Noninvasive interventions for temporomandibular disorders: a scoping review of systematic reviews from 2017 to 2022.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review assessed systematic reviews on noninvasive temporomandibular disorder therapies to identify evidence gaps and formulate clinical recommendations. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA scoping review guidelines and Joanna Briggs Institute updated scoping review methodology using a two-step process involving four reviewers. Four key databases (Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were thoroughly searched from January 2017 to December 2022. The selected systematic reviews were classified, charted, critically appraised, and synthesized. RESULTS: Of the initial 522 listings, 61 systematic reviews were eligible for inclusion, with the majority bearing very low- to low-quality evidence, and meta-analysis not being conducted in about a third of them. Moderate- to high-quality evidence was available for patient self-management, botulinum toxin, manual, laser, and splint therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Further high-quality investigations with consistent patient selection, diagnostic criteria, treatment/assessment protocols, and outcome measures are needed to confirm the effectiveness of the various interventions for temporomandibular disorder pain/dysfunction.

Sleep bruxism events: an epiphenomenon of severe obstructive sleep apnea?

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the temporal relationships between apnea-hypopnea (AH) and sleep bruxism (SB) events and correlated SB to various respiratory/sleep indexes in adult patients with concomitant obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and SB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nocturnal PSG data of 147 consecutive OSA patients were examined for comorbid SB. Among the 49 subjects with coexisting OSA and SB, 26 were randomly selected for in-depth appraisal of temporal patterns which were classified as T1 (unrelated activities), T2 (AH events occur before SB events), T3 (SB events occur before AH events), and T4 (AH and SB events occur simultaneously). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman's correlation (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The majority (84.5%) of AH events were unrelated to SB events. Of the 15.5% of related activities, T2 and T3 patterns occurred in 14.1% and 1.4%, respectively. SB events/index, the percentage of unrelated/related AH-SB events, and T2-T3 episodes were not associated with gender, age, body mass (BMI), and apnea-hypopnea (AHI) index. SB events were related to total sleep time (rs = 0.44), but no significant associations were discerned between SB and AH index. CONCLUSIONS: As most AH events were unrelated to SB events, OSA and SB are probably epiphenomena in adult patients with concomitant conditions. Where AH-SB events were related, the T2 temporal pattern, where SB events were subsequent to AH events, featured predominantly alluding to a specific form of secondary SB triggered by sleep micro-arousals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: AH and SB events are probably epiphenomena in adult patients with coexisting OSA and SB. Even so, OSA patients should be routinely screened for SB and vice versa considering their frequent comorbidity.

Prevalence of Sleep Bruxism and Its Association with Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adult Patients: A Retrospective Polysomnographic Investigation.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of sleep bruxism (SB) in adult obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, to assess the association between SB and OSA in terms of sleep macrostructure and respiratory parameters, and to determine possible OSA risk factors for SB. METHODS: Type I polysomnographic data of 147 adult OSA patients (mean age 44.6 ± 12.8 years) were evaluated for SB. SB episodes were scored when masseter rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) was twice the background electromyography amplitude, and SB was established when patients had more than four SB episodes per hour of sleep. Demographic characteristics, sleep macrostructure, and respiratory parameters, including respiratory-related arousal index (RAI), spontaneous arousal index (SAI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI), were analyzed for differences between patients with and without SB using independent samples t test and Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the odds of OSA risk factors for SB. RESULTS: Approximately one-third (33.3%) of the adult OSA patients had concomitant SB. Most of the RMMA observed in OSA-SB patients was phasic in nature. OSA patients with SB demonstrated significantly greater RAI (P = .001) and ODI (P = .005). RAI (odds ratio = 1.05, 95% confidence interval = 1.00 to 1.10) and SAI (odds ratio = 0.89, 95% confidence interval = 0.80 to 0.96) demonstrated marginal effects on the odds of experiencing SB. CONCLUSION: About one-third of adult OSA patients had SB, and these patients demonstrated significantly more respiratory-related arousals and oxygen desaturations. These findings suggest that a phenotypic subtype of OSA patients with predominantly phasic SB exists and allude to a possible protective role of RMMA in respiratory-related arousals.