Sex Disparities in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Mortality.

This cohort study examines sex differences in 30- and 90-day mortality among patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Wales, United Kingdom.

Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA escape syndrome.

A 54-year-old man with treated HIV developed a subacute deterioration of speech, mobility and cognition. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed a raised protein and a discordant CSF HIV RNA paired with plasma HIV RNA, confirming the diagnosis of CSF HIV RNA escape syndrome. It is important to consider this diagnosis in people with treated HIV who develop new neurological symptoms.

Impact of interrupting antiretroviral therapy started during primary HIV-1 infection on plasma neurofilament light chain protein, a marker of neuronal injury: The SPARTAC trial.

Objective: Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-conferred suppression of HIV replication limits neuronal injury and inflammation. ART interruption tests efficacy in HIV cure trials and viral rebound after ART interruption may induce neuronal injury. We investigated the impact of protocol-defined ART interruption, commenced during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) on a biomarker of neuro-axonal injury (neurofilament light protein (NfL)), and its associations with inflammation (D-dimer and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and HIV-1 reservoir size (total HIV-1 DNA). Design: Retrospective study measuring plasma NfL in 83 participants enrolled in SPARTAC randomised to receive 48-weeks ART initiated during PHI, followed by ART interruption. Methods: NfL (Simoa immunoassay, Quanterix™) was measured before ART, after 48 weeks on ART, and 12 weeks after stopping ART. Plasma D-dimer and IL-6, and total HIV-1 DNA in peripheral CD4+ T-cells results were available in a subset of participants. Longitudinal NfL changes were assessed using mixed models, and associations with clinical and laboratory parameters using linear regression. Results: NfL decreased following 48-weeks ART (geometric mean 6.9 to 5.8 pg/mL, p = 0.006) with no further significant change up to 12-weeks post-stopping ART despite viral rebound in the majority of participants (median 1.7 to 3.9 plasma HIV-1 RNA log10 copies/mL). Higher baseline NfL was independently associated with higher plasma HIV-1 RNA (p = 0.020) and older age (p = 0.002). While NfL was positively associated with D-dimer (n = 48; p = 0.002), there was no significant association with IL-6 (n = 48) or total HIV-1 DNA (n = 51). Conclusions: Using plasma NfL as a surrogate marker, a decrease in neuro-axonal injury was observed in a cohort of participants following ART initiation during PHI, with no evidence of neuro-axonal injury rebound following ART interruption for up to 12 weeks, despite viral rebound in the majority of participants.

All-cause and Infection-attributable Mortality Amongst Adults With Bloodstream Infection-a Population-based Study.

Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are common, life-threatening infections. However, it remains unclear whether deaths following BSIs are primarily from uncontrolled infection or underlying comorbidities. We aimed to determine the overall mortality, infection-attributable mortality, and causes of death for four leading BSI pathogens. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted within the Secure Anonymized Information Linkage Databank, containing anonymized population-scale electronic health record data for Wales, UK. We included adults with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus BSI between 2010 and 2022 using linked data from Public Health Wales and the Office for National Statistics. Thirty-day all-cause and sepsis-specific mortality, as a proxy for infection-attributable mortality, were compared using Cox proportional hazards and competing risk regression, respectively. Results: We identified 35 691 adults with BSI (59.6% E coli). Adjusted analyses revealed that all organisms had a higher 30-day mortality versus E coli with Pseudomonas aeruginosa the highest (hazard ratio, 1.96 [1.76-2.17], P < .001). Cancer was the leading cause of death following BSIs for all organisms, particularly deaths occurring between 30 and 90 days (35.9%). A total of 25.5% of deaths within 30 days involved sepsis. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was associated with the highest sepsis mortality versus E coli (hazard ratio, 2.56 [2.10-3.12], P < .001). Peak C-reactive protein was positively associated with increased sepsis mortality (P < .001). Conclusions: This population-level study challenges the assumption that most deaths following BSIs are directly attributable to uncontrolled infection, particularly subacutely more than 30 days from BSI. Our findings underscore the need for reevaluating clinical trial design and developing better preventive strategies for BSIs.

Differences in neuroinflammation in people who started antiretroviral treatment during primary versus chronic HIV infection: an 18kDa Translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) study.

Persistent inflammation is described in people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Early ART initiation is associated with reduced inflammation. We aimed to evaluate neuroinflammation, using translocator protein (TSPO) [11C]PBR28 PET neuroimaging in PWH who initiated ART during acute HIV (aPWH) versus chronic HIV infection (cPWH) versus a control population. This was a cross-sectional, observational study. All participants underwent [11C]PBR28 PET-CT neuroimaging. Using a two-tissue compartment model, total volume of distribution (VT) and distribution volume ratios (DVR) using cortical grey matter as a pseudo-reference region at 20 regions of interest (ROIs) were calculated. Differences in VT and DVR were compared between groups using the Kruskall-Wallis test. Seventeen neuro-asymptomatic male PWH on ART (9 aPWH, 8 cPWH) and 8 male control participants (CPs) were included. Median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 40 (30, 46), 44 (41, 47) and 21 (20, 25) years in aPWH, cPWH and CPs, respectively. Median (IQR) CD4 (cells/µL) and CD4:CD8 were 687 (652, 1014) and 1.37 (1.24, 1.42), and 700 (500, 720) and 0.67 (0.64, 0.82) in aPWH and cPWH, respectively. Overall, no significant difference in VT and DVR were observed between the three groups at any ROIs. cPWH demonstrated a trend towards higher mean VT compared with aPWH and CPs at most ROIs. No significant differences in neuroinflammation, using [11C]PBR28 binding as a proxy, were identified between cPWH, aPWH and CPs. A trend towards lower absolute [11C]PBR28 binding was seen amongst aPWH and CPs, suggesting early ART may mitigate neuroinflammation.

Enterococcus faecalis bacteraemia and infective endocarditis - what are we missing?

Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is an increasingly common cause of infective endocarditis, with a recent study by Dahl et al demonstrating a prevalence of 26% of IE when transoesophageal echo was routinely undertaken. Another study undertaken by Østergaard et al found that 16.7% of patients with E. faecalis bacteraemia developed endocarditis. Based on these findings we examined the rates of IE diagnosed in our own health board to determine if our current practice is potentially missing cases of IE and if we could improve our management of these bacteraemias. Methods: All blood cultures in patients over 18 which were positive for E. faecalis from October 2017 to March 2022 were reviewed. We analysed the patient characteristics, clinical outcomes and included a follow up period of 6 months to assess for recrudescence and treatment failure. Results: The rate of patients with E. faecalis bacteraemia diagnosed with IE was 7.1%. If polymicrobial blood cultures were excluded this rose to 13.0%. Community acquisition, patient cardiac or immune risk factors, monomicrobial culture and multiple positive blood cultures all were associated with IE. 62.1% of patients with E. faecalis bacteraemia did not have an echocardiogram during their admission, due to a variety of reasons. Discussion: The lower reported rate of IE in our cohort may be explained by higher proportion of CVC related infections. However, given the low rates of echocardiography and poor correlation of echocardiography use with IE risk factors, it is likely that cases of IE are being missed, particularly in those with multiple risk factors. Despite this, there was no difference in one-year survival between those diagnosed with IE vs without IE. We have delivered education sessions and introduced a multidisciplinary team meeting to discuss infective endocarditis cases to address these issues.

A Multinational Case Series Describing Successful Treatment of Persistent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Caused by Omicron Sublineages With Prolonged Courses of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir.

The optimum treatment for persistent infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is not known. Our case series, across 5 hospitals in 3 countries, describes 11 cases where persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection was successfully treated with prolonged courses (median, 10 days [range, 10-18 days]) of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid). Most cases (9/11) had hematological malignancy and 10 (10/11) had received CD20-depleting therapy. The median duration of infection was 103 days (interquartile range, 85-138 days). The majority (10/11) were hospitalized, and 7 (7/11) had severe/critical disease. All survived and 9 of 11 demonstrated viral clearance, almost half (4/9) of whom received nirmatrelvir/ritonavir as monotherapy. This case series suggests that prolonged nirmatrelvir/ritonavir has a role in treating persistent infection.

COVID-19 managed on respiratory wards and intensive care units: Results from the national COVID-19 outcome report in Wales from March 2020 to December 2021.

BACKGROUND: A COVID-19 hospital guideline was implemented across all 18 acute hospitals in Wales in March 2020, promoting ward management of COVID pneumonitis and data collected across the first 3 Waves of the pandemic (Wave 1 March 1st 2020 to November 1st 2020, Wave 2 November 2st 2020 to February 21st 2021 and Wave 3 June 1st 2021 to December 14th 2021). The aim of this paper is to compare outcomes for patients by admission setting and type of ventilatory support given, with a particular focus on CPAP therapy. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study of those aged over 18 admitted to hospital with community acquired COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2021. The outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Univariate logistic regression models were used to compare crude outcomes across the waves. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess outcomes by different settings and treatments after adjusting for Wave, age, sex, co-morbidity and deprivation. RESULTS: Of the 7,803 records collected, 5,887 (75.4%) met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of those cases identified statistically significant outcome improvements across the waves for all patients combined (Waves 1 to 3: 31.5% to 18.8%, p<0.01), all ward patients (28.9% to 17.7%, p<0.01), and all ICU patients (44.3% to 32.2%, p = 0.03). Sub group analyses identified outcome improvements in ward patients without any oxygen therapy (Waves 1 to 3: 22.2% to 12.7%, p<0.01), with oxygen therapy only (34.0% to 12.9%, p<0.01) and with CPAP only (63.5% to 39.2%, p<0.01). The outcome improvements for ICU patients receiving CPAP only (35.7% to 24.6%, p = 0.31) or invasive ventilation (61.6% to 54.6%, p = 0.43) were not statistically significant though the numbers being admitted to ICU were small. The logistic regression models identified important age and comorbidity effects on outcomes. The multivariable model that took these into account suggested no statistically significantly greater risk of death for those receiving CPAP on the ward compared to those receiving CPAP in ICU (OR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.49 to 1.60). CONCLUSIONS: There were successive reductions in mortality in inpatients over the three Waves reflecting new treatments and better management of complications. Mortality for those requiring CPAP was similar in respiratory wards and ICUs after adjusting for differences in their respective patient populations.

Efficacy and safety of baricitinib or ravulizumab in adult patients with severe COVID-19 (TACTIC-R): a randomised, parallel-arm, open-label, phase 4 trial.

BACKGROUND: From early in the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence suggested a role for cytokine dysregulation and complement activation in severe disease. In the TACTIC-R trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of baricitinib, an inhibitor of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and JAK2, and ravulizumab, a monoclonal inhibitor of complement C5 activation, as an adjunct to standard of care for the treatment of adult patients hospitalised with COVID-19. METHODS: TACTIC-R was a phase 4, randomised, parallel-arm, open-label platform trial that was undertaken in the UK with urgent public health designation to assess the potential of repurposing immunosuppressants for the treatment of severe COVID-19, stratified by a risk score. Adult participants (aged ≥18 years) were enrolled from 22 hospitals across the UK. Patients with a risk score indicating a 40% risk of admission to an intensive care unit or death were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to standard of care alone, standard of care with baricitinib, or standard of care with ravulizumab. The composite primary outcome was the time from randomisation to incidence (up to and including day 14) of the first event of death, invasive mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cardiovascular organ support, or renal failure. The primary interim analysis was triggered when 125 patient datasets were available up to day 14 in each study group and we included in the analysis all participants who were randomly assigned. The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04390464). FINDINGS: Between May 8, 2020, and May 7, 2021, 417 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to standard of care alone (145 patients), baricitinib (137 patients), or ravulizumab (135 patients). Only 54 (39%) of 137 patients in the baricitinib group received the maximum 14-day course, whereas 132 (98%) of 135 patients in the ravulizumab group received the intended dose. The trial was stopped after the primary interim analysis on grounds of futility. The estimated hazard ratio (HR) for reaching the composite primary endpoint was 1·11 (95% CI 0·62-1·99) for patients on baricitinib compared with standard of care alone, and 1·53 (0·88-2·67) for ravulizumab compared with standard of care alone. 45 serious adverse events (21 deaths) were reported in the standard-of-care group, 57 (24 deaths) in the baricitinib group, and 60 (18 deaths) in the ravulizumab group. INTERPRETATION: Neither baricitinib nor ravulizumab, as administered in this study, was effective in reducing disease severity in patients selected for severe COVID-19. Safety was similar between treatments and standard of care. The short period of dosing with baricitinib might explain the discrepancy between our findings and those of other trials. The therapeutic potential of targeting complement C5 activation product C5a, rather than the cleavage of C5, warrants further evaluation. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council, UK National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Eli Lilly and Company, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, and Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust.

Cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: consensus recommendations for a new approach.

Current approaches to classifying cognitive impairment in people living with HIV can overestimate disease burden and lead to ambiguity around disease mechanisms. The 2007 criteria for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), sometimes called the Frascati criteria, can falsely classify over 20% of cognitively healthy individuals as having cognitive impairment. Minimum criteria for HAND are met on the basis of performance on cognitive tests alone, which might not be appropriate for populations with diverse educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. Imprecise phenotyping of cognitive impairment can limit mechanistic research, biomarker discovery and treatment trials. Importantly, overestimation of cognitive impairment carries the risk of creating fear among people living with HIV and worsening stigma and discrimination towards these individuals. To address this issue, we established the International HIV-Cognition Working Group, which is globally representative and involves the community of people living with HIV. We reached consensus on six recommendations towards a new approach for diagnosis and classification of cognitive impairment in people living with HIV, intended to focus discussion and debate going forward. We propose the conceptual separation of HIV-associated brain injury - including active or pretreatment legacy damage - from other causes of brain injury occurring in people living with HIV. We suggest moving away from a quantitative neuropsychological approach towards an emphasis on clinical context. Our recommendations are intended to better represent the changing profile of cognitive impairment in people living with HIV in diverse global settings and to provide a clearer framework of classification for clinical management and research studies.

Resolution of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection with prolonged intravenous remdesivir and vaccination in a patient post CAR-T.

SARS-CoV-2 virus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus, which causes coronavirus disease. Most of the immunocompetent patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection do have mild to moderate respiratory illness; however, in immunocompromised patients, the course of infection is unpredictable with high rates of infectivity and mortality. So, it is important to identify the immunocompromised patients early and establish the course of treatment accordingly. Here, we describe a 25-year-old male with background of B cell ALL, post-BMT and CAR-T therapy who received treatment with remdesivir and vaccination and was followed up for six months from the onset of symptoms to post vaccination, which showed resolution of symptoms and improvement of immunological markers. Here, we review the literature concerning the course and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection aimed at achieving cure in this patient.

Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, and sotrovimab on preventing hospital admission among higher-risk patients with COVID-19 in Wales: A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, and sotrovimab with no treatment in preventing hospital admission or death in higher-risk patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the community. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of non-hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 using the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. SETTING: A real-world cohort study was conducted within the SAIL Databank (a secure trusted research environment containing anonymised, individual, population-scale electronic health record (EHR) data) for the population of Wales, UK. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients with COVID-19 in the community, at higher risk of hospitalization and death, testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 between 16th December 2021 and 22nd April 2022. INTERVENTIONS: Molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, and sotrovimab given in the community by local health boards and the National Antiviral Service in Wales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All-cause admission to hospital or death within 28 days of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Cox proportional hazard model with treatment status (treated/untreated) as a time-dependent covariate and adjusted for age, sex, number of comorbidities, Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation, and vaccination status. Secondary subgroup analyses were by treatment type, number of comorbidities, and before and on or after 20th February 2022, when omicron BA.1 and omicron BA.2 were the dominant subvariants in Wales. RESULTS: Between 16th December 2021 and 22nd April 2022, 7013 higher-risk patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. Of these, 2040 received treatment with molnupiravir (359, 17.6%), nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (602, 29.5%), or sotrovimab (1079, 52.9%). Patients in the treatment group were younger (mean age 53 vs 57 years), had fewer comorbidities, and a higher proportion had received four or more doses of the COVID-19 vaccine (36.3% vs 17.6%). Within 28 days of a positive test, 628 (9.0%) patients were admitted to hospital or died (84 treated and 544 untreated). The primary analysis indicated a lower risk of hospitalization or death at any point within 28 days in treated participants compared to those not receiving treatment. The adjusted hazard rate was 35% (95% CI: 18-49%) lower in treated than untreated participants. There was no indication of the superiority of one treatment over another and no evidence of a reduction in risk of hospitalization or death within 28 days for patients with no or only one comorbidity. In patients treated with sotrovimab, the event rates before and on or after 20th February 2022 were similar (5.0% vs 4.9%) with no significant difference in the hazard ratios for sotrovimab between the time periods. CONCLUSIONS: In higher-risk adult patients in the community with COVID-19, those who received treatment with molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, or sotrovimab were at lower risk of hospitalization or death than those not receiving treatment.

Sepsis and the brain: a review for acute and general physicians.

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) describes acute cognitive dysfunction secondary to systemic or peripheral infection occurring outside of the central nervous system (CNS). Symptoms can range from mild confusion to coma and may precede the clinical signs of sepsis. Recognition that SAE is a potential differential diagnosis in patients presenting with delirium is important, as SAE is a diagnosis of exclusion. Physicians should also be aware that severe SAE is associated with a high mortality. Although mortality is often secondary to multiorgan failure rather than neurological sequelae, long-term cognitive and psychological morbidities have been reported in sepsis survivors. Early treatment (which can include prompt identification and source control of the infection) and good supportive care might improve cognitive outcomes. Future work should aim to improve understanding of both acute and chronic SAE with a focus on therapeutic interventions and improving patient outcomes.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-1 inhibition in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil serine proteases are involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and increased serine protease activity has been reported in severe and fatal infection. We investigated whether brensocatib, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-1 (DPP-1; an enzyme responsible for the activation of neutrophil serine proteases), would improve outcomes in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. METHODS: In a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, across 14 hospitals in the UK, patients aged 16 years and older who were hospitalised with COVID-19 and had at least one risk factor for severe disease were randomly assigned 1:1, within 96 h of hospital admission, to once-daily brensocatib 25 mg or placebo orally for 28 days. Patients were randomly assigned via a central web-based randomisation system (TruST). Randomisation was stratified by site and age (65 years or ≥65 years), and within each stratum, blocks were of random sizes of two, four, or six patients. Participants in both groups continued to receive other therapies required to manage their condition. Participants, study staff, and investigators were masked to the study assignment. The primary outcome was the 7-point WHO ordinal scale for clinical status at day 29 after random assignment. The intention-to-treat population included all patients who were randomly assigned and met the enrolment criteria. The safety population included all participants who received at least one dose of study medication. This study was registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN30564012. FINDINGS: Between June 5, 2020, and Jan 25, 2021, 406 patients were randomly assigned to brensocatib or placebo; 192 (47·3%) to the brensocatib group and 214 (52·7%) to the placebo group. Two participants were excluded after being randomly assigned in the brensocatib group (214 patients included in the placebo group and 190 included in the brensocatib group in the intention-to-treat population). Primary outcome data was unavailable for six patients (three in the brensocatib group and three in the placebo group). Patients in the brensocatib group had worse clinical status at day 29 after being randomly assigned than those in the placebo group (adjusted odds ratio 0·72 [95% CI 0·57-0·92]). Prespecified subgroup analyses of the primary outcome supported the primary results. 185 participants reported at least one adverse event; 99 (46%) in the placebo group and 86 (45%) in the brensocatib group. The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders and infections. One death in the placebo group was judged as possibly related to study drug. INTERPRETATION: Brensocatib treatment did not improve clinical status at day 29 in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. FUNDING: Sponsored by the University of Dundee and supported through an Investigator Initiated Research award from Insmed, Bridgewater, NJ; STOP-COVID19 trial.

Shielding reduced incidence of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory arthritis but vulnerability is associated with increased mortality.

OBJECTIVES: Investigate whether individuals with inflammatory arthritis (IA), their treatments and shielding status affect the risk of adverse outcomes from COVID-19 for the entire population of Wales, UK. METHODS: Retrospective, population-based cohort study using linked, anonymized electronic health data from SAIL Databank, including primary/secondary care, rheumatology, Office for National Statistics Mortality and COVID-19 laboratory data. Individuals aged 18 years and over testing positive for COVID-19 between March 2020 and May 2021 with READ Codes present for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis formed the study cases. RESULTS: A total of 1966 people with IA and 166 602 without tested positive for COVID-19. The incidence rate was 3.5% (1966/56 914) in IA, vs 6% in the general population (166 602/2 760 442), (difference: 2.5%, 95% CI: 2.4%, 2.7%, P ≤0.001). In an adjusted Cox proportional hazard model, IA was not associated with higher mortality (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.64, P=0.286). Significant risk factors included shielding (HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.40, 1.64, P ≤0.001), hospitalization for previous infections (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.28, P ≤0.001), hospitalizations one year pre-pandemic (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.44, P ≤0.001) and glucocorticoid use (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.25, P ≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with IA had a lower incidence of COVID-19, probably due to shielding. IA was not associated with increased mortality following COVID-19 infection; being vulnerable (shielded), comorbidities and other factors were associated with increased risk. These key risk factors can identify individuals with IA at greater risk from COVID-19 and advised to shield during high community prevalence.

Correlation between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma neurofilament light protein in treated HIV infection: results from the COBRA study.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light protein (NfL) is a marker of central nervous system neuro-axonal injury. A novel, ultra-sensitive assay can determine plasma NfL. In untreated people-with-HIV (PWH), CSF and plasma NfL are strongly correlated. We aimed to assess this correlation in PWH on suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART) and lifestyle-similar HIV-negative individuals enrolled into the COmorBidity in Relation to AIDS (COBRA) study. Differences in paired CSF (sandwich ELISA, UmanDiagnostics) and plasma (Simoa digital immunoassay, Quanterix™) NfL between PWH and HIV-negative participants were tested using Wilcoxon's test; associations were assessed using Pearson's correlation. CSF and plasma NfL, standardised to Z-scores, were included as dependent variables in linear regression models to identify factors independently associated with values in PWH and HIV-negative participants. Overall, 132 PWH (all with plasma HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL) and 79 HIV-negative participants were included. Neither CSF (median 570 vs 568 pg/mL, p = 0.37) nor plasma (median 10.7 vs 9.9 pg/mL, p = 0.15) NfL differed significantly between PWH and HIV-negative participants, respectively. CSF and plasma NfL correlated moderately, with no significant difference by HIV status (PWH: rho = 0.52; HIV-negative participants: rho = 0.47, p (interaction) = 0.63). In multivariable regression analysis, higher CSF NfL Z-score was statistically significantly associated with older age and higher CSF protein, and higher plasma NfL Z-score with older age, higher serum creatinine and lower bodyweight. In conclusion, in PWH on ART, the correlation between CSF and plasma NfL is moderate and similar to that observed in lifestyle-similar HIV-negative individuals. Consideration of renal function and bodyweight may be required when utilising plasma NfL.

Treatment of chronic or relapsing COVID-19 in immunodeficiency.

BACKGROUND: Patients with some types of immunodeficiency can experience chronic or relapsing infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This leads to morbidity and mortality, infection control challenges, and the risk of evolution of novel viral variants. The optimal treatment for chronic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to characterize a cohort of patients with chronic or relapsing COVID-19 disease and record treatment response. METHODS: We conducted a UK physician survey to collect data on underlying diagnosis and demographics, clinical features, and treatment response of immunodeficient patients with chronic (lasting ≥21 days) or relapsing (≥2 episodes) of COVID-19. RESULTS: We identified 31 patients (median age 49 years). Their underlying immunodeficiency was most commonly characterized by antibody deficiency with absent or profoundly reduced peripheral B-cell levels; prior anti-CD20 therapy, and X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Their clinical features of COVID-19 were similar to those of the general population, but their median duration of symptomatic disease was 64 days (maximum 300 days) and individual patients experienced up to 5 episodes of illness. Remdesivir monotherapy (including when given for prolonged courses of ≤20 days) was associated with sustained viral clearance in 7 of 23 clinical episodes (30.4%), whereas the combination of remdesivir with convalescent plasma or anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs resulted in viral clearance in 13 of 14 episodes (92.8%). Patients receiving no therapy did not clear SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 can present as a chronic or relapsing disease in patients with antibody deficiency. Remdesivir monotherapy is frequently associated with treatment failure, but the combination of remdesivir with antibody-based therapeutics holds promise.

Examining the utility of extended laboratory panel testing in the emergency department for risk stratification of patients with COVID-19: a single-centre retrospective service evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The role of specific blood tests to predict poor prognosis in patients admitted with infection from SARS-CoV-2 remains uncertain. During the first wave of the global pandemic, an extended laboratory testing panel was integrated into the local pathway to guide triage and healthcare resource utilisation for emergency admissions. We conducted a retrospective service evaluation to determine the utility of extended tests (D-dimer, ferritin, high-sensitivity troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase and procalcitonin) compared with the core panel (full blood count, urea and electrolytes, liver function tests and C reactive protein). METHODS: Clinical outcomes for adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted between 17 March and 30 June 2020 were extracted, alongside costs estimates for individual tests. Prognostic performance was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis with 28-day mortality used as the primary endpoint and a composite of 28-day intensive care escalation or mortality for secondary analysis. RESULTS: From 13 500 emergency attendances, we identified 391 unique adults admitted with COVID-19. Of these, 113 died (29%) and 151 (39%) reached the composite endpoint. 'Core' test variables adjusted for age, gender and index of deprivation had a prognostic area under the curve of 0.79 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.91) for mortality and 0.70 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.84) for the composite endpoint. Addition of 'extended' test components did not improve on this. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest use of the extended laboratory testing panel to risk stratify community-acquired COVID-19 positive patients on admission adds limited prognostic value. We suggest laboratory requesting should be targeted to patients with specific clinical indications.