RESUMEN
Resumen Objetivos: Describir el comportamiento epidemiológico de la enfermedad de Hansen en Costa Rica durante el periodo 2018-2022 para la identificación y análisis de las tendencias de la patología con miras al desarrollo de estrategias más efectivas para su erradicación. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional retrospectivo de casos con enfermedad de Hansen entre 2018 y 2022, realizado mediante el registro de la boleta de notificación individual y clasificados según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades 10ma Revisión. Para determinar el número de casos nuevos del periodo de estudio, se solicitó la información anonimizada a la Unidad de Epidemiología de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social y a la Unidad de Epidemiología de la Dirección de Vigilancia de la Salud del Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: En Costa Rica, entre 2018-2022, se registraron 50 casos de enfermedad de Hansen (promedio anual de 10). El promedio de edad al momento del diagnóstico fue de 48,46 ± 17,88 años para el grupo en general, con un rango de edad de 15-78 años. La razón por sexos (hombre/ mujer) fue 2,33 (15/35). La provincia de Puntarenas registró 26 casos (52%). El cantón de Garabito se observó una tasa de prevalencia a nivel subnacional superior a 1 por cada 10000 habitantes. No se reportaron casos en menores de 15 años. La tasa media global de detección de enfermedad de Hansen durante el período de estudio fue de 0,2 (50/ 25 549 059) por 100000 habitantes. La tasa de detección de lepra disminuyó de 0,26 (13/ 5 003 402) a 0,249 (8 / 5213374) por 100000 habitantes entre 2018 y 2022. La proporción de casos clasificados como lepra multibacilar aumentó a 100% a partir del año 2019. La proporción de casos de lepra en mujeres disminuyó de 38,46 a 12,5%. Conclusión: A nivel nacional, la prevalencia de la enfermedad mantuvo los niveles de eliminación. No obstante, a nivel sub- nacional aún persisten cantones con niveles superiores a 1 por 10000 habitantes.
Abstract Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in Costa Rica from 2018-2022. Methods: Retrospective observational descriptive study from 2018 to 2022 of Hansen's Disease cases using individual notification records under the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. To determine the number of new cases, anonymized information was requested from the Epidemiology Unit of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund and the Epidemiology Unit of the Health Surveillance Directorate of the Ministry of Health. Results: In Costa Rica, between 2018-2022, 50 cases of Hansen's disease were registered (annual average of 10). The mean age at diagnosis was 48.46 ± 17.88 years for the group in general, with an age range between 15 -78 years. The sex ratio (male/ female) was 2.33 (15/35). The province of Puntarenas recorded 26 cases (52%). The canton of Garabito registered a prevalence rate at the subnational level of more than 1 per ten thousand inhabitants. No cases in children under 15 years of age were reported. The overall mean leprosy detection rate during the study period was 0.2 (50/25 549 059) per 100000 population. The leprosy detection rate decreased from 0.26 (13/5,003,402) to 0.249 (8/5213374) per 100000 population between 2018 and 2022. The proportion of cases classified as multibacillary leprosy increased by 100% in 2019. The proportion of leprosy in women decreased from 38.46% to 12.5%. Conclusion: Nationwide, the disease prevalence is maintained at elimination levels. However, at the subnational level, districts with rates higher than 1 per 10000 inhabitants still exist.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In times of unprecedented infectious disease threats, it is essential to understand how to increase individual protective behaviors and support for collective measures. The present study therefore examines factors associated with individual and collective pathways. METHODS: Data was collected through an online survey from 4483 participants (70.8% female, M = 41.2 years) across 10 countries from April 15, 2020 to June 2, 2020 as part of the "EUCLID" project (https://euclid.dbvis.de). Structural equation modeling was used to examine individual and collective pathways across and within countries. RESULTS: Overall, the adoption of individual protective behaviors and support for collective measures were high. Risk perception on the individual level and perceived effectiveness at the collective level were positively associated with both individual protective behaviors and support for collective measures. Furthermore, the model explained considerable variance in individual (40.7%) and collective protective behaviors (40.8%) and was largely replicated across countries. CONCLUSIONS: The study extends previous research by demonstrating that individual risk perception and perceived effectiveness of collective measures jointly affect individual protective health behaviors and support for collective measures. These findings highlight the need to jointly consider a variety of behavioral actions against infectious disease threats, acknowledging interactions between individual and collective pathways.