Risk factors for tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy due to atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC) is a reversible cardiomyopathy with ventricular dysfunction caused by tachyarrhythmias. Notably, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common causal arrhythmia leading to TIC. However, the risk factors for the development of TIC due to AF remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the associated factors of TIC due to AF. METHODS: Persistent AF patients with heart rate (HR) ≥100 beats per minute who underwent initial catheter ablation were enrolled in this study. TIC was diagnosed as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50% during AF rhythm, which was recovered after the restoration of sinus rhythm. Non-TIC was defined as LVEF ≥ 50% despite AF rhythm. The patient backgrounds were compared between the TIC group and the non-TIC group to reveal the contributing factors of TIC. RESULTS: The TIC group comprised 57 patients, while the non-TIC group consisted of 101 patients. The TIC group was younger than the non-TIC group (median 64 vs. 70, p = 0.006). Male sex was more frequent in the TIC group than the non-TIC group (82.5% vs. 58.4%, p = 0.003). HR was higher in the TIC group than in the non-TIC group (median 130 bpm vs. 111 bpm, p < 0.001). The number of smokers was significantly higher in the TIC group than in the non-TIC group (p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that higher HR (odds ratio [OR]: 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-2.21; p < 0.001) and current smokers (OR: 5.27; 95% CI: 1.60-17.4; p = 0.006) were the independent factors leading to TIC. CONCLUSION: Higher HR and current smokers were independent risk factors for the development of TIC due to AF.

Clinical impact of stellate ganglion phototherapy on ventricular tachycardia storm requiring mechanical circulatory support devices: a case report.

Background: Ventricular arrhythmias are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with ischaemic heart disease. When pharmacologic therapies, catheter ablation (CA), and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) are ineffective, stellate ganglion blockade (SGB), sympathectomy, and renal sympathetic denervation are considered. However, they are invasive for patients with high bleeding risk. We present a case of successfully recovering from haemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm with stellate ganglion phototherapy (SGP) in a non-invasive manner. Case summary: A 73-year-old male presented to the emergency department with chief complaint of general malaise, resulting from VT storm associated with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. He had a history of CA and implantation of ICD. Despite multiple electrical cardioversions, pharmacologic therapies, and deep sedation with mechanical circulatory support (MCS), VT storm was not controlled. Thereafter, we irradiated the patient's neck with SGP to inhibit sympathetic neurological activity, which suppressed VT storm and dramatically improved his haemodynamic status. Discussion: It has been reported that SGP is an alternative to SGB for refractory VT storm. Stellate ganglion phototherapy was easy and non-invasive to perform because we just irradiated the patient's neck with the near-infrared light for 5 min per day. If conventional therapies are ineffective in suppressing VT storm, SGP may be considered as a next step, especially for patients with high bleeding risk. However, since the effect of a single SGP lasts only 1-2 days, it should be performed as a bridge therapy to CA or sympathectomy. Stellate ganglion phototherapy may be effective in suppressing VT storm that requires MCS devices.

Left atrial appendage peak flow velocity predicts improvement in mitral regurgitation after atrial fibrillation ablation.

BACKGROUND: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is associated with an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) and high AF recurrence ratio after ablation. Left atrial appendage (LAA) is involved in left atrium (LA) pressure modulation and LAA peak flow velocity (LAAV) is validated as an indicator of LA contractile and reservoir function. LA function is related to the MR pathology, but the relationship between LAAV and improvement in MR after ablation remains unknown. METHODS: The present study included AF patients with moderate or severe MR from the Osaka Rosai Atrial Fibrillation ablation (ORAF) registry. We evaluated MR severity one-year post-ablation and assigned the patients based on MR improvement (at least a one-grade improvement in MR over one year) and investigated the impact of the relevant factors, including LAAV, on MR improvement. RESULTS: This study population included a total of 289 patients [paroxysmal AF (PAF), 112 patients; persistent AF (PerAF), 177 patients]. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the patients with MR improvement had a significantly lower risk of late arrhythmia recurrence than those without (log-rank p < 0.001). MR improvement was observed in 56.3 % (63/112) of PAF patients and 55.4 % (98/177) of PerAF patients. Multiple regression analysis showed that LAAV was an independent and significant determinant of MR improvement post-ablation in both PAF and PerAF patients (p = 0.037 and p = 0.018, respectively), in addition to age and hemoglobin in PerAF patients (p = 0.045 and p = 0.048, respectively). CONCLUSION: LAAV can predict an improvement in MR after catheter ablation in both PAF and PerAF patients.

Impact of Structural Abnormalities in Left Ventricle and Left Atrium on Clinical Outcomes in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Two key echocardiographic parameters, left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and left atrial volume index (LAVI), are important in assessing structural myocardial changes in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, the differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes among groups classified by LVMI and LAVI values are unclear.We examined the data of 960 patients with HFpEF hospitalized due to acute decompensated HF from the PURSUIT-HFpEF registry, a prospective, multicenter observational study. Four groups were classified according to the cut-off values of LVMI and LAVI [LVMI = 95 g/m2 (female), 115 g/m2 (male) and LAVI = 34 mL/m2]. Clinical endpoints were the composite of HF readmission and all-cause death. Study endpoints among the 4 groups were evaluated. The composite endpoint occurred in 364 patients (37.9%). Median follow-up duration was 445 days. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significant differences in the composite endpoint among the 4 groups (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that patients with increased LAVI alone were at significantly higher risk of HF readmission and the composite endpoints than those with increased LVMI alone (P = 0.030 and P = 0.024, respectively). Age, male gender, systolic blood pressure at discharge, atrial fibrillation (AF) hemoglobin, renal function, and LAVI were significant determinants of LVMI and female gender, AF, hemoglobin, and LVMI were significant determinants of LAVI.In HFpEF patients, increased LAVI alone was more strongly associated with HF readmission and the composite of HF readmission and all-cause death than those with increased LVMI alone.

Direct Comparison of Rotational vs Orbital Atherectomy for Calcified Lesions Guided by Optical Coherence Tomography.

BACKGROUND: There are several retrospective studies comparing rotational atherectomy (RA) and orbital atherectomy (OA), but all percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) in those studies were not performed under intracoronary imaging guidance. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare the efficacy and safety of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided PCI with RA vs OA. METHODS: The DIRO (To directly compare RA and OA for calcified lesions, a prospective randomized trial) trial was conducted. We enrolled patients with de novo calcified lesions (arc >180°) assessed by OCT or angiographically moderate or severe calcifications if the OCT catheter could not cross the lesion before any intervention. Eligible patients were randomly 1:1 allocated to lesion preparation with RA vs OA. Stent expansion was defined as the minimum stent area divided by the distal reference area multiplied by 100. Tissue modification was assessed using preatherectomy and postatherectomy OCT images. Procedural outcomes including periprocedural myocardial infarctions were evaluated. Furthermore, clinical events and vascular healing evaluated by OCT at 8 months postprocedure were assessed. RESULTS: The stent expansion was significantly greater in the RA group vs the OA group (99.5% vs 90.6%; P = 0.02). The maximum atherectomy area was significantly larger in the RA group than in the OA group (1.34 [IQR: 1.02-1.89] mm2 vs 0.83 [IQR: 0.59-1.11] mm2; P = 0.004). The procedural outcomes and clinical events at 8 months did not differ between the groups. The vascular healing was sufficient in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prospective randomized DIRO trial revealed that RA could produce a more favorable tissue modification, which may lead to a larger stent expansion than OA in heavily calcified lesions.

One-week Impella CP support for papillary muscle rupture as a bridge to surgery: a case report.

Background: Papillary muscle rupture (PMR) is a catastrophic complication of acute myocardial infarction. However, the best timing and modality of circulatory support for surgery are unknown. Case Summary: A 75-year-old man presented to the emergency room in our hospital for worsening shortness of breath accompanied by chest pain. Transthoracic echocardiograph showed severe mitral regurgitation (MR) with a flail posterior mitral valve leaflet, and coronary angiography demonstrated distal right coronary artery occlusion. We diagnosed as cardiogenic shock due to subacute myocardial infarction and ischaemic PMR. An Impella CP (Abiomed, Danvers, MA, USA) was introduced to improve haemodynamics. Despite the grade of MR was still severe, the mean blood pressure and pulmonary artery pressure improved 4 h after an Impella CP support. At day 8, the patient underwent elective mitral valve replacement with single coronary artery bypass grafting. Discussion: PMR is a rare but lethal complication of acute myocardial infarction. Expeditious surgical treatment offers the optimal chance of survival, but the post-operative mortality or morbidity is very high. Therefore, preoperative stabilization can be closely correlated with outcomes in these patients. It was reported that directly unloading the left ventricle by an Impella decreased wall stress, external work, and myocardial oxygen consumption. Therefore, an Impella can be the most suitable mechanical circulatory support for PMR. In conclusion, Impella CP alone can become one of the suitable bridges to surgery in the patients with PMR.

Impact of a Novel Score to Predict Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction After Catheter Ablation of Nonparoxysmal Atrial Fibrillation With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

The impact of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AFCA) on left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is still unknown. This study aimed to develop a novel risk score to predict LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) 12 months after AFCA (12-month LVDD) and to evaluate whether the risk score was associated with cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, transient ischemic attack/stroke, myocardial infarction, or heart failure hospitalization). We studied 397 patients with nonparoxysmal AF with preserved ejection fraction who underwent initial AFCA (age: 69 years, women: 32%). LVDD was diagnosed if more than 2 of 3 variables (average E/e' ratio >14, septal e' velocity <7 cm/s or lateral e' velocity <10 cm/s, and tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity >2.8 m/s) were present. The 12-month LVDD was observed in 89 patients (23%). A total of 4 preprocedural variables (woman, average E/e' ratio ≥9.6, age ≥74 years, and left atrial diameter ≥50 mm [WEAL]) were identified as predictors of 12-month LVDD on multivariable analysis. We developed a WEAL score. The prevalence of 12-month LVDD increased as WEAL scores increased (p <0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in cardiovascular events-free survival between those at high risk (WEAL score: 3 or 4) and those at low risk (WEAL score: 0, 1, or 2). (86.6% vs 97.2%, log-rank p = 0.009). The WEAL score before AFCA is useful to predict 12-month LVDD after AFCA in patients with nonparoxysmal AF with preserved ejection fraction and is associated with cardiovascular events after AFCA.

Predictors and outcomes of tricuspid regurgitation improvement after radiofrequency catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: Little has been reported on the predictors and outcomes of improvement of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: We enrolled 141 patients with persistent AF and moderate or severe TR assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) who underwent an initial RFCA between February 2015 and August 2021. These patients underwent follow-up TTE at 12 months after the RFCA, and were categorized into two groups based on the improvement (defined as at least one-grade improvement of TR) and non-improvement of TR: IM group and Non-IM group, respectively. We compared the patient characteristics, ablation procedures, and recurrences after the RFCA between the two groups. In addition, we examined the major event (defined as admission for heart failure or all-cause death) more than 12 months after the RFCA. RESULTS: IM group consisted of 90 patients (64%). A multivariate analysis revealed that age <71 years old and absence of late recurrence (LR, defined as recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia between 3 and 12 months after the RFCA) were independently associated with the improvement of TR after the RFCA. Furthermore, IM group had the higher incidence of major event-free survival than Non-IM group. CONCLUSIONS: Relatively young age and absence of LR were good predictors of improvement of TR after the RFCA for persistent AF. In addition, the improvement of TR was related to better clinical outcomes.

Predictors of Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm After Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

Little has been reported on the predictors of maintenance of sinus rhythm (SR) after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). We enrolled 151 patients with long-standing persistent AF (defined as AF lasting more than 12 months) who underwent an initial RFCA between October 2014 and December 2020 in our hospital. These patients were categorized into 2 groups on the basis of the absence and presence of the late recurrence (LR, defined as a recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia between 3 and 12 months after RFCA): SR group and LR group. The SR group comprised 92 patients (61%). In the univariate analysis, there were significant differences in gender and preprocedural average heart rate (HR) between the 2 groups (p = 0.042 and p = 0.042, respectively). A receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed that a cut-off value of preprocedural average HR to predict the maintenance of SR was 85 beats/min (sensitivity: 37%, specificity: 85%, area under curve: 0.58). A multivariate analysis showed that preprocedural average HR ≥85 beats/min was independently associated with the maintenance of SR after RFCA (odds ratio 3.30, 95% confidence interval 1.47 to 8.04, p = 0.003). In conclusion, a relatively high preprocedural average HR might be a prognostic factor of maintenance of SR after RFCA for long-standing persistent AF.

Comparison of myocardial injury and inflammation between ablation index-guided and conventional contact force-guided ablation in atrial fibrillation patients.

PURPOSE: Ablation index (AI)-guided ablation improves the incidence of arrhythmia recurrence as compared to conventional contact force (CF)-guided ablation. The aim of this study was to elucidate the differences in the biomarkers associated with myocardial injury and inflammation between conventional CF-guided and AI-guided ablation. METHODS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients who underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) from the Osaka Rosai Atrial Fibrillation ablation (ORAF) registry were enrolled. We divided the patients into two groups: conventional CF-guided PVI (CF group) and AI-guided PVI (AI group). The differences in biomarkers associated with myocardial injury and inflammation, and long-term durability of PVI between the two groups were evaluated. RESULTS: This study population included a total of 794 patients (CF-guided, 241 patients; AI-guided, 553 patients). Total application time was significantly shorter, and total application number was significantly smaller in AI than CF group. High-sensitive troponin I (hs-TnI) post-ablation was significantly higher in AI than CF group (p < 0.001), even after taking the total application number and total application time into consideration. No significant differences in inflammatory markers changes from pre- to post-ablation were observed between the two groups. AI-guided ablation was significantly associated with the hs-TnI post-ablation by multiple regression analysis. The PV reconnection ratio was significantly smaller in AI than CF group (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: AI-guided ablation had the ability to create larger lesions than CF-guided ablation despite no increase in inflammation and achieved the better PVI durability than that of CF-guided.

The C-CAT sign may predict coronary artery perforation in severe calcified lesions during coronary intervention: a case series.

Background: Coronary artery rupture is a rare but fatal complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The mortality rate reaches 19% in patients with the Ellis type III classification. The predictors of coronary artery rupture were reported in previous studies. However, there are few reports showing the risk factors of this threatening complication in terms of intravascular image such as optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Case summary: We report the case of three patients with coronary artery rupture, who underwent IVUS-guided PCI for severe calcified lesions. All three patients developed the Ellis grade III rupture, which was successfully managed with the use of a perfusion balloon and covered stents. In these patients, the common characteristics were observed in pre-procedural IVUS images. Specifically, a C-type CAlcified and residual Thin plaque sign (C-CAT sign) was seen in all three patients. Discussion: These patient cases provide an insight into the coronary artery rupture in severe calcified lesions. The C-CAT sign in the pre-IVUS image may predict coronary artery rupture. If we obtain such a unique IVUS image before intervention, we have to consider using a smaller balloon size, for example a half size down, judging from the vessel diameter of the reference site or using ablation devices such as orbital atherectomy and rotational atherectomy to prevent coronary artery rupture. Conclusion: The C-CAT sign may predict coronary artery perforation in severe calcified lesions during PCI, although larger registries of such intracoronary pre-perforation imaging are required in order to correlate different signs with outcomes.

Prognostic impact of cardiovascular polypharmacy on octogenarians with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

BACKGROUNDS: Drug treatments of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have a little clinical benefit, but cardiovascular polypharmacy (CP) trend is observed in elderly HFpEF. We investigated the impact of CP on octogenarian with HFpEF. METHODS: We examined 783 consecutive octogenarians (≥80 years) enrolled in the PURSUIT-HFpEF registry. We defined medications for hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and atrial fibrillation as cardiovascular medications (CM). In this study, we defined CP as ≥5 CM. We investigated whether CP was correlated with the composite end point (CE) of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization. RESULTS: The proportion with CP was 51.9% (n = 406). Background characteristics correlated with CP were frailty, history of coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation and left atrial dimension. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis showed CP was significantly and independently correlated with CE (hazard ratio (HR): 1.31; 95% confidence Interval (CI): 1.01-1.70) in addition to age, clinical frailty scale, history of HF admission and N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that, compared with the non-CP group, the CP group had significantly higher risk of CE and HF (HR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.04-1.56; P = 0.02 and HR: 1.46; 95%CI: 1.13-1.88; P < 0.01, respectively), but not any-cause death. In addition, diuretics were correlated with CE (HR: 1.61; 95%CI: 1.17-2.22; P < 0.01), but antithrombotic drugs and HFpEF medications were not. CONCLUSIONS: CP at discharge is a prognostic factor driven by HF rehospitalization in octogenarians with HFpEF. In these patients, diuretics may be correlated with the prognosis.

Relationship between pre-procedural non-ischemic ST-segment depression and the clinical outcomes after catheter ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation patients.

BACKGROUND: ST-segment depression suggests the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) during sinus rhythm, but the clinical significance, including the outcomes after catheter ablation (CA), in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients remain unknown. METHODS: The present study included persistent AF (PerAF) patients from the Osaka Rosai Atrial Fibrillation ablation (ORAF) registry who underwent an initial ablation and had no history of CAD. We assigned the patients based on the presence of ST-segment depression before CA and evaluated the impact of relevant factors on ST-segment depression and the relationship between ST-segment depression, including leads locations (anterior leads, inferior leads, and lateral leads) or depression type (upsloping, horizontal, and downsloping) or the degree of ST-segment depression and late recurrence of AF (LRAF). RESULTS: This study population included a total of 551 patients of whom 189 had ST-segment depression. The median follow-up duration was 397 days and LRAF occurred in 195 patients. By multiple regression analysis, diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin, brain natriuretic peptide, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left atrial diameter were significant determinants of ST-segment depression before CA. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the patients with ST-segment depression had a significantly greater risk of LRAF than those without (p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed ST-segment depression was independently and significantly associated with a higher risk of LRAF (p < 0.001). The patients with ST-segment depression ≥0.15 mV had a significantly higher risk of LRAF than those with ST-segment depression ≥0.15 mV (p < 0.001). No significant differences among the ST-segment depression lead locations and ST-segment depression type were observed. CONCLUSION: Non-ischemic ST-segment depression during AF rhythm was significantly associated with LRAF post CA in PerAF patients.

Comparison of advanced generation cryoballoon ablation and ablation index-guided pulmonary vein isolation with non-pulmonary vein trigger induction test and additional ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: An ablation index (AI)-guided pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) or 2nd generation cryoballoon (CB)-PVI has been shown to reduce the atrial fibrillation (AF) burden by 99% despite the absence of ablation of non-pulmonary vein (PV) triggers in patients with paroxysmal AF. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PVI alone strategy using 2nd generation CB compared with AI-guided PVI with an additional induction test and subsequent AF trigger ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated 223 patients with symptomatic paroxysmal AF who underwent an initial PVI between August 2018 and August 2020. The study patients were divided into 2 groups: CB-PVI without an induction test (CB-PVI alone group, n = 82) and AI-guided PVI with an induction test and subsequent additional ablation of non-PV triggers (AI-PVI plus group, n = 141). In the AI-PVI plus group, a total of 62 non-PV triggers were induced in 38 patients, and non-PV triggers in 22 patients were completely ablated. The procedure time and left atrium dwell time were significantly shorter in the CB-PVI alone group than AI-PVI plus group. There were no significant differences in the incidence of procedural complications between the 2 groups (P = 0.650). The AF free survival rate in the CB-PVI alone group and AI-PVI plus group was 80% vs. 80% at 24 months (P = 0.969). CONCLUSIONS: An PVI alone strategy using advanced generation CB did not differ in the clinical outcomes compared with an AI-guided PVI strategy with an induction test and subsequent ablation of non-PV triggers in the patients with paroxysmal AF.

Predictors of bleeding events in acute decompensated heart failure patients with antithrombotic therapy: AURORA study.

AIMS: Heart failure (HF) is reported to be one of the major risks of bleeding events. On the other hand, HF patients frequently receive anticoagulants or antiplatelet therapy to manage various co-morbidities. However, predictors of bleeding events in patients with HF have rarely been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the predictors of bleeding events and relationship between bleeding events and HF re-hospitalizations. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 1660 acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients from the AURORA registry between January 2015 and December 2020. A total of 1429 patients were excluded because of history of HF admission, missing echocardiographic data at discharge, lost to follow-up, haemodialysis and no antithrombotic drugs. Finally, we evaluated 231 patients from AURORA registry. The bleeding events were defined as Type 2 to 5 bleeding according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium definition. We divided our patients into the bleeding group and non-bleeding group. We compared the baseline characteristics, medications, laboratory data, and echocardiographic data between the two groups. Median age was 78 (IQR 71-82) years old and male accounted for 59%. Approximately half of the patients had an antiplatelet therapy and 70% had an anticoagulant therapy. During a median follow-up of 651 (IQR 357-1139) days, 32 patients (13.8%) suffered from bleeding events. The major driver of the registered events was gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 21, 65.6%), and the other events were cerebral bleeding (n = 4, 12.5%), intraarticular bleeding (n = 2, 6.3%), urogenital bleeding (n = 2, 6.3%), haemorrhagic pericardial effusions (n = 1, 3.1%), subcutaneous hematomas (n = 1, 3.1%), and haemothorax (n = 1, 3.1%). There was a significantly lower haemoglobin level (P < 0.01), higher proportion of inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter ≥21 mm (P < 0.01), and higher furosemide equivalent doses per kilogram (P < 0.01) in the bleeding group than non-bleeding group. A multivariate analysis revealed an equivalent dose of furosemide per kilogram ≥0.66 mg/kg (hazard ratios (HR) of 2.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-5.68, P = 0.01), haemoglobin ≤10.3 g/dL (HR of 2.43, 95% CI 1.14-5.03, P = 0.02), and IVC diameter ≥21 mm (HR of 2.79, 95% CI 1.16-6.29, P = 0.02) were independently associated with bleeding events. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that HF re-hospitalization rates were higher in the bleeding group than non-bleeding group (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: High doses of oral loop diuretics, IVC dilatation, and anaemia were predictors of bleeding events in patients hospitalized with ADHF patients. In addition, bleeding events were associated with HF re-hospitalizations.