2-step lignin-first catalytic fractionation with bifunctional Pd/ß-zeolite catalyst in a flow-through reactor.

This work demonstrates an additive and hydrogen-free 2-step lignin-first fractionation in flow-through. First, solvolytic delignification renders lignin liquors with its native chemical structure largely intact; and second, ß-zeolite catalytic depolymerization of these liquors leads to similar monomer yields as the corresponding 1-step fractionation process. Higher delignification temperatures lead to slightly lower ß-O-4 content in the solvated lignin, but does not affect significantly the monomer yield, so a higher temperature was overall preferred as it promotes faster delignification. Deposition of Pd on ß-zeolite resulted in a bifunctional hydrogenation/dehydration catalyst, tested during the catalytic depolymerization of solvated lignin with and without hydrogen addition. Pd/ß-zeolite displays synergistic effects (compared to the Pd/γ-Al2O3 and ß-zeolite tested individually and as a mixed bed), resulting in higher monomer yield. This is likely caused by increased acidity and the proximity between the metallic and acid active sites. Furthermore, different ß-zeolite with varying SAR and textural properties were studied to shed light onto the effect of acidity and porosity in the stabilization of lignin monomers. While some of the catalysts showed stable performance, characterization of the spent catalyst reveals Al leaching (causing acidity loss and changes in textural properties), and some degree of coking and Pd sintering.

Early intervention service needs of mothers with a child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder in Turkey: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Early intervention services play a crucial role in the prevention and management of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). With the increasing prevalence of ASD, understanding the specific needs of mothers and their children is essential for the development of effective interventions and support systems. METHODS: This interview study examines the early intervention service needs of Turkish mothers with children aged 2-6 who have been diagnosed with ASD. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine mothers. Thematic analysis was carried out following the guidance and six steps procedures described by Braun and Clarke. FINDINGS: The study's findings reveal six distinct themes that encompass the needs expressed by the participating mothers: 1) psychological support needs, 2) social support needs, 3) financial support needs, 4) strengthening the family, 5) government-based enhancement, and 6) the need for social awareness. DISCUSSION: The findings underscore the significance of comprehensive early intervention services tailored to address the needs of mothers. The stressors associated with the impact of ASD on families are highlighted, aligning with Guralnick's framework. The findings emphasize the need for holistic intervention programs and stress the importance of collaborative relationships among parents, educators, and service providers. APPLICATION TO PRACTICE: The practical implications of this study benefit healthcare professionals, policymakers, educators, and stakeholders. The emphasis lies in aligning interventions with the ASD needs of both mothers and children, ultimately aiding in the development of effective policies and the enhancement of the quality of care for individuals with ASD in Turkey.