RESUMEN
The water environment plays an important role in animal physiology. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effect of the acid environment on the Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) internal microenvironment immune response compare to the mouse macrophage model (J77A.1). The acid environment treated mouse macrophage J774A.1 model have shown that acidic treatment is able to polarize macrophages into M2-like macrophages via an increase in Ym1, Tgm2, Arg1, Fizz1, and IL-10 expression. Metabolic analysis of mouse macrophages (J774A.1) at pH 2 vs. pH 7 and pH 4 vs. pH 7 have been shown to promote the expression of intracellular acetylcholine, choline, prochlorperazine, L-leucine, and bisphenol A,2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinolone metabolites in the M2-like macrophage. Immune gene expression of the O. niloticus spleen and liver treated at pH 2, 4, and 7 was shown to reduce TNF-α, IL-1 ß, IL-8, and IL-12 expression compared to pH 7 treatment. Immune gene was induced in O. niloticus following culture at pH 5, 6, and 7 fresh water environment. Taken together, we found that the acid internal environment polarizes tissues into an M2 macrophage developmental microenvironment. However, if the external environment is acid, tissues are exposed to an M1 macrophage developmental microenvironment.
Asunto(s)
Cíclidos , Quinolonas , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Animales , Colina/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Leucina/metabolismo , Macrófagos , Ratones , Proclorperazina/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Precise maintenance of PTEN dosage is crucial for tumor suppression across a wide variety of cancers. Post-transcriptional regulation of Pten heavily relies on regulatory elements encoded by its 3'UTR. We previously reported the important diversity of 3'UTR isoforms of Pten mRNAs produced through alternative polyadenylation (APA). Here, we reveal the direct regulation of Pten APA by the mammalian cleavage factor I (CFIm) complex, which in turn contributes to PTEN protein dosage. CFIm consists of the UGUA-binding CFIm25 and APA regulatory subunits CFIm59 or CFIm68. Deep sequencing analyses of perturbed (KO and KD) cell lines uncovered the differential regulation of Pten APA by CFIm59 and CFIm68 and further revealed that their divergent functions have widespread impact for APA in transcriptomes. Differentially regulated genes include numerous factors within the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathway that PTEN counter-regulates. We further reveal a stratification of APA dysregulation among a subset of PTEN-driven cancers, with recurrent alterations among PI3K/Akt pathway genes regulated by CFIm. Our results refine the transcriptome selectivity of the CFIm complex in APA regulation, and the breadth of its impact in PTEN-driven cancers.
Asunto(s)
Poliadenilación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Animales , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/genética , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/genética , Factores de Escisión y Poliadenilación de ARNm/genética , Regiones no Traducidas 3'/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasa/genética , Mamíferos/genéticaRESUMEN
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) readily differentiate to somatic or germ lineages but have impaired ability to form extra-embryonic lineages such as placenta or yolk sac. Here, we demonstrate that naive hESCs can be converted into cells that exhibit the cellular and molecular phenotypes of human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) derived from human placenta or blastocyst. The resulting "transdifferentiated" hTSCs show reactivation of core placental genes, acquisition of a placenta-like methylome, and the ability to differentiate to extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Modest differences are observed between transdifferentiated and placental hTSCs, most notably in the expression of certain imprinted loci. These results suggest that naive hESCs can differentiate to extra-embryonic lineage and demonstrate a new way of modeling human trophoblast specification and placental methylome establishment.
Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN/genética , Células Madre Embrionarias Humanas/citología , Células Madre Embrionarias Humanas/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/genética , Trofoblastos/citología , Transdiferenciación Celular/genética , Molécula de Adhesión Celular Epitelial/metabolismo , Femenino , Impresión Genómica , Humanos , Integrina alfa2/metabolismo , Placenta/citología , Embarazo , Primer Trimestre del Embarazo/fisiología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Trofoblastos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is a promising candidate for next generation memory as it is non-volatile, fast, and has unlimited endurance. Another important aspect of STT-MRAM is that its core component, the nanoscale magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ), is thought to be radiation hard, making it attractive for space and nuclear technology applications. However, studies on the effects of ionizing radiation on the STT-MRAM writing process are lacking for MTJs with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (pMTJs) required for scalable applications. Particularly, the question of the impact of extreme total ionizing dose on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, which plays a crucial role on thermal stability and critical writing current, remains open. Here we report measurements of the impact of high doses of gamma and neutron radiation on nanoscale pMTJs used in STT-MRAM. We characterize the tunneling magnetoresistance, the magnetic field switching, and the current-induced switching before and after irradiation. Our results demonstrate that all these key properties of nanoscale MTJs relevant to STT-MRAM applications are robust against ionizing radiation. Additionally, we perform experiments on thermally driven stochastic switching in the gamma ray environment. These results indicate that nanoscale MTJs are promising building blocks for radiation-hard non-von Neumann computing.
RESUMEN
The microRNAs encoded by the miR-17â¼92 polycistron are commonly overexpressed in cancer and orchestrate a wide range of oncogenic functions. Here, we identify a mechanism for miR-17â¼92 oncogenic function through the disruption of endogenous microRNA (miRNA) processing. We show that, upon oncogenic overexpression of the miR-17â¼92 primary transcript (pri-miR-17â¼92), the microprocessor complex remains associated with partially processed intermediates that aberrantly accumulate. These intermediates reflect a series of hierarchical and conserved steps in the early processing of the pri-miR-17â¼92 transcript. Encumbrance of the microprocessor by miR-17â¼92 intermediates leads to the broad but selective downregulation of co-expressed polycistronic miRNAs, including miRNAs derived from tumor-suppressive miR-34b/c and from the Dlk1-Dio3 polycistrons. We propose that the identified steps of polycistronic miR-17â¼92 biogenesis contribute to the oncogenic re-wiring of gene regulation networks. Our results reveal previously unappreciated functional paradigms for polycistronic miRNAs in cancer.
Asunto(s)
Carcinogénesis/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Procesamiento Postranscripcional del ARN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Humanos , Yoduro Peroxidasa/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , MicroARNs/biosíntesis , Conformación de Ácido NucleicoRESUMEN
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a tightly regulated anion channel that mediates secretion by epithelia and is mutated in the disease cystic fibrosis. CFTR forms macromolecular complexes with many proteins; however, little is known regarding its associations with membrane lipids or the regulation of its distribution and mobility at the cell surface. We report here that secretagogues (agonists that stimulate secretion) such as the peptide hormone vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and muscarinic agonist carbachol increase CFTR aggregation into cholesterol-dependent clusters, reduce CFTR lateral mobility within and between membrane microdomains, and trigger the fusion of clusters into large (3.0 µm2) ceramide-rich platforms. CFTR clusters are closely associated with motile cilia and with the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) that is constitutively bound on the cell surface. Platform induction is prevented by pretreating cells with cholesterol oxidase to disrupt lipid rafts or by exposure to the ASMase functional inhibitor amitriptyline or the membrane-impermeant reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate. Platforms are reversible, and their induction does not lead to an increase in apoptosis; however, blocking platform formation does prevent the increase in CFTR surface expression that normally occurs during VIP stimulation. These results demonstrate that CFTR is colocalized with motile cilia and reveal surprisingly robust regulation of CFTR distribution and lateral mobility, most likely through autocrine redox activation of extracellular ASMase. Formation of ceramide-rich platforms containing CFTR enhances transepithelial secretion and likely has other functions related to inflammation and mucosal immunity.
Asunto(s)
Regulador de Conductancia de Transmembrana de Fibrosis Quística/metabolismo , Lípidos de la Membrana/metabolismo , Microdominios de Membrana/metabolismo , Transporte de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , Amitriptilina/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Carbacol/farmacología , Línea Celular , Fibrosis Quística/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Humanos , Mesna/farmacología , Transporte de Proteínas/fisiología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Esfingomielina Fosfodiesterasa/metabolismo , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismoRESUMEN
Fine regulation of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) phosphatase dosage is critical for homeostasis and tumour suppression. The 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of Pten mRNA was extensively linked to post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs). In spite of this critical regulatory role, alternative 3'-UTRs of Pten have not been systematically characterized. Here, we reveal an important diversity of Pten mRNA isoforms generated by alternative polyadenylation sites. Several 3'-UTRs are co-expressed and their relative expression is dynamically regulated. In spite of encoding multiple validated miRNA-binding sites, longer isoforms are largely refractory to miRNA-mediated silencing, are more stable and contribute to the bulk of PTEN protein and signalling functions. Taken together, our results warrant a mechanistic re-interpretation of the post-transcriptional mechanisms involving Pten mRNAs and raise concerns on how miRNA-binding sites are being validated.