chronic inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. To investigate the effect of metformin on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we developed a T cell-transfer model of chronic colitis in which SCID mice were injected with CD4+ CD45RBhigh T cells to induce colitis. We examined the effects of metformin via in vitro and in vivo experiments on lamina propria (LP) CD4+ T cells. We observed that metformin suppresses the frequency of interferon (IFN) -γ-producing LP CD4+ T cells in vitro, which were regulated by AMPK activation, a process possibly induced by the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, we examined the effects of metformin on an in vivo IBD model. Metformin-treated mice showed AMPK activation in LP CD4+ T cells and ameliorated colitis. Our study demonstrates that metformin-induced AMPK activation in mucosal CD4+ T cells contributes to the improvement of IBD by suppressing IFN-γ production. Moreover, our results indicate that AMPK may be a target molecule for the regulation of mucosal immunity and inflammation. Thus, AMPK-activating drugs such as metformin may be potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of IBD.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/efectos de los fármacos , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Metformina/farmacología , Membrana Mucosa/efectos de los fármacos , Traslado Adoptivo/métodos , Animales , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Colitis/metabolismo , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inmunidad Mucosa/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones SCID , Membrana Mucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign nodular lesion, but because of its feature of portal tract vessel abnormality, it may induce portal hypertension. A 27-year-old woman was admitted with a fever. A large nodule with satellite lesions was found in the liver and cotton wool-like feature of arteries were detected on angiography. Technetium galactosyl serum albumin scintigraphy and diagnostic laparoscopy showed that the tumor site was functional, while the surrounding area was a non-functional fibrotic area. A biopsy specimen indicated that the nodular lesion was an FNH-like lesion. She experienced several instances of variceal rupture and suffered liver failure, receiving liver transplantation. The excised liver showed a centrally scarred area in the nodule, indicating that the diagnosis was FNH. We herein report this case as a rare case of FNH that progressed to liver failure.
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Hiperplasia Nodular Focal , Fallo Hepático , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Trasplante de Hígado , Adulto , Femenino , Hiperplasia Nodular Focal/diagnóstico por imagen , Hiperplasia Nodular Focal/cirugía , Humanos , Hiperplasia/patología , Hígado/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: It remains unclear which factors, such as tumor volume and tumor invasion, influence circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and the origin of ctDNA in liquid biopsy is always problematic. To use liquid biopsies clinically, it will be very important to address these questions. AIM: To assess the origin of ctDNA, clarify the dynamics of ctDNA levels, assess ctDNA levels by using a xenograft mouse after treatment, and to determine whether tumor volume and invasion are related to ctDNA levels. METHODS: Tumor xenotransplants were established by inoculating BALB/c-nu/nu mice with the TE11 cell line. Groups of mice were injected with xenografts at two or four sites and sacrificed at the appropriate time point after xenotransplantation for ctDNA analysis. Analysis of ctDNA was performed by droplet digital PCR, using the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. RESULTS: Mice given two-site xenografts were sacrificed for ctDNA at week 4 and week 8. No hTERT was detected at week 4, but it was detected at week 8. However, in four-site xenograft mice, hTERT was detected both at week 4 and week 6. These experiments revealed that both tumor invasion and tumor volume were associated with the detection of ctDNA. In resection experiments, hTERT was detected at resection, but had decreased by 6 h, and was no longer detected 1 and 3 d after resection. CONCLUSION: We clarified the origin and dynamics of ctDNA, showing that tumor volume is an important factor. We also found that when the tumor was completely resected, ctDNA was absent after one or more days.
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ADN Tumoral Circulante , Neoplasias Esofágicas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/cirugía , Xenoinjertos , Ratones , Trasplante HeterólogoRESUMEN
Tolvaptan is a recently available diuretic that blocks arginine vasopressin receptor 2 in the renal collecting duct. Its diuretic mechanism involves selective water reabsorption by affecting the water reabsorption receptor aquaporin 2. Given that liver cirrhosis patients exhibit hyponatremia due to their pseudo-aldosteronism and usage of natriuretic agents, a sodium maintaining agent, such as tolvaptan, is physiologically preferable. However, large scale studies indicating the patients for whom this would be effective and describing management under its use have been insufficient. The appropriate management of cirrhosis patients treated with tolvaptan should be investigated. In the present review, we collected articles investigating the effectiveness of tolvaptan and factors associated with survival and summarized their management reports. Earlier administration of tolvaptan before increasing the doses of natriuretic agents is recommended because this may preserve effective arterial blood volume.