High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) in major depressive disorder with anxious distress-a study protocol for a double-blinded randomized sham-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Comorbid anxiety disorders and anxious distress are highly prevalent among individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). The presence of the DSM-5 anxious distress specifier (ADS) has been associated with worse treatment outcomes and chronic disease course. Few studies have evaluated the therapeutic effects of High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on depressive and anxiety symptoms among MDD patients with ADS. The current randomized controlled trial aims to assess the efficacy of HD-tDCS as an augmentation therapy with antidepressants compared to sham-control in subjects of MDD with ADS. METHODS: MDD patients with ADS will be recruited and randomly assigned to the active HD-tDCS or sham HD-tDCS group. In both groups, patients will receive the active or sham intervention in addition to their pre-existing antidepressant therapy, for 2 weeks with 5 sessions per week, each lasting 30 min. The primary outcome measures will be the change of depressive symptoms, clinical response, and the remission rate as measured with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) before and after the intervention and at the 2nd and 6th week after the completed intervention. Secondary outcome measures include anxiety symptoms, cognitive symptoms, disability assessment, and adverse effects. DISCUSSION: The HD-tDCS applied in this trial may have treatment effects on MDD with ADS and have minimal side effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial protocol is registered with www.chictr.org.cn under protocol registration number ChiCTR2300071726. Registered 23 May 2023.

Dendritic-cell-targeting virus-like particles as potent mRNA vaccine carriers.

Messenger RNA vaccines lack specificity for dendritic cells (DCs)-the most effective cells at antigen presentation. Here we report the design and performance of a DC-targeting virus-like particle pseudotyped with an engineered Sindbis-virus glycoprotein that recognizes a surface protein on DCs, and packaging mRNA encoding for the Spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or for the glycoproteins B and D of herpes simplex virus 1. Injection of the DC-targeting SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in the footpad of mice led to substantially higher and durable antigen-specific immunoglobulin-G titres and cellular immune responses than untargeted virus-like particles and lipid-nanoparticle formulations. The vaccines also protected the mice from infection with SARS-CoV-2 or with herpes simplex virus 1. Virus-like particles with preferential uptake by DCs may facilitate the development of potent prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

Chronic replication stress invokes mitochondria dysfunction via impaired parkin activity.

Replication stress is a major contributor to tumorigenesis because it provides a source of chromosomal rearrangements via recombination events. PARK2, which encodes parkin, a regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis, is located on one of the common fragile sites that are prone to rearrangement by replication stress, indicating that replication stress may potentially impact mitochondrial homeostasis. Here, we show that chronic low-dose replication stress causes a fixed reduction in parkin expression, which is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, indicated by an increase in mtROS. Consistent with the major role of parkin in mitophagy, reduction in parkin protein expression was associated with a slight decrease in mitophagy and changes in mitochondrial morphology. In contrast, cells expressing ectopic PARK2 gene does not show mtROS increases and changes in mitochondrial morphology even after exposure to chronic replication stress, suggesting that intrinsic fragility at PARK2 loci associated with parkin reduction is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction caused by chronic replication stress. As endogenous replication stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are both involved in multiple pathophysiology, our data support the therapeutic development of recovery of parkin expression in human healthcare.

Hydrostatic pressure mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cholangiocytes through RhoA/ROCK and TGF-ß/smad pathways.

Biomechanical cue within the tissue microenvironment is known to play a critical role in regulating cell behaviors and maintaining tissue homeostasis. As hydrostatic pressure often increases in biliary system under pathological states, we investigated the effect of the moderate elevation of the hydrostatic pressure on biliary epithelial cells, especially on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells were loaded to hydrostatic pressure using a commercial device. We found that loading the cells to 50 mmHg hydrostatic pressure induced obvious morphological changes and significantly upregulated vimentin, ZEB1, and pSmad2/3, fibronectin, and collagen 1α. All changes induced by hydrostatic pressure loading were effectively mitigated by either ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) or ALK5 inhibitor (SB-431542). Our in vitro experimental data suggests that hydrostatic pressure loading induces EMT of cholangiocytes through RhoA/ROCK and TGF-ß/Smad pathways. Elevated hydrostatic pressure in biliary duct system under pathological states may promote the biliary epithelial cells shifting to profibrotic and mesenchymal characteristics.

Nicaraven attenuates the acquired radioresistance of established tumors in mouse models via PARP inhibition.

Nicaraven has been reported to inhibit the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In this study, we investigated the probable ability of nicaraven to attenuate cancer radioresistance during fractionated radiotherapy. Tumor models were established in C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c nude mice by subcutaneous injection of Lewis mouse lung carcinoma cancer cells and A549 human lung cancer cells, respectively. When the tumors had grown to approximately 100 mm3, we initiated fractionated radiotherapy. Nicaraven or saline was administered immediately after each irradiation exposure. Compared to saline treatment, nicaraven administration significantly induced gamma-H2AX foci formation and cell apoptosis in tumors at 1 or 3 days after an additional challenge exposure to 10 Gy and inhibited tumor growth during the short-term follow-up period, suggesting increased radiosensitivity of cancer cells. Moreover, the expression of PARP in tumor tissue was decreased by nicaraven administration. Our data suggest that nicaraven likely attenuates the acquired radioresistance of cancers through PARP inhibition.

Comparison of hypoxia- and hyperoxia-induced alteration of epigene expression pattern in lungs of Pleurodeles waltl and Mus musculus.

Epigenetics is an emerging field of research because of its involvement in susceptibility to diseases and aging. Hypoxia and hyperoxia are known to be involved widely in various pathophysiologies. Here, we compared the differential epigene expression pattern between Pleurodeles waltl and Mus musculus (commonly known as Iberian ribbed newt and mouse, respectively) exposed to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Adult healthy newts and mice were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (8% O2) and hyperoxia (80% O2) for 2 hours. We collected the lungs and analyzed the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif1α) and several key epigenes from DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family, histone deacetylase (HDAC) family, and methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) family. The exposure to hypoxia significantly increased the mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (Dnmt3α), methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (Mbd2), Mbd3, and histone deacetylase 2 (Hdac2) in lungs of newts, but decreased the mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) and Dnmt3α in lungs of mice. The exposure to hyperoxia did not significantly change the expression of any gene in either newts or mice. The differential epigene expression pattern in response to hypoxia between newts and mice may provide novel insights into the prevention and treatment of disorders developed due to hypoxia exposure.

The angiogenesis-modulating effects of coumarin-derivatives.

Coumarin is a natural compound that is rich in plants. Coumarin and its derivates were reported to have many biological activities, such as anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, and anti-coagulation. In this study, we examined the angiogenic modulating activities of six previously synthesized coumarin derivatives (Compound #1-#6) in zebrafish embryos and further confirmed them in a chick model. According to the survival rate in a zebrafish model, Compound #1 (100 %), #2 (82.5-100 %), and #4 (100 %) showed much less toxicity than Compound #3 (19.2-100 %), #5 (0-100 %), and #6 (0-100 %). Using a green blood vessel fluorescent transgenic fish Tg(fli1:egfp) to record the angiogenesis-modulating effects of Compound #1, #2, and #4, we found that Compound #2 had the highest effects in interfering intersegmental vessel growth, subintestinal vein growth, and caudal vein plexus remodeling. Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay also showed that Compound #2 exposure led to a reduction of blood vessel growth. Real-time PCR experiments revealed that Compound #2 significantly changed the expression of vascular growth-related genes flt1, cdh5, and nrp1a in zebrafish. Based on our data from zebrafish and chick models, a new coumarin-derivative (Compound #2) possesses anti-angiogenic activity with low toxicity, but further investigation in mammal models is asked to confirm our findings.

[Efficacy and Safety of Bortezomib or Thalidomide Combined with rhEPO in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy and safety of bortezomib or thalidomide combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS: A total of 80 patients with MM who were treated in the Second People's Hospital of Wuhu from January 2013 to December 2018 were selected as the research subjects, and they were divided into bortezomib group (n=40) and thalidomide group (n=40) by the simple randomization method. The bortezomib group received bortezomib regimen combined with rhEPO therapy, and the thalidomide group was given thalidomide regimen combined with rhEPO therapy, and all patients were treated for 3 courses with every 3 weeks as a course of treatment. The clinical efficacy after 3 courses of treatment, and tumor-related biochemical indicators [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ß2-microglobulin (ß2-MG), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), apoptosis inhibitory protein Survivin], bone marrow-related indicators [serum M-protein, bone marrow plasma cells, hemoglobin (Hb)] and coagulation function indicators [activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), total circulating microparticles (TMPs)] before treatment and after 3 courses of treatment were compared between the two groups of patients. The occurrence of adverse reactions during the treatment in the two groups of patients was recorded. RESULTS: After 3 courses of treatment, the ORR rate of 92.5% in bortezomib group was higher than 90.0% in thalidomide group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05). The levels of LDH, ß2-MG, VEGF, Survivin, serum M-protein, bone marrow plasma cells, APTT, PT, PAI and TMPs in the two groups after 3 courses of treatment were significantly lower or shorter than those before treatment, and the above indicators in bortezomib group were significantly lower or shorter than those in thalidomide group (P <0.05). After 3 courses of treatment, the expression level of Hb in the two groups was significantly higher than that before treatment, and the Hb level in bortezomib group was significantly higher than that in thalidomide group (P <0.05). During the treatment process, the incidence rates of adverse reactions in bortezomib group were significantly lower than those in thalidomide group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Thalidomide regimen or bortezomib regimen combined with rhEPO has similar clinical efficacy on MM, but bortezomib regimen combined with rhEPO is more prominent and safer on improving tumor-related biochemical indicators, bone marrow-related indicators and coagulation status in patients with MM.

Broad-spectrum antagonistic potential of Bacillus spp. volatiles against Rhizoctonia solani and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Rhizoctonia solani and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) are the two major diseases affecting the quality and quantity of rice production. In the current study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Bacillus spp. were used as green biocontrol agents for plant diseases. In in vitro experiments, Bacillus spp. FZB42, NMTD17, and LLTC93-VOCs displayed strong antimicrobial volatile activity with inhibition rates of 76, 66, and 78% for R. solani and 78, 81, and 76% for Xoo, respectively, compared to control. The synthetic VOCs, namely Pentadecane (PDC), Benzaldehyde (BDH), 1,2-Benz isothiazol-3(2H)-one (1,2-BIT), and mixture (MIX) of VOCs showed high volatile activity with inhibition rates of 86, 86, 89, and 92% against R. solani and 81, 81, 82, and 86%, respectively, against Xoo as compared to control. In addition, the scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM) analyses were performed to examine the effect of Bacillus and synthetic VOC treatments on R. solani and Xoo morphology. The analysis revealed the deformed and irregularized morphology of R. solani mycelia and Xoo cells after VOC treatments. The microscopic analysis showed that the rapid inhibition was due to severe oxidative productions inside the R. solani mycelia and Xoo cells. By using molecular docking, it was determined that the synthetic VOCs entered the active binding site of trehalase and NADH dehydrogenase proteins, causing R. solani and Xoo cells to die prematurely and an accumulation of ROS. In the greenhouse experiment, FZB42, NMTD17, and LLTC93-VOCs significantly reduced the lesions of R. solani 8, 7, and 6 cm, and Xoo 7, 6, and 6 cm, respectively, then control. The synthetic VOCs demonstrated that the PDC, BDH, 1,2-BIT, and MIX-VOCs significantly reduced R. solani lesions on leaves 6, 6, 6, and 5 cm and Xoo 6, 5, 5, and 4 cm, respectively, as compared to control. Furthermore, plant defence-related genes and antioxidant enzymes were upregulated in rice plants. These findings provide novel mechanisms by which Bacillus antimicrobial VOCs control plant diseases.

Losartan alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting the biomechanical stress-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal epithelial cells.

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been reported to be beneficial of renal fibrosis, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness and relevant mechanism of ARBs in alleviating renal fibrosis, especially by focusing on biomechanical stress-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal epithelial cells. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) renal fibrosis model was established in mice by ligating the left ureter, and then randomly received losartan at a low dose (1 mg/kg) or a regular dose (3 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Compared to the control, histological analysis showed that losartan treatment at either a low dose or a regular dose effectively attenuated renal fibrosis in the UUO model. To further understand the mechanism, we ex vivo loaded primary human renal epithelial cells to 50 mmHg hydrostatic pressure. Western blot and immunostaining analyses indicated that the loading to 50 mmHg hydrostatic pressure for 24 h significantly upregulated vimentin, ß-catenin and α-SMA, but downregulated E-cadherin in renal epithelial cells, suggesting the EMT. The addition of 10 or 100 nM losartan in medium effectively attenuated the EMT of renal epithelial cells induced by 50 mmHg hydrostatic pressure loading. Our in vivo and ex vivo experimental data suggest that losartan treatment, even at a low dose can effectively alleviate renal fibrosis in mouse UUO model, at least partly by inhibiting the biomechanical stress-induced EMT of renal epithelial cells. A low dose of ARBs may repurpose for renal fibrosis treatment.

Nicaraven Exerts a Limited Effect on Radiation-Induced Inhibition of Tumor Growth in a Subcutaneous Murine Tumor Model.

Nicaraven selectively protects normal tissue from radiation-induced injury. To further develop the clinical application of nicaraven for mitigating the side effects of cancer radiotherapy, we investigated the potential effect of nicaraven administration in radiation-induced inhibition of tumor growth. A subcutaneous tumor model was established in mice by the injection of Lewis lung cancer cells at the back of the chest. X-ray radiation was delivered to the thoracic area and different doses of nicaraven (0, 20, 50, 100 mg/kg) were administrated intraperitoneally pre- or post-irradiation. The tumor size was measured every other day. Mice were euthanized on day 30, and the tumor weight and the levels of cytokines in tumor tissue were measured. Pre- or post-irradiation administration of nicaraven up to a dose of 100 mg/kg did not significantly diminish the radiation-induced inhibition of tumor growth, but post-irradiation administration of 20 and 50 mg/kg nicaraven resulted in relatively lower tumor weight. The levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-2a, TGF-ß1, VEGF, p53, p21, cyclin D1 and caspase-3 in tumor tissue did not change by nicaraven administration and were not significantly associated with the tumor weights. According to our experimental data, nicaraven will not significantly diminish the radiation-induced inhibition of tumor growth, even with pre-irradiation administration at a high dose.

Hyperoxia but not high tidal volume contributes to ventilator-induced lung injury in healthy mice.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical ventilation is a supportive therapy used to maintain respiratory function in several clinical and surgical cases but is always accompanied by lung injury risk due to improper treatment. We investigated how tidal volume and oxygen delivery would contribute independently or synergistically to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). METHODS: Under general anesthesia and tracheal intubation, healthy female C57BL/6 N mice (9 weeks old) were randomly ventilated for 2 h by standard (7 ml/kg) or high (14 ml/kg) tidal volume at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 2 cmH2O, with room air, 50% O2 (moderate hyperoxia), or 100% O2 (severe hyperoxia); respectively. Mice were sacrificed 4 h after mechanical ventilation, and lung tissues were collected for experimental assessments on lung injury. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy control, severe hyperoxia ventilation by either standard or high tidal volume resulted in significantly higher wet-to-dry lung weight ratio and higher levels of IL-1ß and 8-OHdG in the lungs. However, moderate hyperoxia ventilation, even by high tidal volume did not significantly increase the levels of IL-1ß and 8-OHdG in the lungs. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of RhoA, ROCK1, MLC2, and p-MLC2 was not significantly induced in the ventilated lungs, even by high tidal volume at 2 cmH2O PEEP. CONCLUSION: Severe hyperoxia ventilation causes inflammatory response and oxidative damage in mechanically ventilated lungs, while high tidal volume ventilation at a reasonable PEEP possibly does not cause VILI.

Spin-Distribution-Directed Regioselective Substitution Strategy for Highly Stable Olympicenyl Radicals.

The synthesis of bench-stable conjugated π-radicals is challenging owing to the lack of modular approaches, which greatly hampers their practical material screens and applications. Here, we demonstrate a spin-distribution-directed regioselective substitution strategy to introduce substituents into the specific positions of an olympicenyl radical in a stepwise manner, resulting in a series of highly stable radical species. The substituents can also adjust the crystal packing by means of steric and electronic factors, enabling the changing from a π-dimer to a pseudo-one-dimensional chain. The first single crystal organic field-effect transistor device based on a graphenic radical is fabricated in air, showing a hole mobility of up to 0.021 cm2 V-1 s-1 and excellent device stability. This approach may be generalized to diverse spin-delocalized open-shell organic radicals.

Research advances in smart responsive-hydrogel dressings with potential clinical diabetic wound healing properties.

The treatment of chronic and non-healing wounds in diabetic patients remains a major medical problem. Recent reports have shown that hydrogel wound dressings might be an effective strategy for treating diabetic wounds due to their excellent hydrophilicity, good drug-loading ability and sustained drug release properties. As a typical example, hyaluronic acid dressing (Healoderm) has been demonstrated in clinical trials to improve wound-healing efficiency and healing rates for diabetic foot ulcers. However, the drug release and degradation behavior of clinically-used hydrogel wound dressings cannot be adjusted according to the wound microenvironment. Due to the intricacy of diabetic wounds, antibiotics and other medications are frequently combined with hydrogel dressings in clinical practice, although these medications are easily hindered by the hostile environment. In this case, scientists have created responsive-hydrogel dressings based on the microenvironment features of diabetic wounds (such as high glucose and low pH) or combined with external stimuli (such as light or magnetic field) to achieve controllable drug release, gel degradation, and microenvironment improvements in order to overcome these clinical issues. These responsive-hydrogel dressings are anticipated to play a significant role in diabetic therapeutic wound dressings. Here, we review recent advances on responsive-hydrogel dressings towards diabetic wound healing, with focus on hydrogel structure design, the principle of responsiveness, and the behavior of degradation. Last but not least, the advantages and limitations of these responsive-hydrogels in clinical applications will also be discussed. We hope that this review will contribute to furthering progress on hydrogels as an improved dressing for diabetic wound healing and practical clinical application.

Impact of Bychkov-Rashba Spin Splitting on Dual Emissions for Lead Halide Perovskite Nanowires.

Bychkov-Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is decisive for photoinduced photoluminescence (PL) in terms of double emissions. It turns out to be remarkable for one-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowires (PeNWs). This is primarily due to large surface to volume ratios and structural symmetry breaking fields in the reduced dimension. Systematic studies of the effect of Rashba SOC on PL and its discrimination with the self-trapped exciton in wide temperature and illumination intensity ranges are considerably important and, heretofore, have not been performed. Here, highly crystalline methylammonium lead triiodine (MAPbI3) PeNWs are demonstrated to be able to produce remarkable dual emissions at low temperatures. With extensive analyses by a photoelectrical device-based spin-photogalvanic effect and magnetophotoluminescence, the Rashba effect is proven to be the only factor that governs the dual emissions. We believe a complete understanding of the PL character of PeNWs is beneficial for the development of novel perovskite nanophotonic devices.

CRISPR-based diagnostics of different biomolecules from nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules to exosomes.

CRISPR-based detection technologies have been widely explored for molecular diagnostics. However, the challenge lies in converting the signal of different biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, small molecules, exosomes, and ions, into a CRISPR-based nucleic acid detection signal. Understanding the detection of different biomolecules using CRISPR technology can aid in the development of practical and promising detection approaches. Unfortunately, existing reviews rarely provide an overview of CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics from the perspective of different biomolecules. Herein, we first introduce the principles and characteristics of various CRISPR nucleases for molecular diagnostics. Then, we focus on summarizing and evaluating the latest advancements in CRISPR-based detection of different biomolecules. Through a comparison of different methods of amplification and signal readout, we discuss how general detection methods can be integrated with CRISPR. Finally, we conclude by identifying opportunities for the improvement of CRISPR in quantitative, amplification-free, multiplex, all-in-one, and point-of-care testing (POCT) purposes.

A novel ex vivo lung cancer model based on bioengineered rat lungs.

Introduction: Two-dimensional cell cultures have contributed substantially to lung cancer research, but 3D cultures are gaining attention as a new, more efficient, and effective research model. A model reproducing the 3D characteristics and tumor microenvironment of the lungs in vivo, including the co-existence of healthy alveolar cells with lung cancer cells, is ideal. Here, we describe the creation of a successful ex vivo lung cancer model based on bioengineered lungs formed by decellularization and recellularization. Methods: Human cancer cells were directly implanted into a bioengineered rat lung, which was created with a decellularized rat lung scaffold reseeded with epithelial cells, endothelial cells and adipose-derived stem cells. Four human lung cancer cell lines (A549, PC-9, H1299, and PC-6) were applied to demonstrate forming cancer nodules on recellularized lungs and histopathological assessment were made among these models. MUC-1 expression analysis, RNA-seq analysis and drug response test were performed to demonstrate the superiority of this cancer model. Results: The morphology and MUC-1 expression of the model were like those of lung cancer in vivo. RNA sequencing revealed an elevated expression of genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, hypoxia, and TNF-α signaling via NF-κB; but suppression of cell cycle-related genes including E2F. Drug response assays showed that gefitinib suppressed PC-9 cell proliferation equally well in the 3D lung cancer model as in 2D culture dishes, albeit over a smaller volume of cells, suggesting that fluctuations in gefitinib resistance genes such as JUN may affect drug sensitivity. Conclusions: A novel ex vivo lung cancer model was closely reproduced the 3D structure and microenvironment of the actual lungs, highlighting its possible use as a platform for lung cancer research and pathophysiological studies.

Dual-duty NiCo2S4 nanosheet-based solar rechargeable batteries toward multi-scene solar energy conversion and storage.

Solar energy has the potential to be the next-generation power source if the intermittent nature can be overcome via rational energy storage engineering. The competitiveness of solar rechargeable batteries can be further enhanced if the demand for multiple energy storage scenarios can be met within one device. Moreover, active electrochemical materials with different energy storage types are the critical component of this energy storage system. In this work, dual-duty electrochemical functional materials were introduced to guide multi-scene solar energy storage device design and fabrication. Furthermore, dual-duty NiCo2S4 nanosheets were prepared and applied to solar rechargeable batteries. A photo-assisted aqueous polysulfide/iodide flow battery was designed and fabricated with a charging voltage as low as 0.05 V, showing the good electrocatalytic performance of NiCo2S4 nanosheets for aqueous redox couples. Moreover, the low charging voltage leads to 93.5% of input electric energy saving under one sun illumination (AM 1.5, 100 mW cm-2). On the other hand is the photo-assisted sodium-ion battery with a NiCo2S4 anode, showing a remarkably low charging voltage of 0.67 V and a high discharge medium voltage of 1.05 V. The battery can save about 67.6% of input electric energy under 1 sun illumination.

Ex vivo expansion of primary cells from limb tissue of Pleurodeles waltl.

Pleurodeles waltl is coming to light as a model animal, especially in regeneration studies, but deep studies on the molecular mechanisms have been limited due to the absence of primary tissue cells for wide usage. Therefore, we aimed to grow primary cells from limb tissue of P. waltl for in vitro experiments. Limb tissues were cut into small pieces and seeded as "explants" on culture dishes coated with fibronectin and gelatin. Compared to the control without coating, both fibronectin and gelatin supported quicker outgrowth of cells from explants and faster cell adhesion, and fibronectin showed significantly better performance than gelatin. Interestingly, the doubling time of cells on fibronectin- and gelatin-coated surfaces was almost the same (42.39 ± 2.79 h vs. 42.91 ± 3.69 h) and was not significantly different from that on non-coated plates (49.64 ± 3.63 h). The cryopreserved cells were successfully recovered and showed a multiplication capacity that was similar to that of fresh cells. Senescent cells were barely detected even after long-term sub-culture (>15 passages). Moreover, enhanced fluorescence of MitoSOX™ Red in cells under H2 O2 exposure confirmed the respondence to chemical stimuli. Collectively, our results show that we are able to grow enough good-quality cells from P. waltl limb tissue for in vitro experiments, and fibronectin coating provides the best biocompatible environment for cell outgrowth and attachment.