Effect of inspiratory muscle training on cough strength in older people with frailty: a single-blind randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on cough strength in older people with frailty. DESIGN: Single-blind randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Day health care centers at two sites. PARTICIPANTS: Older people with frailty. INTERVENTIONS: Eligible people were randomized to receive IMT program in addition to general exercise training (IMT group), or general exercise training alone (control group). The IMT group performed training using a threshold IMT device with the load set at 30% of maximum inspiratory mouth pressure in addition to the general exercise training program throughout the 8 weeks. The IMT took place twice a day and each session consisted of 30 breaths. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Primary outcome was cough strength, measured as the cough peak flow (CPF), at the beginning and the end of the program. RESULTS: Data from 52 participants (26 in each group) were available for the analysis. The mean age was 82.6 years, 33% were male. The change in CPF at the end of the program was 28.7 ± 44.4 L/min in the IMT group and -7.4 ± 26.6 L/min in the control group. A linear regression model showed that the presence or absence of IMT was associated with changes in CPF (mean difference between groups: 36.3, 95%CI: 16.7 to 55.9, effect size: 0.99). CONCLUSION: IMT may be a useful intervention to improve cough strength in frail older people.

Enhancing exercise tolerance in interstitial lung disease with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy: A randomized crossover trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is characterized by dyspnoea on exertion and exercise-induced hypoxaemia. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy reduces the respiratory workload through higher gas flow and oxygen supplementation, which may affect exercise tolerance. This study aimed to examine the effects of oxygen and gas flow rates through HFNC therapy on exercise tolerance in ILD patients. METHODS: We conducted three-treatment crossover study. All ILD patients performed the exercises on room air (ROOM AIR setting: flow, 0 L/min; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2], 0.21), HFNC (FLOW setting: flow 40 L/min, FiO2 0.21), and HFNC with oxygen supplementation (FLOW + OXYGEN setting: flow 40 L/min, FiO2 0.6). The primary endpoint was the endurance time, measured using constant-load cycle ergometry exercise testing at a peak work rate of 80%. RESULTS: Twenty-five participants (10 men, 71.2 ± 6.7 years) were enrolled. The increase in exercise duration between the ROOM AIR and FLOW was 46.3 s (95% CI, -6.1 to 98.7; p = 0.083), and the FLOW and FLOW + OXYGEN was 91.5 s (39.1-143.9; p < 0.001). The percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) at rest was significantly higher with the FLOW + OXYGEN setting than with the ROOM AIR and FLOW settings, and the difference persisted during exercise. At equivalent time points during exercise, the SpO2 with the FLOW setting was significantly higher than that with the ROOM AIR setting. CONCLUSION: Oxygen supplementation in HFNC therapy improved exercise tolerance and SpO2. We found that gas flow alone did not improve exercise tolerance, but improved SpO2 during exercise.

A Young Adult Patient with Rheumatoid Disorder Presents for the Evaluation of Limited Mouth Opening.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), formerly known as Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, includes all forms of chronic arthritis with unknown etiology that occurs before the age of sixteen. Clinical practice guidelines for JIA management have been evolving for the past 10 years. JIA affects approximately 1 per 1000 children in the U.S. causing short and long-term disability. Polyarticular JIA represents 30% to 40% of JIA and affects five or more joints within 6 months of onset, including the smaller joints, such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). TMJ involvement in JIA is between 17% and 87% and can cause craniofacial abnormality resulting in significant functional and aesthetic complications. It is important for the oral healthcare provider to recognize common signs and symptoms of JIA and facilitate multidisciplinary patient care for time management and better prognosis.

A Patient with a History of Tonsillar Cancer Presents for Evaluation of Exposed Alveolar Bone in the Mouth.

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a rare but serious late complication of head and neck radiation therapy. The mandible, proximity of the primary tumor to the jawbones, radiation dose, poor oral hygiene, and smoking history are risk factors of ORN. ORN manifests as a chronic infection with exposed jawbone, which typically occurs in the first 3 years after radiotherapy; however, the risk for ORN development occurring in the patients who have undergone head and neck radiation therapy may be indefinite. Surgery has an important role in the management of cases of ORN, ranging from sequestrectomy, debridement, and extensive extirpative procedures with reconstructive surgery.

The interplay of physical and cognitive function in rehabilitation of interstitial lung disease patients: a narrative review.

Background and Objective: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses several diverse pulmonary pathologies that result in abnormal diffuse parenchymal changes. When prescribing rehabilitation, several additional factors need to be considered as a result of aging, polypharmacy, and comorbidities manifested in ILD patients. This review aims to discuss issues related to frailty, skeletal muscle and cognitive function that limit physical activities in ILD patients. It will also highlight exercise training and propose complementary strategies for pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL (inception to October 19th, 2022) using search terms based on concepts of: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or interstitial lung disease; frailty; muscular atrophy; skeletal muscle dysfunction; cognitive dysfunction; sleep quality; sleep disorders; anxiety disorders; or depressive disorders. After eligible texts were screened, additional references were included from references cited in the screened articles. Key Content and Findings: Frailty and skeletal muscle dysfunction are common in ILD. Weight loss, exhaustion, and anti-fibrotic medications can impact frailty, whereas physical inactivity, aging, corticosteroids and hypoxemia can contribute to sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and function). Frailty is associated with worse clinical status, exercise intolerance, skeletal muscle dysfunction, and decreased quality of life in ILD. Sarcopenia appears to influence wellbeing and can potentially affect overall physical conditioning, cognitive function and the progression of ILD. Optimal assessment tools and effective strategies to prevent and counter frailty and sarcopenia need to be determined in ILD patients. Even though cognitive impairment is evident in ILD, its prevalence and underlying neurobiological model of contributing factors (i.e., inflammation, disease severity, cardiopulmonary status) requires further investigation. How ILD affects cognitive interference, motor control and consequently physical daily activities is not well defined. Strategies such as pulmonary rehabilitation, which primarily focuses on strength and aerobic conditioning have demonstrated improvements in ILD patient outcomes. Future incorporation of interval training and the integration of motor learning could improve transfer of rehabilitation strategies to daily activities. Conclusions: Numerous underlying etiologies of ILD contribute to frailty, skeletal muscle and cognitive function, but their respective neurobiologic mechanisms require further investigation. Exercise training increases physical measures, but complementary approaches may improve their applicability to improve daily activities.

Differences in Characteristics Between Physical Frailty Assessments in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Purpose: Assessment for frailty is important as it enables timely intervention to prevent or delay poor prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aims of this study, in a sample of outpatients with COPD, were to (i) assess the prevalence of physical frailty using the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study (J-CHS) criteria and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the degree of agreement between the findings of the two assessments and (ii) identify factors associated with the disparity in the results obtained with these instruments. Patients and Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study of individuals with stable COPD enrolled in four institutions. Frailty was assessed using the J-CHS criteria and the SPPB. Weighted Cohen's kappa (k) statistic was performed to investigate the magnitude of agreement between the instruments. We divided participants into two groups depending on whether there was agreement or non-agreement between the results of the two frailty assessments. The two groups were then compared with respect to their clinical data. Results: A total of 103 participants (81 male) were included in the analysis. The median age and FEV1 (%predicted) were 77 years and 62%, respectively. The prevalence of frailty and pre-frail was 21% and 56% with the J-CHS criteria and 10% and 17% with the SPPB. The degree of agreement was fair (k = 0.36 [95% CI: 0.22-0.50], P<0.001). There were no significant differences in the clinical characteristics between the agreement group (n = 44) and the non-agreement group (n = 59). Conclusion: We showed that the degree of agreement was fair with the J-CHS criteria detecting a higher prevalence than the SPPB. Our findings suggest that the J-CHS criteria may be useful in people with COPD with the aim of providing interventions to reverse frailty in the early stages.

Brain Activation of Unpleasant Emotions Increases Catastrophizing in Patients with Chronic Pain.

BACKGROUND: Catastrophic thinking among patients with chronic pain impairs their quality of life and increases anxiety levels. Further, severe pain causes high emotional brain sensitivity and unpleasant feelings. However, the effects of emotional changes on catastrophic thinking in patients with chronic pain remain unclear. AIMS: We hypothesised that emotional brain activity during mild pain stimuli would affect catastrophic thinking in these patients. We aimed to examine the relationship between unpleasant emotional brain activation and catastrophic thinking due to pain stimuli in patients with chronic pain. DESIGN: This was a prospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS: We included patients with chronic pain and healthy individuals. METHODS: The impact of emotional brain activity on catastrophic thinking was evaluated, specifically, the skin conductance response and oxygenated haemoglobin levels using near-infrared spectroscopy. After receiving three different pain stimuli, the participants were evaluated using the Numeric Rating Scale, Pain Catastrophising Scale, and McGill Pain Questionnaire. RESULTS: There were 28 patients in the chronic pain group and 33 patients in the healthy group. There was no between-group difference in oxygenated haemoglobin levels during pain stimulation. The chronic pain group showed a higher Pain Catastrophising Scale score and skin conductance response than the healthy group (p < .05). In the chronic pain group, oxygenated haemoglobin levels after pain stimuli were significantly associated with the Pain Catastrophising Scale score and skin conductance response (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Brain activity of unpleasant emotions may influence catastrophic thinking in patients with chronic pain.

Oral involvement of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: A rare entity.

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Involvement of MF in the oral cavity is uncommon, often follows cutaneous involvement, and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. Herein, we describe a case of a 72-year-old White male with biopsy-proven oral T-cell lymphoma (TCL) in the setting of MF with systemic disease progression. Mycosis fungoides with oral involvement can often prove challenging to diagnose and manage. Thorough medical history intake and clinical examination supported by histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis are imperative because delay in the diagnosis can lead to disease progression.

[Switching insulin degludec to insulin glulisine improved nocturnal hypoglycemia and ventricular arrythmia in an elderly type 1 diabetes patient with chronic heart failure: A case report].

The patient was 82-year-old man with type 1 diabetes mellitus. He had been using insulin degludec (IDeg) and insulin glulisine (IGlu) for treatment. He was admitted to our hospital due to diabetic ketoacidosis. As he started eating after recovery, we restarted intensive insulin therapy for glycemic control. Although he had eaten almost whole meals, his fasting blood glucose was extremely low, and the existence of nocturnal hypoglycemia was apparent. We reduced the dose and changed the injection time (evening→morning) of IDeg. We also stopped the evening IGlu injection; however, his nocturnal hypoglycemia did not improve. We decided to switch IDeg to insulin glargine U300 and to attach an intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitor (isCGM). His nocturnal hypoglycemia improved three days later. Since he had chronic heart failure and premature ventricular contractions, we used a Holter electrocardiogram to investigate the difference in arrythmia during hypoglycemia and non-hypoglycemia. As a result, the number of premature ventricular contractions was apparently high during hypoglycemia. In the present case, which involved an elderly patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus, chronic heart failure and nocturnal hypoglycemia, switching IDeg to insulin glargine U300 improved nocturnal hypoglycemia. IDeg differs from insulin glargine U300 in that it has a fatty acid side chain, which leads IDeg to combine with serum albumin. We thought that the increased level of free fatty acid due to hypoglycemia was competing against albumin combined IDeg, which increased free IDeg, and as a result, encouraged hypoglycemia.

Sex Differences in the International Primary Care Airways Group Questionnaire for Screening of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Objective: The International Primary Airways Group (IPAG) questionnaire is a useful tool for screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The cut-off score of the IPAG questionnaire is investigated in Japan. However, its validity has not been examined according to sex, which was the aim of this study. Methods: We included 4364 participants aged 40 years or older, all current and ex-smokers and never-smokers, who completed the IPAG questionnaire and underwent spirometry. The IPAG questionnaire consists of eight items and the cut-off score is set to 17. We calculated the odds ratios of airflow limitation for each of the eight questions, by sex. We performed receiver operating characteristic analysis, calculating the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity for each sex. Results: For both men (n=2784) and women (n=1580), only three questions were independent risk factors of airflow limitation. The odds ratios for age (≥70 years), wheezing, and smoking history (≥50 pack-years) were 10.61, 3.50, and 2.40, respectively, for men (all p<0.001), and 4.30 (p<0.001), 2.32 (p=0.026), and 5.69 (p=0.014), respectively, for women. For men and women, the areas under the curve were 0.741 and 0.670, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity values, respectively, were as follows: 83.6% and 47.1% for men with a cut-off score of 17; 80.0% and 53.7% for men with a cut-off score of 18; 56.7%, and 65.9% for women with a cut-off score of 17; and 76.7% and 43.9% for women with a cut-off score of 15. Conclusion: Regardless of sex, only three IPAG questions were deemed useful as screening for airflow limitation. The cut-off scores for men and women may be appropriately set at 18 and 15, respectively, in the Japanese population.

Clinical and Psychological Impact of Chronic Pain in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Purpose: The presence of pain can be associated with an exaggerated negative cognitive and emotional response, leading to worsening of existing symptoms. This study aimed to describe the multifaceted impact of chronic pain on cognition, emotional and physical health in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and to explore the clinical impact of pain. Patients and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional multicenter study was carried out in 68 people with COPD (COPD group) and 65 community-dwelling age-matched participants (control group). Participants were assessed for the presence of chronic pain, pain location, intensity and catastrophizing, pain-related fear (kinesiophobia), anxiety and depression, physical activity, and sleep duration. The COPD group also completed assessments of dyspnea, exercise tolerance (6-minute walk distance [6MWD]), and activities of daily living (ADL). Results: The prevalence of pain was higher in the COPD group (85% vs 51%, p<0.001). The COPD group reported pain located in neck/shoulder, upper back, thorax and upper limbs, while the control group had more pain in the lower back. Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia were reported by 28% and 67% vs 9% and 42%, in the COPD and control groups respectively (both p<0.05). People with COPD and pain (n=58) reported greater dyspnea (p<0.001), and impairment in ADL (p<0.05), and lower 6MWD and physical activity (both p<0.01) compared to COPD participants without pain (n=10). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that, compared to community-dwelling participants, there is a higher prevalence of chronic pain in people with COPD. Pain combined with dyspnea may impact adversely on cognitive function and lead to anxiety and depression, as well as greater impairment in exercise tolerance, physical activity, and ADL. These results suggested that it is necessary to assess the symptoms of chronic pain and inflect in chronic pain coping strategies.

Changes in Chemotherapeutic Strategies and Their Prognostic Impact in Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To investigate changes in post-progression chemotherapy (PPC) before and after nivolumab approval and determine their prognostic impact. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 146 patients with unresectable gastric cancer who had at least progressive disease after first- and/or second-line chemotherapy were retrospectively enrolled. RESULTS: Among the 146 patients, 46 and 23 received ramucirumab and nivolumab, respectively. Moreover, 95 and 62 patients received PPC after first- and second-line chemotherapy, respectively. Group B (i.e., at least chemotherapy after nivolumab approval) had significantly higher proportions of patients receiving ramucirumab therapy, nivolumab therapy, and PPC after first- or second-line chemotherapy compared to group A (i.e., termination of chemotherapy before nivolumab approval). Group A had significantly poorer prognosis than group B. Multivariate analysis showed that age, number of distant metastatic sites, and ramucirumab therapy were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Changes in chemotherapeutic strategies, including PPC, might contribute to improved prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

Influence of topical corticosteroids on malignant transformation of oral lichen planus.

BACKGROUND: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is considered an oral potentially malignant disorder. While OLP has been associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), little is known about the role of topical corticosteroids therapy (TCT) in the promotion of carcinogenesis. The study aimed to determine if TCT influences the time of malignant transformation of OLP to OSCC. The study also investigates this correlation in the presence or absence of Candida overgrowth, and in the context of conventional OSCC risk factors such as smoking, alcohol use, and male gender. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of electronic health records at a tertiary care academic medical center was performed. Patients with OLP and OSCC were considered for inclusion. The diagnosis of OLP required both clinical and histological documentation. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients met inclusion criteria, consisting of 48 women (58.25%) and 34 men (41.5%) and the mean patient age was 65.9 years (SD = 13.25). Forty-five patients (54.9%) received TCT for OLP before they developed OSCC. The time between the OLP and OSCC diagnoses increased by four years in patients who received topical steroid therapy for OLP (p < 0.001) and decreased by three years (p = 0.010) in those with Candida overgrowth. Gender, smoking, and alcohol use did not have a statistically significant influence on the time between OLP and OSCC. CONCLUSION: The management of OLP using TCT potentially delayed cancer development in our study. Conversely, it appears that Candida may play a role in the field cancerization of OLP patients.

EBV-positive B-cell ulcerative proliferation in the oral cavity associated with EBV-negative follicular lymphoma in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency: A case report and review of the literature.

Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are a group of conditions characterized by excessive production of lymphocytes manifested in various patterns including lymphadenopathy, tumor-like lesions, and lymphomas. LPD may be stimulated by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection that most commonly appears in the setting of immunocompromised status such as long-term use of immunosuppressive medications and in individuals with primary immunodeficiency disorders. EBV mucocutaneous ulcer is a benign LPD reaction that mostly regresses spontaneously but sometimes requires medical or surgical intervention. This article presents a case of oral EBV mucocutaneous ulceration that affected an individual with a history of complex primary immunodeficiency disorders consisted of common variable immunodeficiency disease associated with T-cell dysfunction. This case is unique because the oral lesions led to the diagnosis of concurrent widespread EBV-negative follicular lymphomas, seemingly unrelated to her EBV-positive LPD oral disease. Yet, both occurred in the setting of severe immunosuppression from the primary immunodeficiency disorders.

Dental management of a pediatric patient with Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome (KTS) is a rare, genetic condition, which typically manifests as a triad of symptoms: 1) amelogenesis imperfecta, 2) infantile onset epilepsy, and 3) intellectual disability. The condition poses dental treatment challenges given the manifestation of amelogenesis imperfecta. Additional considerations are needed to medically manage these patients who present with epilepsy and intellectual disability. CASE REPORT: Our patient presented with multiple restorative needs, was treated under general anesthesia, and maintained good oral outcomes with close follow-up. DISCUSSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report which documents comprehensive dental management of a pediatric patient with KTS.

Prefrontal cortex activation during incremental inspiratory loading in healthy participants.

We aimed to investigate whether changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) associates with inspiratory muscle effort during inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) in healthy participants. Participants performed an incremental ITL. Breathing pattern, partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2), mouth pressure and O2Hb and HHb over the right dorsolateral PFC, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and diaphragm/intercostals (Dia/IC) were monitored. Fourteen healthy participants (8 men; 29 ± 5 years) completed testing. Dyspnea was higher post- than pre-ITL (5 ± 1 vs. 0 ± 1, respectively; P<0.05). PFC O2Hb increased (P < 0.001) and HHb decreased (P = 0.001) at low loads but remained stable with increasing ITL intensities. PFC total hemoglobin increased at task failure compared to rest. SCM HHb increased throughout increasing intensities. SCM and Dia/IC total hemoglobin increased in the at task failure compared to rest. PETCO2 did not change (P = 0.528). PFC is activated early during the ITL but does not show central fatigue at task failure despite greater dyspnea and an imbalance of SCM oxygen demand and delivery.

Early walking time is associated with recovery of activities of daily living during hospitalization in older patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A single-center prospective study.

AIM: Pneumonia is a common disease with a high mortality rate among older adults that is associated with a decline in activities of daily living (ADL) during hospitalization. The aims of this study were to investigate the following: (i) early physical activity time among older patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia; and (ii) the association of physical activity time with the recovery of ADL. METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out in patients aged ≥65 years hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia. We measured the time spent standing and walking as physical activity time using the activPAL accelerometer from the third to the ninth day of admission. Patients underwent rehabilitation during their hospitalization, and rehabilitation effectiveness was calculated using the motor Functional Independence Measure on admission and at day 10. We used stepwise multiple regression to examine the relationship between physical activity time and rehabilitation effectiveness. RESULTS: A total of 87 patients were included in the analysis. Median (interquartile range) physical activity time was 69 min/day (43-103 min/day). In the multiple regression model, a greater daily walking time, higher cognitive and physical function, and ADL at admission were independently associated with rehabilitation effectiveness (adjusted R2  = 0.32, P < 0.0001). For every increase of 10 min/day of walking time, ADL improved by 7.8% (B = 7.8, 95% CI 1.3-14.2, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Older patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia have low levels of physical activity, and increasing early walking time might be an effective strategy to accelerate the recovery of ADL. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 1099-1104.

Impact of Oncogenic Targets Controlled by Tumor-Suppressive miR-30a-5p in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Our recent miRNA analyses revealed that miR-30a-5p has tumor-suppressive activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Herein, we sought to identify tumor-suppressive genes controlled by miR-30a-5p, emphasizing on genes that are closely involved in the molecular pathogenesis of PDAC. We uncovered several novel findings regarding the pathogenesis of this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In silico analyses were used to identify the putative target genes of miR-30a-5p and assess their expression levels. Direct regulation of RRM2 by miR-30a-5p and its oncogenic functions were evaluated in PDAC cell lines. Overexpression of RRM2 was demonstrated in clinical samples. RESULTS: A total of 24 putative targets were identified by in silico database analysis. High expression of 4 genes (CBFB, RRM2, AHNAK, and DCBLD1) was significantly associated with shorter survival of patients with PDAC. Functional assays demonstrated that knockdown of RRM2 attenuated the malignant phenotype of PDAC cells. CONCLUSION: The miR-30a-5p/RRM2 axis facilitated the malignant transformation of PDAC cells.

RNA-Sequencing Based microRNA Expression Signature of Colorectal Cancer: The Impact of Oncogenic Targets Regulated by miR-490-3p.

To elucidate novel aspects of the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), we have created a new microRNA (miRNA) expression signature based on RNA-sequencing. Analysis of the signature showed that 84 miRNAs were upregulated, and 70 were downregulated in CRC tissues. Interestingly, our signature indicated that both guide and passenger strands of some miRNAs were significantly dysregulated in CRC tissues. These findings support our earlier data demonstrating the involvement of miRNA passenger strands in cancer pathogenesis. Our study focused on downregulated miR-490-3p and investigated its tumor-suppressive function in CRC cells. We successfully identified a total of 38 putative oncogenic targets regulated by miR-490-3p in CRC cells. Among these targets, the expression of three genes (IRAK1: p = 0.0427, FUT1: p = 0.0468, and GPRIN2: p = 0.0080) significantly predicted 5-year overall survival of CRC patients. Moreover, we analyzed the direct regulation of IRAK1 by miR-490-3p, and its resultant oncogenic function in CRC cells. Thus, we have clarified a part of the molecular pathway of CRC based on the action of tumor-suppressive miR-490-3p. This new miRNA expression signature of CRC will be a useful tool for elucidating new molecular pathogenesis in this disease.

Effects of different high-flow nasal cannula flow rates on swallowing function.

BACKGROUND: High-flow nasal cannula therapy is used as a noninvasive treatment for people with acute respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of high-flow nasal cannula different flow rates on different characteristics of swallowing in healthy volunteers. METHODS: A prospective cohort study where healthy adult volunteers were subject to high-flow nasal cannula at different flow rates (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 L/min, in random order). The 30-mL water swallow test, repetitive saliva swallowing test, and 0-100 mm visual analog scale assessed aspiration, swallow frequency and effort, respectively. FINDINGS: Thirty subjects (mean age 30 years) were enrolled. Nine subjects (30.0%) choked at 10, 40 and 50 L/min during the 30-mL water swallow test (p < 0.05). Swallowing effort was increased during flow rates ≥20 compared to 10 L/min (p < 0.05). Flow rates ≥20 L/min resulted in lower number of swallows during the repetitive saliva swallowing test compared to 0 and 10 L/min (p < 0.05). INTERPRETATION: High-flow nasal cannula flow rates above 40 L/min associated with choking (increased risk of aspiration), and was associated with decreased swallowing function in healthy volunteers. It may be important to assess swallowing function in patients with various clinical conditions and treated with high-flow nasal cannula, especially those at risk of aspiration pneumonia.