RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the complex anatomy of the extratemporal portion of the facial nerve with an accurate description of the branching patterns based on the Davis classification. METHOD: Medline, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library databases as well as other sources were searched by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: Analysis of 21 studies with a total of 1497 cases showed that type III is the most common branching pattern accounting for 26.8 per cent of cases. The type I pattern, previously considered as the normal anatomy in most textbooks, was the fourth most common branching pattern at 16.3 per cent. The majority of specimens (96.4 per cent) were found to have a bifurcated main trunk, and only 3.2 per cent were found with a trifurcated main trunk. CONCLUSION: Surgeons should be aware of anatomical variations in the course of the facial nerve. An early identification of the branching pattern during surgery reduces the risk for iatrogenic facial nerve injury.
Asunto(s)
Traumatismos del Nervio Facial , Nervio Facial , Humanos , Traumatismos del Nervio Facial/prevención & control , Cadáver , Glándula ParótidaAsunto(s)
COVID-19 , Psoriasis , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacunación/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Apremilast has been approved as an effective and safe treatment for psoriasis, but clinical trial results may differ from real-life data. This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of apremilast in a Greek cohort of adult patients with psoriasis who had received at least one dose of apremilast between March 2016 and January 2021. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients who achieved 75% reduction in Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI75) at Week 16. Absolute PASI, PASI90 (90% reduction) and adverse events were also recorded at various timepoints. In total, 102 patients (29.4% women, 70.6% men) with a mean ± SD age 55.94 ± 15.21 years were included. PASI75 and PASI90 were achieved by 20.8% and 1.98% of patients, respectively, at Week 16. According to our results, PASI90 achievement was significantly lower than that reported in clinical trials. The efficacy of apremilast increased gradually until Week 24, with further improvement noted in good responders up to Week 52.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/uso terapéutico , Psoriasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Talidomida/análogos & derivados , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/efectos adversos , Estudios Transversales , Esquema de Medicación , Femenino , Grecia , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Talidomida/efectos adversos , Talidomida/uso terapéutico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is routinely used in the diagnostic work-up of multiple sclerosis (MS), by detecting CSF-specific oligoclonal bands (OCB). More recently, several studies have reported CSF free light chains (FLC) as an alternative. We show that absolute CSF κFLC concentrations were highly sensitive - more than OCB testing - and specific for clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing remitting and primary progressive MS. Measurement of κFLC alone was sufficient. Our results suggest that CSF κFLC levels measured by nephelometry, if validated in a larger series, are a preferred test to OCB analysis in the diagnostic work-up of patients suspected of having MS.