Pachira aquatica: biological activity and chemical composition of leaves, flowers, and seeds.

The chemical composition of Pachira aquatica crude extracts flowers, leaves, and seeds was obtained by UHPLC-ESI/qTOF and GC/MS. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated against the human tumour cell lines AGS (gastric), CaCo-2 (colorectal), MCF-7 (breast), and NCI-H460 (lung). The anti-inflammatory and cellular antioxidant activities were also studied. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and saturated fatty acids were identified in the samples. The concentration of extracts responsible for inhibiting 50% of nitric oxide production ranged from (149 to > 400 µg mL-1). Antiproliferative activity against the tumour cell lines was: AGS (GI50 175 to > 400 µg mL-1), Caco-2 (GI50 215 to > 400 µg mL-1), MCF7 (GI50 232 to > 400 µg mL-1) and NCI-H460 (GI50 208 to > 400 µg mL-1). Cellular antioxidant activity remained between 73% to > 2000%. The selectivity index (SI) ranged from 1.00 to 2.78, indicating low antiproliferative activity.

Dearomatization drives complexity generation in freshwater organic matter.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the most complex, dynamic and abundant sources of organic carbon, but its chemical reactivity remains uncertain1-3. Greater insights into DOM structural features could facilitate understanding its synthesis, turnover and processing in the global carbon cycle4,5. Here we use complementary multiplicity-edited 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra to quantify key substructures assembling the carbon skeletons of DOM from four main Amazon rivers and two mid-size Swedish boreal lakes. We find that one type of reaction mechanism, oxidative dearomatization (ODA), widely used in organic synthetic chemistry to create natural product scaffolds6-10, is probably a key driver for generating structural diversity during processing of DOM that are rich in suitable polyphenolic precursor molecules. Our data suggest a high abundance of tetrahedral quaternary carbons bound to one oxygen and three carbon atoms (OCqC3 units). These units are rare in common biomolecules but could be readily produced by ODA of lignin-derived and tannin-derived polyphenols. Tautomerization of (poly)phenols by ODA creates non-planar cyclohexadienones, which are subject to immediate and parallel cycloadditions. This combination leads to a proliferation of structural diversity of DOM compounds from early stages of DOM processing, with an increase in oxygenated aliphatic structures. Overall, we propose that ODA is a key reaction mechanism for complexity acceleration in the processing of DOM molecules, creation of new oxygenated aliphatic molecules and that it could be prevalent in nature.

Essential Oil from the Leaves, Fruits and Twigs of Schinus terebinthifolius: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, popularly known as "Pink pepper", is a plant native to Brazil. The objective of this work was to analyze the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves, fruits and twigs of S. terebinthifolius, aiming for their application in food safety. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Phenolic compounds were quantified and antioxidant activity was evaluated using three different methods. The antibacterial activity was determined by the broth microdilution method against foodborne bacteria. In the chemical analysis, 22 compounds were identified in the leaves, 13 compounds in the fruits and 37 compounds in the twigs, revealing the presence of the main compounds germacrene D (12.04%, 15.78%, 20,41%), caryophyllene (15.97%, 3.12%, 11.73%), α-pinene (11.6%, 17.16%, 2.99%), ß-pinene (5.68%, 43.34%, 5.60%) and γ-gurjunene (16,85%, 3,15%) respectively. EOs showed better antioxidant potential using the ß-carotene/linoleic acid method with 40.74, 61.52 and 63.65% oxidation inhibition for leaves, fruits and twigs, respectively. The EO from the leaves showed greater antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.62 mg mL-1, a value lower than the MIC of sodium nitrite (5.00 mg mL-1), the antimicrobial standard synthetic. The activities of pink pepper EOs suggest their potential as a biopreservative in foods.

Distinct Non-conservative Behavior of Dissolved Organic Matter after Mixing Solimões/Negro and Amazon/Tapajós River Waters.

Positive and negative electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and 1H NMR revealed major compositional and structural changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) after mixing two sets of river waters in Amazon confluences: the Solimões and Negro Rivers (S + N) and the Amazon and Tapajós Rivers (A + T). We also studied the effects of water mixing ratios and incubation time on the composition and structure of DOM molecules. NMR spectra demonstrated large-scale structural transformations in the case of S + N mixing, with gain of pure and functionalized aliphatic units and loss of all other structures after 1d incubation. A + T mixing resulted in comparatively minor structural alterations, with a major gain of small aliphatic biomolecular binding motifs. Remarkably, structural alterations from mixing to 1d incubation were in essence reversed from 1d to 5d incubation for both S + N and A + T mixing experiments. Heterotrophic bacterial production (HBP) in endmembers S, N, and S + N mixtures remained near 0.03 µgC L-1 h-1, whereas HBP in A, T, and A + T were about five times higher. High rates of dark carbon fixation took place at S + N mixing in particular. In-depth biogeochemical characterization revealed major distinctions between DOM biogeochemical changes and temporal evolution at these key confluence sites within the Amazon basin.

Cellular Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiproliferative Activities from the Flowers, Leaves and Fruits of Gallesia integrifolia Spreng Harms.

Gallesia integrifolia, a notable species in the Atlantic Forest, has been traditionally employed in folk medicine for treating rheumatism, asthma, and worms. This study investigated the cellular antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils (EOs) and crude extracts (CEs) from G. integrifolia flowers, fruits, and leaves. The chemical identification of EOs was performed by GC-MS and CEs by UHPLC-MS. Cellular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed through mouse macrophage cell culture. In addition, the antiproliferative potential was evaluated in gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung tumor cell lines and non-tumor VERO cells. EOs predominantly contained organosulfur compounds in flowers (96.29%), fruits (94.94%), and leaves (90.72%). We found the main compound is 2,2'-Disulfanediyldiethanethiol in the EOs of flowers (47.00%), leaves (41.82%), and fruits (44.39%). Phenolic compounds were identified in CEs. The EOs and CEs demonstrated potential against the tumor cell lines tested (GI50 between 51 and 230 µg/mL). The selectivity index values were greater than 1.0 (1.01 to 3.37), suggesting a relative safety profile. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity IC50 ranged from 36.00 to 268 µg/mL, and the cellular oxidation inhibition ranged from 69% to 82%. The results suggest that oils and extracts derived from G. integrifolia have potential for use in various industrial sectors.

Resistance Profile of Bovine Mastitis Isolates, Presence of the mecA Gene and Identification of ESBL Producing Strains from Small Rural Dairy Properties.

Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland in response to invasion by opportunistic agents. Due to the high economic importance of dairy production and the complexity related to animal health, the objective of this work was to identify and evaluate the antibacterial resistance profile of samples of mastitis milk, milking hand and milking equipment from small rural dairy farms belonging to the northwest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Five small, non-technical dairy farms in the municipalities of Boa Esperança, Juranda and Tapejara, all belonging to the northwest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, were selected. The properties had Holstein and/or crossbred herds, carried out a bucket-by-foot milking system and all had the presence of animals with subclinical mastitis confirmed by the California Mastitis Test. Samples of sterile swabs from the milking insufflators, the milking hand and milk samples were collected-and later, isolation tests and phenotypic characterization of the samples, sensitivity tests to antimicrobials and phenotypic tests for the detection of beta-producing strains were performed with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), molecular identification of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and mecA gene research. Of the 199 samples collected from the 15 selected properties in the municipalities of Boa Esperança, Tapejara and Juranda, 72 (36.20%) were classified as multiresistant. Isolated from milkers' hands and milking machines, which phenotypically produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), the presence of the mecA gene was also observed in 11 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. of milk samples, machines and milking hands. Mastitis can be spread to the herd through the milking process by the milkers' instruments and hands, and adequate management measures can prevent its transmission and the conscious use of antibiotics decreases the prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. In this work, different pathogenic bacteria were detected in mastitic milk, milking equipment and milking hand with a high percentage (36.20%) of isolates classified as multidrug resistant. In addition, the presence phenotypically (ESBL) and molecularly (mecA gene) of isolates carrying resistance genes was also verified. These results directly reflect on the health of the animals, the health of the workers and the health of the respective environment, which can enable the continuity of the propagation of the etiological agents involved in the mastitis infection. The awareness of producers and workers on these properties about the disease, transmission, sanitary aspects and adequate management and treatment are essential for improving milk production and production efficiency.

Biosorption of methylene blue by residue from Lentinus crinitus mushroom cultivation.

Conventional textile effluent treatments cannot remove methylene blue, a mutagenic azo dye, and an endocrine disruptor, that remains in the drinking water after conventional water treatment. However, the spent substrate from Lentinus crinitus mushroom cultivation, a waste, could be an attractive alternative to remove persistent azo dyes in water. The objective of this study was to assess the methylene blue biosorption by spent substrate from L. crinitus mushroom cultivation. The spent substrate obtained after mushroom cultivation had been characterized by the point of zero charge, functional groups, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the spent substrate biosorption capacity was determined in function of pH, time, and temperature. The spent substrate had a point of zero charge value of 4.3 and biosorbed 99% of methylene blue in pH from 3 to 9, with the highest biosorption in the kinetic assay of 15.92 mg g- 1, and in the isothermal assay of 120.31 mg g- 1. Biosorption reached equilibrium at 40 min after mixing and best fitted the pseudo-second-order model. Freundlich model best fitted the isothermal parameters and each 100 g spent substrate biosorbed 12 g dye in an aqueous solution. The spent substrate of L. crinitus cultivation is an effective biosorbent of methylene blue and an alternative to removing this dye from water, adding value to the mushroom production chain, and supporting the circular economy.

Light conditions affect the growth, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the white-rot fungus Lentinus crinitus mycelial biomass.

The mycelial biomass of basidiomycetes is a promising source of compounds and represents an alternative for industrial and biotechnological applications. Fungi use light as information and hold photoresponse mechanisms, in which sensors respond to light wavelengths and regulate various biological processes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of blue, green, and red lights on the growth, chemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Lentinus crinitus mycelial biomass. The chemical composition of the mycelial biomass was determined by chromatographic methods, antioxidant activity was analyzed by in vitro assays, and antimicrobial activity was investigated by the microdilution assay. The highest mycelial biomass yield was observed under blue-light cultivation. Many primordia arose under blue or green light, whereas the stroma was formed under red light. The presence of light altered the primary fungal metabolism, increasing the carbohydrate, tocopherol, fatty acid, and soluble sugar contents, mostly mannitol, and reducing the protein and organic acid concentrations. Cultivation under red light increased the phenol concentration. In contrast, cultivation under blue and green lights decreased phenol concentration. Benzoic and gallic acids were the main phenolic acids in the hydroalcoholic extracts, and the latter acids increased in all cultures under light, especially red light. Mycelial biomass cultivated under red light showed the highest antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method showed that all light wavelengths increased the antioxidant activity of mycelial biomass, with the highest value under red light. Moreover, the ß-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation (BCLA) assay demonstrated that the antioxidant activity was affected by light cultivation. Mycelial biomass grown under all conditions exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities. Thus, mycelial biomass cultivation of L. crinitus under light conditions may be a promising strategy for controlling the mycelial chemical composition and biomass yield.

Comprehensive assessment of dissolved organic matter processing in the Amazon River and its major tributaries revealed by positive and negative electrospray mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.

Rivers are natural biogeochemical systems shaping the fates of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from leaving soils to reaching the oceans. This study focuses on Amazon basin DOM processing employing negative and positive electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI[±] FT-ICR MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to reveal effects of major processes on the compositional space and structural characteristics of black, white and clear water systems. These include non-conservative mixing at the confluences of (1) Solimões and the Negro River, (2) the Amazon River and the Madeira River, and (3) in-stream processing of Amazon River DOM between the Madeira River and the Tapajós River. The Negro River (black water) supplies more highly oxygenated and high molecular weight compounds, whereas the Solimões and Madeira Rivers (white water) contribute more CHNO and CHOS molecules to the Amazon River main stem. Aliphatic CHO and abundant CHNO compounds prevail in Tapajos River DOM (clear water), likely originating from primary production. Sorption onto particles and heterotrophic microbial degradation are probably the principal mechanisms for the observed changes in DOM composition in the Amazon River and its tributaries.

Epidemiologic and antibiotic resistance profile and detection of meca gene in Staphylococcus spp. isolates from dog-owning veterinary students / Perfil epidemiológico e de resistência a antibióticos e detecção do gene meca em Staphylococcus spp. isolados de estudantes veterinários proprietários de cães / Perfil de resistencia epidemiológica y antibiótica y detección de género meca en Staphylococcus spp. estudiantes veterinarios aislados de perros

The maintenance of pets as reservoirs of multiresistant bacteria and the transmission of microorganisms such as Staphylococcus spp. between animals and humans can affect the effectiveness of antimicrobials in human medicine. The aim of this study was to detect risk factors, evaluate the phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance and detect the mecA gene in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the nasal cavity of students of veterinary medicine who own dogs. This is a field survey where 35 nasal swab samples were collected to isolate Staphylococcus spp. The antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and the classification according to the multidrug resistance profile (MDR) were determined. The presence of the mecA gene was investigated in isolates with resistance to oxacillin. In addition, the research subjects answered a questionnaire about behavior towards the dog and hygiene habits to identify risk variables for developing antimicrobial resistance. The antimicrobials tested were ampicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, clindamycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, and tetracycline. 92.9% of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and 45% of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were resistant to the beta-lactam class, and 28.6% of CoPS and 45% of CoNS showed MDR profile. Three isolates were classified as resistant to oxacillin, and the mecA gene was detected in 100% of these isolates. About half of the individuals used antimicrobials in the last 12 months (52.9%), and 75% used amoxicillin, which could explain the high antimicrobial resistance profile. Dog owners harbor Staphylococcus spp. with high resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials and a multi-resistance profile, representing a unique One Health problem.

A manutenção de pets como reservatórios de bactérias multirresistentes e a transmissão de microrganismos como Staphylococcus spp. entre animais e humanos podem afetar a eficácia de antimicrobianos na medicina humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar fatores de risco, avaliar o perfil fenotípico de resistência antimicrobiana e detectar o gene mecA em Staphylococcus spp. isolados da cavidade nasal de estudantes de medicina veterinária proprietários de cães. Trata-se de pesquisa de campo onde 35 amostras de swab nasal foram coletadas para isolar Staphylococcus spp. A resistência antimicrobiana e a classificação segundo o perfil de multirresistência (MDR) dos isolados foram determinadas. A presença do gene mecA foi investigada em isolados resistentes à oxacilina. Os estudantes responderam a um questionário sobre comportamento em relação ao cão e hábitos de higiene para identificar variáveis de risco para o desenvolvimento de resistência antimicrobiana. Foram testados os antimicrobianos ampicilina, penicilina, oxacilina, cefalotina, clindamicina, gentamicina, eritromicina, enrofloxacina e tetraciclina. 92,9% dos estafilococos coagulase-positivos (CoPS) e 45% dos estafilococos coagulase-negativos (CoNS) foram resistentes à classe dos beta- lactâmicos e 28,6% CoPS e 45% CoNS apresentaram perfil MDR. Três isolados foram classificados como resistentes à oxacilina e o gene mecA foi detectado em 100% destes isolados. Mais da metade dos indivíduos fez uso de antimicrobiano nos últimos 12 meses (52,9%), 75% fizeram uso de amoxicilina, o que poderia explicar o alto perfil de resistência antimicrobiana. Os donos de cães abrigam Staphylococcus spp. com alta resistência aos antimicrobianos beta-lactâmicos e apresentam MDR, o que representa um problema de saúde única.

El mantenimiento de las mascotas como reservorios de bacterias multiresistentes y la transmisión de microorganismos como Staphylococcus spp. entre animales y seres humanos pueden afectar a la eficacia de los antimicrobianos en la medicina humana. El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar factores de riesgo, evaluar el perfil fenotípico de la resistencia antimicrobiana y detectar el gen meccaA en Staphylococcus spp. aislado de la cavidad nasal de estudiantes veterinarios dueños de perros. Se trata de una investigación de campo en la que se recogieron 35 muestras de hisopo nasal para aislar Staphylococcus spp. Se determinó la resistencia antimicrobiana y la clasificación de los aislados por perfil de multiresistencia (MDR). La presencia del gen de la mecaA se ha investigado en aislados resistentes a oxacilina. Los estudiantes respondieron a un cuestionario sobre comportamiento de perros y hábitos de higiene para identificar variables de riesgo para el desarrollo de resistencia antimicrobiana. Se han estudiado antimicrobianos como ampicilina, penicilina, oxacilina, cefalotina, clindamicina, gentamicina, eritromicina, enrofloxacina y tetraciclina. El 92,9% de los estafilococos coagulasa-positivos (CoPS) y el 45% de los estafilococos coagulasa- negativos (CoNS) fueron resistentes a la clase beta-lactam y el 28,6% de los CoPS y el 45% de los CoNS tenían un perfil de MDR. Se clasificaron tres aislados como resistentes a la oxacilina y se detectó el gen de la mecaA en el 100% de estos aislamientos. Más de la mitad de los individuos utilizaron antimicrobianos en los últimos 12 meses (52,9%), el 75% utilizó amoxicilina, lo que podría explicar el alto perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana. Los dueños de perros albergan Staphylococcus spp. con alta resistencia a los antimicrobianos beta-lactámicos y tienen MDR, lo que representa un único problema de salud.

Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (ASTERACEAE).

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Lamiaceae) (Asteraceae) is found in South America, mainly in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. Folk medicine is used as a sedative, hypotensive, bronchodilator, cardiovascular disorders, anti-flu, and also in skin wounds. Considered the main source of green propolis, which increases the pharmacological interest in this species. It is also known as a "benefactor" plant facilitating the development of other plant species around it, being indicated for the recovery of degraded areas. This species has been studied for decades in order to isolate and identify the active principles present in the aerial parts (leaves and flowers) and roots. The present study consists of a review of the scientific literature addressing the ethnobotanical, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacological and potential cytotoxic effects of the B. dracunculifolia species. In this survey, we sought to investigate issues related to the botanical and geographic description of the species, the ethnobotanical uses, as well as the phytochemical studies of the essential oil, extracts and green propolis obtained from the aerial parts and roots of B. dracunculifolia. Using high precision analytical tools, numerous compounds have already been isolated and identified from leaves and flowers such as the flavonoids: naringenin, acacetin, dihydrokaempferol, isosakuranetin and kaempferide; phenolic acids: p-coumaric, dihydrocoumaric, ferulic (E)-cinnamic, hydroxycinnamic, gallic, caffeic, and several caffeoylquinic acids derivatives; phenolic acids prenylated: artepillin C, baccharin, drupanin; the glycosides dracuculifosides and the pentacyclic triterpenoids: Baccharis oxide and friedelanol. The predominant class in the essential oil of leaves and flowers are terpenoids comprising oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, highlighting the compounds nerolidol, spathulenol, germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene. These compounds give the species high antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, analgesic, immunomodulatory and antiparasitic potential, making this species a promising herbal medicine. In vitro toxicity assays with B. dracunculifolia extract showed low or no cytotoxicity. However, in vivo analyses with high doses of the aqueous extract resulted in genotoxic effects, which leads us to conclude that the toxicity of this plant is dose-dependent.

Resistência antimicrobiana na infecção urinária em unidade de terapia intensiva / Antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infection in the intensive care unit / Resistencia a los antimicrobianos en la infección del tracto urinario en la unidad de cuidados intensivos

A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) nada mais é do que o acometimento das vias urinárias por microrganismo. Entre as infecções hospitalares de maior incidência está a infecção do trato urinário, acometendo mais mulheres do que homens. Uma das possíveis causas dessa infecção, em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), é o uso de cateter vesical. Seu tratamento inadequado pode ocasionar uma pielonefrite, podendo adentrar à circulação sanguínea, gerando uma infecção sistêmica e levar o paciente a óbito. A resistência antimicrobiana é uma das principais dificuldades encontrada em UTI sendo considerado um problema de saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um breve relato, baseado na literatura, sobre a resistência antimicrobiana na infecção urinária em unidade de terapia intensiva adulta. Em ambientes hospitalares o principal microrganismo causador de ITU é Escherichia coli, sendo 55,5% das culturas positivas estão associadas a procedimentos invasivos, como as sondas vesicais de demora, como consequência este é o microrganismo que mais apresenta resistência aos antimicrobianos utilizados como a ampicilina, trimetoprima e ciprofloxacino. O uso indiscriminado de antibióticos deixa em evidência a necessidade de análise criteriosa da real necessidade de qual antimicrobianos usar, tempo de uso e forma correta de administração. Portanto é necessária a ação dos profissionais de saúde frente a atenção ao paciente, desde a higiene das mãos, uso do cateter, quando necessário observar a real necessidade do uso do antimicrobianos e que esse seja feito após cultura e antibiograma.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is nothing more than the involvement of the urinary tract by a microorganism. Among the hospital infections with the highest incidence is urinary tract infections, affecting more women than men. One of the possible causes of this infection in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is the use of a bladder catheter. Its inadequate treatment can cause pyelonephritis, which can enter the bloodstream, generating a systemic infection and leading the patient to death. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the main difficulties encountered in ICUs and is considered a public health problem. The objective of this study was to present a brief report, based on the literature, on antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections in an adult intensive care unit. In hospital environments, the main microorganism that causes UTI is Escherichia coli, and 55.5% of positive cultures are associated with invasive procedures, such as indwelling urinary catheters, as a consequence, this is the microorganism that is most resistant to antimicrobials used, such as ampicillin, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics highlights the need for a careful analysis of the real need for which antimicrobials to use, time of use, and correct form of administration. Therefore, it is necessary for the action of health professionals in the care of the patient, from the hygiene of the professional to, the use of the catheter, when necessary to observe the real need for the use of antimicrobials and that this is done after culture and antibiogram.

La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) no es más que la afectación de las vías urinarias por un microorganismo. Entre las infecciones hospitalarias con mayor incidencia se encuentra la infección del tracto urinario, que afecta más a mujeres que a hombres. Una de las posibles causas de esta infección en pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) es el uso de una sonda vesical. Su tratamiento inadecuado puede causar pielonefritis, la cual puede ingresar al torrente sanguíneo, generando una infección sistémica y llevando al paciente a la muerte. La resistencia a los antimicrobianos es una de las principales dificultades encontradas en las UCI y se considera un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar un breve informe, basado en la literatura, sobre la resistencia antimicrobiana en infecciones del tracto urinario en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de adultos. En ambientes hospitalarios, el principal microorganismo causante de ITU es Escherichia coli, y el 55,5% de los cultivos positivos están asociados a procedimientos invasivos, como sondas vesicales permanentes, por lo que este es el microorganismo más resistente a los antimicrobianos utilizados, como la ampicilina. ., trimetoprima y ciprofloxacino. El uso indiscriminado de antibióticos pone de relieve la necesidad de un análisis cuidadoso de la necesidad real de qué antimicrobianos utilizar, el momento de uso y la forma correcta de administración. Por lo tanto, es necesaria la actuación de los profesionales de la salud en el cuidado del paciente, desde la higiene del profesional, uso del catéter, cuando sea necesario observar la necesidad real del uso de antimicrobianos y que este se realice previo cultivo y antibiograma.

Monteverdia ilicifolia: um protetor gástrico / Monteverdia ilicifolia: a gastric protector / Monteverdia ilicifolia: protector gástrico

Monteverdia ilicifolia, conhecida popularmente como espinheira-santa, é uma planta da família Celastraceae de relevante ação terapêutica devido às suas propriedades medicinais, principalmente a sua atividade gastroprotetora, possuindo efeitos comprovados sobre acidez e úlceras estomacais. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi encontrar na literatura evidências para o uso terapêutico da M. ilicifolia, como uma alternativa frente aos fármacos sintéticos disponíveis na indústria farmacêutica voltados para o tratamento de problemas estomacais. Foi utilizado no presente trabalho a base de dados Google acadêmico. Os distúrbios estomacais afetam milhares de pessoas, influenciando de forma negativa na qualidade de vida da população e gerando prejuízos ao sistema de saúde. Os fármacos com atividade sobre a secreção da acidez gástrica são as medicações mais prescritas para essas enfermidades, destacando-se os antagonistas do receptor H2 de histamina e os inibidores da bomba de prótons, amplamente utilizados para o tratamento de úlceras e gastrite. Com o tempo, esses medicamentos passaram a ser indiscriminadamente utilizados, prática que põem em risco a saúde íntegra dos pacientes, mediante aos diversos efeitos adversos que esses medicamentos podem causar. As plantas medicinais têm sido aplicadas na terapia de diversas doenças em toda a história da humanidade. Nesse contexto, a espinheira-santa surge como uma alternativa segura e eficaz para a prevenção e tratamento dessas patologias. Dentre os compostos bioativos que podem desempenhar a atividade gastroprotetora, destacam-se os taninos, triterpenos e flavonóides. Os estudos analisados demonstram que a M. ilicifolia possui relevante ação terapêutica, com potencial para substituir os fármacos usualmente empregados no tratamento de úlceras e gastrite.

The Monteverdia ilicifolia, popularly known as espinheira-santa, is a plant of the Celastraceae's family with relevant therapeutic action due to its medicinal properties, mainly its gastroprotective activity, and possesses proven effects on acidity and stomach ulcers. The aim of this work was to find in the literature evidence for the therapeutic use of M. ilicifolia, as an alternative to the synthetic drugs available in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of stomach problems. The academic Google database was used in this work. Stomach disorders affect thousands of people, negatively influencing the population's quality of life and causing damage to the health system. The drugs with activity on gastric acid secretion are the most prescribed medications for these diseases, especially histamine H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors, widely used for the treatment of ulcers and gastritis. Over time, these drugs began to be used indiscriminately, a practice that jeopardizes the health of patients, due to the various adverse effects that these drugs can cause. Medicinal plants have been applied in the therapy of various diseases throughout human history. In this context, the espinheira-santa emerges as a safe and effective alternative for the prevention and treatment of these pathologies. Among the bioactive compounds that can perform a gastroprotective activity, tannins, triterpenes, and flavonoids stand out. The analyzed studies demonstrate that M. ilicifolia has relevant therapeutic action, with the potential to replace the drugs usually used in the treatment of ulcers and gastritis.

Monteverdia ilicifolia, conocida popularmente como espinheira-santa, es una planta de la familia Celastraceae de relevante acción terapéutica por sus propiedades medicinales, principalmente su actividad gastroprotectora, con efectos probados sobre la acidez y las úlceras estomacales. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue encontrar evidencia en la literatura para el uso terapéutico de M. ilicifolia, como alternativa a las drogas sintéticas disponibles en la industria farmacéutica destinadas al tratamiento de problemas estomacales. En este trabajo se utilizó la base de datos académica de Google. Los trastornos estomacales afectan a miles de personas, influyendo negativamente en la calidad de vida de la población y provocando daños en el sistema de salud. Los fármacos con actividad sobre la secreción ácida gástrica son los más prescritos para estas enfermedades, especialmente los antagonistas de los receptores H2 de histamina y los inhibidores de la bomba de protones, muy utilizados para el tratamiento de úlceras y gastritis. Con el tiempo, estos medicamentos comenzaron a utilizarse de forma indiscriminada, práctica que pone en riesgo la salud de los pacientes, debido a los diversos efectos adversos que estos fármacos pueden ocasionar. Las plantas medicinales se han aplicado en la terapia de diversas enfermedades a lo largo de la historia humana. En este contexto, la espinheira-santa surge como una alternativa segura y eficaz para la prevención y el tratamiento de estas patologías. Entre los compuestos bioactivos que pueden realizar actividad gastroprotectora destacan los taninos, los triterpenos y los flavonoides. Los estudios analizados demuestran que M. ilicifolia tiene una acción terapéutica relevante, con potencial para reemplazar los fármacos habitualmente utilizados en el tratamiento de úlceras y gastritis.

Levantamento epidemiológico dos casos de tuberculose no Brasil e ações alternativas para auxiliar no tratamento / Epidemiological survey of tuberculosis cases in Brazil and alternative actions to aid in treatment / Estudio epidemiológico de los casos de tuberculosis en Brasil y acciones alternativas para ayudar al tratamiento

tuberculose é uma das doenças infectocontagiosas de maior importância no Brasil e no mundo. Afeta de forma importante populações em situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento do número de casos notificados de tuberculose no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos (2011 a 2021), avaliar os fatores que afetam a transmissão, bem como discutir o tratamento padrão e com fitoterápicos. O levantamento epidemiológico dos casos de tuberculose no Brasil de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2021 foi realizado dentre os notificados pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Os resultados indicaram um aumento linear de casos a partir de 2017 com 90.776 casos diagnosticados, em 2018 (94.720) e 2019 (96.655). Acredita-se que o aumento linear da tuberculose neste período pode estar relacionado principalmente com o aumento da pobreza, contudo o compartilhamento de utensílios durante o uso de narguilé podem representar fatores de risco para tuberculose. Seis plantas medicinais afetam diretamente as micobactérias (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Tetradenia riparia, Physalis angulata, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Mikania glomerata) e cinco plantas com atividade antibacteriana auxiliam no trato respiratório (Nasturtium officinale, Allium sativum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Allium cepa). Contudo, a tuberculose é uma doença reemergente sendo necessária a adoção de políticas públicas que intensifiquem e implementem medidas sócio-educativas para a implantação do uso de fitoterápicos como medida complementar.

Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases in Brazil and worldwide. It significantly affects populations in situations of social and economic vulnerability. This study aimed to survey the number of reported tuberculosis cases in Brazil in the last 10 years (2011 to 2021) to assess the factors that affect the transmission and discuss standard and herbal treatments. The epidemiological survey of tuberculosis cases in Brazil from January 2011 to December 2021 was carried out among those notified by the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). The results indicated a linear increase in cases from 2017, with 90,776 diagnosed cases, in 2018 (94,720) and 2019 (96,655). It is believed that the linear increase in tuberculosis in this period may be mainly related to the increase in poverty. However, the sharing of utensils during the use of hookah may represent risk factors for tuberculosis. Six medicinal plants directly affect mycobacteria (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Tetradenia riparia, Physalis angulata, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Mikania glomerata), and five plants with antibacterial activity help in the respiratory tract (Nasturtium officinale, Allium sativum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Allium cepa). However, tuberculosis is a re-emerging disease, and it is necessary to adopt public policies that intensify and implement socio-educational measures for using herbal medicines as a complementary measure.

La tuberculosis es una de las enfermedades infecciosas más importantes en Brasil y en el mundo. Afecta significativamente a las poblaciones en situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una encuesta sobre el número de casos notificados de tuberculosis en Brasil en los últimos 10 años (2011 a 2021), para evaluar los factores que afectan a la transmisión, así como para discutir el tratamiento estándar y con fitoterapias. La encuesta epidemiológica de los casos de tuberculosis en Brasil desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre de 2021 se realizó entre los notificados por el Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Los resultados indicaron un aumento lineal de casos desde 2017 con 90.776 casos diagnosticados, en 2018 (94.720) y 2019 (96.655). Se cree que el aumento lineal de la tuberculosis en este periodo puede estar relacionado principalmente con el aumento de la pobreza, aunque el hecho de compartir los utensilios durante el uso de la shisha puede representar factores de riesgo para la tuberculosis. Seis plantas medicinales afectan directamente a las micobacterias (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Tetradenia riparia, Physalis angulata, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Mikania glomerata) y cinco plantas con actividad antibacteriana ayudan a las vías respiratorias (Nasturtium officinale, Allium sativum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Allium cepa). Sin embargo, la tuberculosis es una enfermedad reemergente siendo necesaria la adopción de políticas públicas que intensifiquen e implementen medidas socioeducativas para la implementación del uso de fitoterápicos como medida complementaria.

Estudo do potencial antiviral sobre o Sars-Cov-2 dos compostos identificados no extrato bruto das folhas de Tetradenia riparia / Study of antiviral potential on Sars-Cov-2 of compounds identified in Tetradenia riparia leaves crude extract / Estudio del potencial antiviral sobre el Sars-Cov-2 de los componentes identificados en el extracto crudo de las hojas de Tetradenia riparia

A COVID-19 surgiu de forma repentina, acometendo milhões de pessoas e causando muitas mortes no mundo todo. Diante disso, torna-se necessário a busca de substâncias bioativas com propriedades antivirais. No Brasil, a espécie Tetradenia riparia foi inserida como planta ornamental exótica, com aroma intenso e agradável, sendo cultivada em parques, jardins, residenciais e hortos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar compostos presentes no extrato bruto das folhas de Tetradenia riparia com interesse antiviral. O extrato bruto das folhas secas foi obtido por maceração dinâmica por esgotamento do solvente e após, concentrado em evaporador rotativo. A composição química do extrato bruto foi analisada por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (UHPLC-ESI/qTOF). Foram identificados 31 compostos que foram investigados por meio de levantamento bibliográfico quanto ao seu potencial anti- SARS-CoV-2. Os compostos rosmanol, procianidina, cianidina, betulina, ácido betulínico e o ácido sagerínico, apresentaram potencial atividade antiviral sobre o SARS-CoV-2. Esta investigação é promissora, indicando possivelmente que no extrato bruto das folhas de T. ripária existem compostos que podem combater o SARS-CoV-2. Neste sentido, estudos de ancoramento molecular (docking) e análises in silico sobre a proteína Mpro do vírus devem ser realizadas corroborando desta forma a ação dos compostos identificados.

COVID-19 appeared suddenly, affecting millions of people and causing many deaths worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to search for bioactive substances with antiviral properties. In Brazil, Tetradenia riparia was inserted as an exotic ornamental plant, with an intense and pleasant aroma, cultivated in parks, residential and vegetable gardens. This study aimed to identify compounds present in the crude extract of Tetradenia riparia leaves with antiviral interest. The crude extract of the dried leaves was obtained by dynamic maceration with solvent exhaustion and then concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The chemical composition of the crude extract was analyzed by ultra- performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC- ESI/qTOF). We identified 31 compounds investigated through a literature review for their anti- SARS-CoV-2 potential. The compounds rosmanol, procyanidin, cyanidin, betulin, betulinic acid, and sagerinic acid showed potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this investigation is promising, possibly indicating that in the crude extract of T. riparia leaves, there are compounds that can fight SARS-CoV-2. In this sense, molecular docking studies and in silico analyzes on the virus Mpro protein must be carried out, thus corroborating the action of the identified compounds.

SARS-CoV-19 ha aparecido repentinamente, afectando a millones de personas y causando muchas muertes en todo el mundo. Por ello, se hace necesaria la búsqueda de sustancias bioactivas con propiedades antivirales. En Brasil, la especie Tetradenia riparia ha sido introducida como planta ornamental exótica, con un aroma intenso y agradable, siendo cultivada en parques, jardines, residencias y centros de jardinería. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los compuestos presentes en el extracto crudo de las hojas de Tetradenia riparia con interés antiviral. El extracto crudo de las hojas secas se obtuvo por maceración dinámica por agotamiento del disolvente y después, se concentró en el evaporador rotatorio. La composición química del extracto crudo se analizó mediante cromatografía líquida de ultra rendimiento acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alto rendimiento (UHPLC-ESI/qTOF). Se identificaron 31 compuestos y se investigó su potencial anti-SARS-CoV-2 mediante un estudio bibliográfico. Los compuestos rosmanol, procianidina, cianidina, betulina, ácido betulínico y ácido sagerínico, mostraron una potencial actividad antiviral sobre el SARS-CoV-2. Esta investigación es prometedora, pues posiblemente indica que en el extracto crudo de las hojas de T. riparia hay compuestos que pueden combatir el SARS-CoV-2. En este sentido, deben realizarse estudios de docking y análisis in silico sobre la proteína Mpro del virus para corroborar la acción de los compuestos identificados.

Lithium bioaccumulation in Lentinus crinitus mycelia grown in media with different lithium sources and pH values.

Lentinus crinitus bioaccumulates lithium in mycelia, but bioaccumulation may be affected by pH of the culture medium. Lithium is used in clinical practice as a mood stabilizer and antidepressant. This study aimed to assess the effect of culture medium pH and lithium source (LiCl or Li2CO3) on lithium bioaccumulation in vegetative mycelia of L. crinitus grown in malt extract broth. Lentinus crinitus U9-1 was cultured in malt extract broth supplemented with Li2CO3 or LiCl (50 mg L-1 lithium) in the pH range of 3.0 to 6.0. The pH was adjusted using HCl solution. The results showed that medium pH affected mycelial biomass production, lithium bioaccumulation in mycelial biomass, and lithium transfer from the culture medium to mycelial biomass. The effect of lithium source on the bioaccumulation capacity of mycelial biomass varied according to pH. At pH 4.0, both lithium sources stimulated mycelial biomass production compared to the control without the addition of lithium. At pH 5.5, Li2CO3 provided the highest lithium bioaccumulation in mycelial biomass. Lithium transfer from the culture medium to mycelia was highest in Li2CO3-supplemented cultures at pH 4.5. LiCl reduced hyphal width compared with Li2CO3 and the control. However, pH and lithium sources did not affect the formation of clamp connections in hyphae. For the first time, the influence of the pH of the culture medium on lithium bioaccumulation by Lentinus crinitus is reported. Finally, we conclude that the culture medium pH affected lithium transfer and bioaccumulation in mycelial biomass differently depending on the lithium source. Additionally, we report the presence of clamp connections in the hyphae of L. crinitus as an indicator of even growth.

Long-term cryopreservation of Lentinus crinitus strains by wheat grain technique.

Lentinus crinitus (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is a saprophytic fungus with biotechnological importance described more than 20 years ago. However, there are few studies on the long-term preservation of this basidiomycete. Cryopreservation is a long-term storage technique that reduces the metabolic activity of microorganisms, but its success depends on the adjustment of the freezing process, the cryoprotectants, and the protective substrates for each species. This study aimed to assess the mycelial viability and genetic stability of L. crinitus strains cryopreserved at -86 °C for two years by the wheat grain technique using different cryoprotectants and freezing methods. Three strains of L. crinitus (U9-1, U13-5, and U15-12) were subjected to different concentrations and types of cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, glucose, and sucrose), freezing methods such as immediate freezing from 25 to -86 °C and progressing freezing from 25 to -86 °C in a freezing container with isopropyl alcohol to control the rate of cell freezing at -1 °C min-1, protective substrate (wheat grain and 2% malt extract agar), and cryopreservation period (1, 6, 12, and 24 months). After thawing, samples were evaluated for mycelial viability, time to mycelial recovery, mycelial stability, and genetic stability of the fungus. All techniques achieved effective cryopreservation at -86 °C, mainly with the wheat grain technique. All cryoprotectants (3.5% glycerol, 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, 25% sucrose, and 5% glucose), freezing methods (immediate and gradual), and protective substrate (wheat grain and malt extract agar) were effective for cryopreservation of the three L.crinitus strains in an ultra-low temperature freezer for two years. Mycelial viability, mycelial stability, and genetic stability of the fungus were not affected after two-year cryopreservation, evidencing the robustness of the long-term cryopreservation technique and the fungus.

Endophytic fungi of Brunfelsia uniflora: isolation, cryopreservation, and determination of enzymatic and antioxidant activity.

Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl.) D. Don (Solanaceae), commonly known as manacá-de-cheiro, is widely distributed in Brazil and used by local indigenous peoples as an antirheumatic, antisyphilitic, depurative, emetic, vermifuge, and purgative agent. Several studies have examined the biological activities and phytochemical profile of Brunfelsia; however, few have focused on the diversity of endophytic microorganisms that colonize members of the genus. This study aimed to isolate and cryopreserve endophytic fungi from B. uniflora and determine their cellulase, laccase, and antioxidant activities. Endophytic fungi were isolated from B. uniflora stems, cultured on wheat grains, immersed in a 150 g L-1 aqueous sucrose solution, and cryopreserved at - 80 °C for 1 and 6 months. Cellulase activity was determined by a qualitative test using carboxymethylcellulose medium and laccase activity by a quantitative test based on the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate). Prior to antioxidant activity assays, fungi were grown in malt extract broth for production of mycelial biomass. A methanolic extract was prepared for evaluation of DPPH· scavenging activity, FRAP activity, and total phenolic content. A total of 46 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from B. uniflora stems and classified into 24 groups according to morphological similarities. B. uniflora was shown to harbor different genera of ascomycete fungi as endophytic organisms. Mycelial viability was observed after 1 and 6 months of cryopreservation at - 80 °C. Fungi exhibited cellulase and laccase activities. Isolate CE23 had the highest laccase activity after 7 days of cultivation. Twelve isolates were found to have low total phenolic contents and DPPH· and FRAP activities.

Basidiocarp structures of Lentinus crinitus: an antimicrobial source against foodborne pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms.

Lentinus crinitus basidiocarps are an alternative to antimicrobials, but the stipe (24% basidiocarp) is discarded even with potential antimicrobial activity. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of L. crinitus basidiocarp pileus and stipe extracts against foodborne pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. Basidiocarps of L. crinitus were grown in sugarcane bagasse and rice husks and the pileus and stipe methanolic extract was analyzed by broth microdilution method for antimicrobial activity against eight bacteria and eight fungi. The minimum bactericidal concentration values for pileus and stipe ranged from 0.40 to 0.50 mg mL- 1, for streptomycin from 0.10 to 0.50 mg mL- 1, and for ampicillin from 0.40 to 1.20 mg mL- 1. The minimum fungicidal concentration values for pileus and stipe ranged from 0.06 to 0.60 mg mL- 1, for bifonazole from 0.20 to 0.25 mg mL- 1, and for ketoconazole from 0.30 to 3.50 mg mL- 1. Extracts had bacteriostatic, bactericidal, fungistatic and fungicidal activity against all microorganisms, but with greater efficiency and specificity for some microorganisms. Both pileus and stipe are promising and sustainable alternatives for use in food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries.

Iron-enriched mycelia of edible and medicinal basidiomycetes.

Iron bioaccumulation in basidiomycetes is an alternative to recover ferrous sulphate from titanium dioxide pigment production and to produce an iron-enriched mycelial biomass. This study aimed to evaluate iron bioaccumulation capacity in vegetative mycelium of edible and medicinal fungi grown in malt extract liquid medium with different ferrous sulphate contents. Five basidiomycetes were grown in malt extract liquid medium with different iron contents from 0.116 to 100 mg L-1 iron. The iron content of dried mycelial biomass bioaccumulated with iron was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All fungi grew on the iron culture media and the mycelial biomass growth ranged from 3.24 ± 0.65a mg mL-1 to 12.46 ± 0.29 mg mL-1. Iron addition to culture media increased the iron content in the mycelial biomass from 4000-13,000-fold compared with control. Pleurotus ostreatus (2181 ± 218 mg kg-1) presented the greatest iron content in the mycelial biomass, followed by Schizophyllum commune (1769 ± 131 mg kg-1), Agaricus subrufescens (1272 ± 8.84 mg kg-1), and Ganoderma lucidum (840 ± 75 mg kg-1). P. ostreatus, followed by S. commune, and G. lucidum at 90 and 100 mg L-1 iron in the culture medium are the best choices to produce iron-enriched mycelial biomass. This extensive study of several edible and medicinal basidiomycetes grown in different iron contents was effective in recovering ferrous sulphate byproduct and transferring it to mycelium to produce a new nutraceutical food of iron-enriched mycelial biomass.