The burden of cervical cancer in Vietnam: Synthesis of the evidence.

There is currently no national cervical screening or HPV immunization program in Vietnam. This study aims to synthesize available data on the burden of disease and to project the burden of cervical cancer to 2049 if no major interventions are implemented. We reviewed published data sources on risk factors for HPV prevalence, high-grade lesions, cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Vietnam from 1990 to 2017. We then used the available data to project the number of new cervical cancer cases for the period 2013-2049. Data on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Vietnam are limited; two Vietnamese cancer registries have been reported on by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which cover urban populations representing ∼20% of the national population. The reported age-standardized cervical cancer incidence in Hanoi was 6.7 (1993-1997), compared to 28.8 and 14.1 per 100,000 women in Ho Chi Minh City (1995-1998 and 2009-2012, respectively). Cancer mortality data are not uniformly available from cancer registries or mortality surveys in Vietnam because cause of death has not been routinely ascertained. Based on available urban population registry data, estimated rates in the rural population, and forward projection of existing trends, we estimate that without any further intervention, the number of new cases will increase from 6930 (range 5671-8493) in 2012 to 8562 (range 5775-12,762) in 2049, giving a total of 379,617 (range 276,879-542,941) new cases over the period 2013-2049. These findings help underpin the case for the delivery of HPV vaccination and cervical screening in Vietnam, and support similar initiatives in other low- and middle-income countries.

Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal carriage in rural and urban northern Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen that can colonise the respiratory tract and cause infection. Here we investigate the risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]) in Vietnam. METHODS: Between February and June 2012, nasal and pharyngeal swabs for S. aureus culture, and demographic and socioeconomic data were taken from 1016 participants in urban and rural northern Vietnam, who were randomly selected from pre-specified age strata. RESULTS: Overall S. aureus prevalence was 303/1016 (29.8%; adjusted for age: 33.8%). Carriage in the main cohort was found to be associated with younger age (≤5 years [OR 3.13, CI 1.62-6.03]; 6-12 [OR 6.87, CI 3.95-11.94]; 13-19 [OR 6.47, CI 3.56-11.74]; 20-29 [OR 4.73, CI 2.40-9.31]; 30-59 [OR 1.74, CI 1.04-2.92); with ≥60 as reference), living in an urban area (OR 1.36, CI 1.01-1.83) and antibiotics use (OR 0.69, CI 0.49-0.96). MRSA was detected in 80/1016 (7.9%). Being aged ≤5 years (OR 4.84, CI 1.47-15.97); 6-12 (OR 10.21, CI 3.54-29.50); 20-29 (OR 4.01, CI 1.09-14.77) and wealth (>3/5 wealth index, OR 1.63 CI 1.01-2.62) were significant risk factors for MRSA carriage. CONCLUSIONS: Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus is present in one-third of the Vietnamese population, and is more prevalent among children. Pharyngeal carriage is more common than nasal carriage. Risk factors for S. aureus (including MRSA) carriage are identified in the community.