RESUMEN
Aquatic structure-formers have the potential to establish mosaics of seston in shallow water if they modify the relative amounts of deposition (or filtration) and resuspension of particles. By sampling surface water adjacent to Lagrangian drifters traveling 0.1 to 2 m above the bottom, we tested the modification of seston in water masses flowing over two biogenic marine species (native eelgrass, Zostera marina; introduced oysters, Crassostrea gigas) in comparison to unstructured tidal flats. Water properties were examined at five intertidal sites in Washington State, USA, each with 27 drifts (three drifts at different stages of the tidal cycle in each of three patches of three habitat types; drift distance 116 m (109SD), duration 24 min (15SD)). At the initiation of each drift, habitat differences in water properties were already apparent: chlorophyll-a and total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations were greater in structured habitats than bare, and TSS was also inversely related to water depth. Water flowed more slowly across eelgrass than other habitat types. As water flowed across each habitat type, TSS generally increased, especially in shallow water, but without habitat differences; chlorophyll-a in these surface-water samples showed no consistent change during drifts. At higher TSS concentrations, quality in terms of organic content declined, and this relationship was not habitat-specific. However, quality in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration increased with TSS, as well as being greater in water over eelgrass than over other habitat types. These results support widespread mobilization of seston in shallow water ebbing or flooding across Washington State's tidal flats, especially as water passes into patches of biogenic species.
RESUMEN
Recruitment of new propagules into a population can be a critical determinant of adult density. We examined recruitment dynamics in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), a species occurring almost entirely in estuaries. We investigated spatial scales of interannual synchrony across 37 sites in eight estuaries along 2,500 km of Pacific North American coastline, predicting that high vs. low recruitment years would coincide among neighboring estuaries due to shared exposure to regional oceanographic factors. Such synchrony in recruitment has been found for many marine species and some migratory estuarine species, but has never been examined across estuaries in a species that can complete its entire life cycle within the same estuary. To inform ongoing restoration efforts for Olympia oysters, which have declined in abundance in many estuaries, we also investigated predictors of recruitment failure. We found striking contrasts in absolute recruitment rate and frequency of recruitment failure among sites, estuaries, and years. Although we found a positive relationship between upwelling and recruitment, there was little evidence of synchrony in recruitment among estuaries along the coast, and only limited synchrony of sites within estuaries, suggesting recruitment rates are affected more strongly by local dynamics within estuaries than by regional oceanographic factors operating at scales encompassing multiple estuaries. This highlights the importance of local wetland and watershed management for the demography of oysters, and perhaps other species that can complete their entire life cycle within estuaries. Estuaries with more homogeneous environmental conditions had greater synchrony among sites, and this led to the potential for estuary-wide failure when all sites had no recruitment in the same year. Environmental heterogeneity within estuaries may thus buffer against estuary-wide recruitment failure, analogous to the portfolio effect for diversity. Recruitment failure was correlated with lower summer water temperature, higher winter salinity, and shorter residence time: all indicators of stronger marine influence on estuaries. Recruitment failure was also more common in estuaries with limited networks of nearby adult oysters. Large existing oyster networks are thus of high conservation value, while estuaries that lack them would benefit from restoration efforts to increase the extent and connectivity of sites supporting oysters.