Nurses' experience of prehospital sepsis assessment: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a frequent cause of global deaths with time critical diagnosis and treatment impacting outcomes. Prehospital emergency nurses are pivotal in assessment that influences timely diagnosis. AIM: To gain a deep understanding of nurse's experiences when caring for those with suspected sepsis. DESIGN AND METHODS: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and inductive content analysis according to the Elo Kyngäs method. FINDINGS: Early identification of sepsis by prehospital emergency nurses (n = 13) was augmented through a combination of clinical experience and the implementation of practice guidelines. There were three key components to practice improvement a) clinical experience, b) continuous education and c) explicit guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of sepsis in the prehospital environment can shorten the time to treatment for patients with sepsis. Early identification can be achieved by continuous education in the Emergency Medical Service (EMS), ensuring experienced personnel and including the EMS in medical guidelines.

Gut microbiota and its relationship with early vascular ageing in a Spanish population (MIVAS study).

BACKGROUND: Gut microbiota and its by-products are increasingly recognized as having a decisive role in cardiovascular diseases. The aim is to study the relationship between gut microbiota and early vascular ageing (EVA). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was developed in Salamanca (Spain) in which 180 subjects aged 45-74 years were recruited. EVA was defined by the presence of at least one of the following: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) or brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) above the 90th percentile of the reference population. All other cases were considered normal vascular ageing (NVA). MEASUREMENTS: cf-PWV was measured by SphygmoCor® System; CAVI and ba-PWV were determined by Vasera 2000® device. Gut microbiome composition in faecal samples was determined by 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing. RESULTS: Mean age was 64.4 ± 6.9 in EVA group and 60.4 ± 7.6 years in NVA (p < .01). Women in EVA group were 41% and 53% in NVA. There were no differences in the overall composition of gut microbiota between the two groups when evaluating Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio, alfa diversity (Shannon Index) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis). Bilophila, Faecalibacterium sp.UBA1819 and Phocea, are increased in EVA group. While Cedecea, Lactococcus, Pseudomonas, Succiniclasticum and Dielma exist in lower abundance. In logistic regression analysis, Bilophila (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.12-2.6, p = .013) remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied Spanish population, early vascular ageing is positively associated with gut microbiota abundance of the genus Bilophila. No relationship was found between phyla abundance and measures of diversity.

Health Outcomes for Older Patients with Chronic Diseases During the First Pandemic Year.

Background: Worldwide, chronic diseases are prevalent among the older adults, significantly affecting their health and healthcare system. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges, disrupting healthcare services. Our study assesses the impact on older individuals with chronic diseases who were not infected with COVID-19, analyzing comorbidities, medication use, mortality rates, and resource utilization using real data from Aragon, Spain. Methods: A retrospective observational study, conducted in Aragon, Spain, focused on individuals aged 75 and older with at least one chronic disease, who were not infected of COVID-19. The research used actual data collected during three distinct periods: the first covered the six months prior to the pandemic, the second the six months after the lockdown, and the third the period between six and twelve months. Key variables included socio-demographics, comorbidities, clinical parameters, medication use, and health services utilization. Results: We included 128.130 older adults. Mean age was 82.88 years, with 60.3% being women. The most common chronic diseases were hypertension (73.2%), dyslipidemia (52.5%), and dorsopathies (31.5%). More than 90% had more than 2 conditions. A notable decline in new chronic disease diagnoses was observed, particularly pronounced in the six to twelve months period after lockdown. Although statistically significant differences were observed in all clinical variables analyzed, they were considered clinically irrelevant. Furthermore, a decrease in healthcare services utilization and medication prescriptions was reported. Conclusion: Our study highlights a decrease in new chronic disease diagnoses, ongoing reductions in healthcare utilization, and medication prescriptions for older adults with pre-existing chronic conditions, unaffected by COVID-19.

Medical deserts in Spain-Insights from an international project.

INTRODUCTION: Medical deserts are a growing phenomenon across many European countries. They are usually defined as (i) rural areas, (ii) underserved areas or (iii) by applying a measure of distance/time to a facility or a combination of the three characteristics. The objective was to define medical deserts in Spain as well as map their driving factors and approaches to mitigate them. METHODS: A mixed methods approach was applied following the project "A Roadmap out of medical deserts into supportive health workforce initiatives and policies" work plan. It included the following elements: (i) a scoping literature review; (ii) a questionnaire survey; (iii) national stakeholders' workshop; (iv) a descriptive case study on medical deserts in Spain. RESULTS: Medical deserts in Spain exist in the form of mostly rural areas with limited access to health care. The main challenge in their identification and monitoring is local data availability. Diversity of both factors contributing to medical deserts and solutions applied to eliminate or mitigate them can be identified in Spain. They can be related to demand for or supply of health care services. More national data, analyses and/or initiatives seem to be focused on the health care supply dimension. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing medical deserts in Spain requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach. Effective policies are needed to address both the medical staff education and planning system, working conditions, as well as more intersectoral approach to the population health management.

What can we learn from general practitioners who left Spain? A mixed methods international study.

BACKGROUND: International mobility of health workforce affects the performance of health systems and has major relevance in human resources for health policy and planning. To date, there has been little research exploring the reasons why general practitioners (GPs) migrate. This mixed methods study aimed to investigate the reasons why Spain-trained GPs migrate and develop GP retention and recruitment health policy recommendations relevant to Spanish primary care. METHODS: The study followed an explanatory sequential mixed methods study design combining surveys with semi-structured interviews and focus groups with GPs who qualified in Spain and were living overseas at the time of the study. The survey data examined the reasons why GPs left Spain and their intention to return and were analysed using quantitative methods. The transcripts from interviews and focus groups centred on GPs' insights to enhance retention and recruitment in Spain and were analysed thematically. RESULTS: The survey had 158 respondents with an estimated 25.4% response rate. Insufficient salary (75.3%), job insecurity and temporality (67.7%), excessive workload (67.7%), poor primary care governance (55.7%), lack of flexibility in the workplace (43.7%) and personal circumstances (43.7%) were the main reasons for leaving Spain. Almost half of the respondents (48.7%) would consider returning to Spanish general practice if their working conditions improved. Interviews and focus groups with respondents (n = 24) pointed towards the need to improve the quality of employment contracts, working conditions, opportunities for professional development, and governance in primary care for effective retention and recruitment. CONCLUSION: Efforts to improve GP retention and recruitment in Spain should focus on salary, job security, flexibility, protected workload, professional development, and governance. We draw ten GP retention and recruitment recommendations expected to inform urgent policy action to tackle existing and predicted GP shortages in Spanish primary care.

Polypharmacy in Older Patients: A Three-Year Longitudinal Analysis in Primary Care Settings of Aragón, Spain.

BACKGROUND: Challenges of polypharmacy and the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in older patients require further investigation. This retrospective study analyzed the progression of polypharmacy and anticholinergic burden in older patients in a primary care setting before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This 3-year cross-sectional study (2019, 2020, and 2021) comprised a dynamic cohort of individuals aged ≥75 years, who attended the Arrabal Primary Care Center in Zaragoza, Spain. Older patients with polypharmacy (≥5 medications) were identified according to their electronic health records. We collected demographic and clinical data, including medication prescriptions, diagnoses, and anticholinergic risks, and performed descriptive and statistical analyses. RESULTS: This study included a total of 1,928 patients with a mean age of 83.52±0.30 years. Over the 3-year study period, the mean number of medications prescribed increased, from 9.4 in 2019 to 10.4 in 2021. The prevalence of excessive polypharmacy (≥10 medications) increased from 39% in 2019 to 45% in 2021. The most commonly prescribed drugs were anilides, proton pump inhibitors, benzodiazepine derivatives, and platelet aggregation inhibitors. Women had a higher prevalence of illnesses and anticholinergic drug prescriptions than men. CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlighted an upward trend in polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy among older patients in primary care settings. Future research should focus on optimizing medication management and deprescribing strategies and minimizing the adverse effects of polypharmacy in this population.

Lived experiences of closeness to a person using Anabolic androgenic steroids a next of kin perspective.

PURPOSE: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are used for their aesthetic and performance-enhancing effects and are associated with physical and psychological side effects. Behavioural changes/side effects as mood swings, aggressiveness, depression, potency problems, anxiety, and emotional coldness have been reported by next of kin to people using AAS. METHODS: This phenomenological study is based on the reflective lifeworld research approach. Interviews were conducted with twelve next of kin about their experiences of living close to persons using AAS. RESULTS: Next of kin to persons using AAS are particularly vulnerable because they experience little opportunity to influence their situation. Their given and safe context is lost, and their lives are circumscribed by feelings of insecurity, fear, powerlessness, and grief. Feelings of loneliness develop when their problems are not noticed by others and support is lacking from family and society. CONCLUSIONS: Our research adds important knowledge on how the use of AAS affects next of kin. Understanding is required to approach the lifeworld of next of kin with flexibility and empathy in their difficulties and vulnerability. Healthcare professionals and other concerned professions need to be aware of next of kin existential needs to be able to meet and support them in their life situation.

Design of a national patient-centred clinical pathway for sepsis in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization has adopted a resolution on sepsis and urged member states to develop national processes to improve sepsis care. In Sweden, sepsis was selected as one of the ten first diagnoses to be addressed, when the Swedish government in 2019 allocated funds for patient-centred clinical pathways in healthcare. A national multidisciplinary working group, including a patient representative, was appointed to develop the patient-centred clinical pathway for sepsis. METHODS: The working group mapped challenges and needs surrounding sepsis care and included a survey sent to all emergency departments (ED) in Sweden, and then designed a patient-centred clinical pathway for sepsis. RESULTS: The working group decided to focus on the following four areas: (1) sepsis alert for early detection and management optimisation for the most severely ill sepsis patients in the ED; (2) accurate sepsis diagnosis coding; (3) structured information to patients at discharge after sepsis care and (4) structured telephone follow-up after sepsis care. A health-economic analysis indicated that the implementation of the clinical pathway for sepsis will most likely not drive costs. An important aspect of the clinical pathway is implementing continuous monitoring of performance and process indicators. A national working group is currently building up such a system for monitoring, focusing on extraction of this information from the electronic health records systems. CONCLUSION: A national patient-centred clinical pathway for sepsis has been developed and is currently being implemented in Swedish healthcare. We believe that the clinical pathway and the accompanying monitoring will provide a more efficient and equal sepsis care and improved possibilities to monitor and further develop sepsis care in Sweden.

Decision-making on the fly: a qualitative study of physicians in out-of-hospital emergency medical services.

BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital Emergency Medical Services (OHEMS) require fast and accurate assessment of patients and efficient clinical judgment in the face of uncertainty and ambiguity. Guidelines and protocols can support staff in these situations, but there is significant variability in their use. Therefore, the aim of this study was to increase our understanding of physician decision-making in OHEMS, in particular, to characterize the types of decisions made and to explore potential facilitating and hindering factors. METHODS: Qualitative interview study of 21 physicians in a large, publicly-owned and operated OHEMS in Croatia. Data was subjected to an inductive content analysis. RESULTS: Physicians (mostly young, female, and early in their career), made three decisions (transport, treat, and if yes on either, how) after an initial patient assessment. Decisions were influenced by patient needs, but to a greater extent by factors related to themselves and patients (microsystem), their organization (mesosystem), and the larger health system (macrosystem). This generated a high variability in quality and outcomes. Participants desired support through further training, improved guidelines, formalized feedback, supportive management, and health system process redesign to better coordinate and align care across organizational boundaries. CONCLUSIONS: The three decisions were made complex by contextual factors that largely lay outside physician control at the mesosystem level. However, physicians still took personal responsibility for concerns more suitably addressed at the organizational level. This negatively impacted care quality and staff well-being. If managers instead adopt a learning orientation, the path from novice to expert physician could be more ably supported through organizational demands and practices aligned with real-world practice. Questions remain on how managers can better support the learning needed to improve quality, safety, and physicians' journey from novice to expert.

[Health impact of the community intervention programme "Health education in adolescence"]. / Impacto en la salud del programa de intervención comunitaria «Educación para la salud en la adolescencia¼.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of the community health programme "Education for health in adolescence" carried out in the Parquesol neighborhood, Valladolid (Spain), during the years 2015-2019. METHOD: Community-based quasi-experimental pre- and post-test analytical intervention trial with control group. A total of 407 adolescent surveys were collected. The CHIP-AE test validated for Spain was used. Pre- and post-test results were analyzed and compared with the control group. RESULTS: Improvements were found in the female intervention group compared to the control group in the variables resilience (3.68 vs. 3.41; p <0.01), health and safety at home (4.30 vs. 4.00; p <0.01), physical activities (3.16 vs. 2.60; p <0.01) and self-esteem (3.17 vs. 2.79; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The community intervention carried out improves the health profile of adolescents. The baseline perception of health presents differences by gender, with higher scores in males. Post-intervention improvement is substantial in females in resilience, physical activities and health and safety at home. In addition, the worsening due to the passage of time described in previous studies is corrected in the variables self-esteem, satisfaction and well-being.

Women's Experiences of Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids.

Anabolic androgenic steroids are used by women to increase their muscle mass and because of their performance-enhancing effects. Despite permanent/high risk of side effects, knowledge is inadequate. Our aim has been to deepen understanding about women's use of anabolic androgenic steroids. This phenomenological study is based on the reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach. Lifeworld interviews were conducted with 12 women, aged 21-56 years, about their experiences of using anabolic steroids. The results show that women experience a sense of pride when they successfully achieve their goals. This is the driving force, triggering tension between suffering and success. Our research adds important knowledge from a reflective lifeworld perspective and shows that women's use of anabolic androgenic steroids is a complex phenomenon. Understanding and knowledge are important in order to be able to meet and support women in their fears and difficulties.

Prehospital Emergency Nurses' coping strategies associated to traumatic experiences.

BACKGROUND: Prehospital care constitutes a work environment in which Prehospital Emergency Nurses (PENs) are exposed to traumatic situations that can lead to stress and increase their vulnerability to stress reactions. PENs' coping strategies after traumatic experiences have been little explored, which suggests that an investigation leading to a deeper understanding of their coping strategies is needed. AIM: To investigate and describe PENs' coping strategies after traumatic experiences. METHOD: A descriptive, inductive design with a qualitative research approach was used. Semi-structured interviews were analysed using Graneheim and Lundman's method of content analysis. Twelve PENs were interviewed. RESULTS: The main theme that emerged was: "a professional approach supports coping strategies for traumatic experiences". Being unprepared increases the feeling of vulnerability when facing a traumatic event, even though PENs acknowledge that traumatic events are unavoidable in their profession. Previous experiences and mental preparation help PENs to keep focused. To be able to act professionally, PENs distance themselves, thus acquiring a sense of control. Inter-professional teamwork can reduce the sense of aloneness. CONCLUSION: PENs' coping involves several strategies. Their own processing and understanding of an experience are crucial for the management of their own feelings, also affecting the care that PENs can offer the next patient. This study emphasises that a professional approach is the strongest coping strategy after traumatic events.

Nurse's experiences of the caring encounter as single responder in prehospital emergency care.

BACKGROUND: In the Swedish emergency medical services, single responder and assessment units have been implemented to meet the increasing need for ambulance assessment and care. AIM: To describe registered nurses experiences of care encounters as single responders in the emergency medical services. METHOD: The study design was descriptive with a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews with eight single responders were used together with inductive content analysis. RESULTS: From the theme which showed the experiences of being a single responder in the caring encounter in the ambulance care "meeting unique human care needs with conscious caution", three categories emerged: Increased risk-awareness, Lack of resource support creates vulnerability and Professional experiences and personal qualities contribute to patient safety. CONCLUSION: The single responders was aware of their vulnerability and a consistent theme was "caution". Risk assessments had evolved and were constantly present to maintain their own and the patient's safety. In critical patients, the experience of frustration and insufficiency dominated but at the same time there was a sense of meaningfulness. The main experience among all single responders was the feeling of getting close to the patient and responding to them in their own way.

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and lactate as prognostic biomarkers in patients presenting with non-specific chief complaints in the pre-hospital setting - the PRIUS-study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are faced daily with patients presenting with non-specific chief complaints (NSC). Patients presenting with NSCs often have normal vital signs. It has previously been established that NSCs may have a serious underlying condition that has yet to be identified. The aim of the current study was to determine if soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and lactate could be used to identify serious conditions among patients presenting with NSCs to the EMS. The secondary aim was to describe the prognostic value for mortality in the group. METHOD: A blinded prospective observational cohort study was conducted of patients brought to the ED by ambulance after calling the national emergency number 112 and who were assessed as having NSC by the EMS. Biomarkers were measured during index EMS assessment before transportation to the ED. Patients were followed via EMS and hospital electronic health records. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS: A total of 414 patients were included, with a median age of 82 years. A serious condition was present in 15.2% of the patients. Elevated suPAR above 3 ng/ml had a positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 1.17 and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 17.3% as being predictive of a prevalent serious condition. Elevated suPAR above 9 ng/ml had LR+ 4.67 and a PPV of 16.7% as being predictive of 30-day mortality. Lactate was not significantly predictive. CONCLUSION: Pre-hospital suPAR and lactate cannot differentiate serious conditions in need of urgent treatment and assessment in the ED among patients presenting with non-specific chief complaints. suPAR has shown to be predictive of 30-day mortality, which could add some value to the clinical assessment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03089359. Registered 20 March 2017, retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03089359 .

Men´s experiences of using anabolic androgenic steroids.

Purpose: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are used by men for their aesthetic and performance-enhancing effects and are associated with risk for side effects. Our research aims to deepen knowledge and understanding of men´s experiences of using AAS.Method: This phenomenological study is based on the reflective lifeworld research approach. Lifeworld interviews were conducted with twelve men about their experiences of using AAS.Results: By using AAS, men strive towards a muscular, strong and athletic ideal. Self-imposed demands, self-discipline and performance accelerate male physical development. The perfect male body ideal thus attained is fragile from both an existential and a biological perspective. The perfect self-image can easily be shattered by adversity. A man's very existence may be jeopardized if the use of AAS is revealed to others or if the body is let down by illness.Conclusions: Men´s use of AAS is a complex phenomenon. It partly concerns a traditional view of masculinity that is reflected in the community. It requires both broad and deep knowledge and understanding to be able to meet men using AAS in their problems and vulnerability; a meeting that is hampered by their low trust in healthcare, and by the fact that AAS are illegal.

Experience of using video support by prehospital emergency care physician in ambulance care - an interview study with prehospital emergency nurses in Sweden.

INTRODUCTION: When in need of emergency care and ambulance services, the ambulance nurse is often the first point of contact for the patient with healthcare. This role requires comprehensive knowledge of the ambulance nurse to be able to assign the right level of care and, if necessary, to provide self-care advice for patients with no further conveyance to hospital. Recently, an application was developed for transmitting real-time video to facilitate consultation between ambulance nurses and prehospital physicians in the role of regional medical support (RMS) for ambulance care. The use of video communication as a complement of medical support when referring to self-care is still an unexplored method in a prehospital setting. Our study aimed to elucidate ambulance nurses' experience of video consultation with RMS physician during the assessment of patients considered to be triaged to self-care. METHOD: We conducted a qualitative design study using semi-structured interviews with open questions. Twelve ambulance nurses were included in the study. To explore the ambulance nurses' experience of performing video consultation with RMS physician, in cases when a patient was assessed and triaged to self-care, a content analysis was performed. RESULTS: A main category emerged from the results: " Video consultation as decision support in the ambulance care promotes increased patient participation and for the ambulance nurses, it creates a feeling of increased patient safety ". The main category was based and formed on the following categories: " Simultaneous presence of ambulance nurse and a physician increases patient participation during the assessment resulting in a confident care decision ". "Interprofessional collaboration strengthens the medical assessment". "Video technology promotes accessibility for patients needs in the ambulance care regardless of emergency level". CONCLUSIONS: Ambulance nurses experienced that the use of video consultation increases patient involvement and confidence in healthcare when both the ambulance nurse and the physician were present when deciding on self-care advice. The live imaging allowed the ambulance nurse and prehospital physician to reach a consensus on the patient's current medical care needs, which in turn led to a feeling of increased patient safety for the ambulance nurses.

Healthcare pathways and resource use: mapping consequences of ambulance assessment for direct care with alternative healthcare providers.

BACKGROUND: A decision system in the ambulance allowing alternative pathways to alternate healthcare providers has been developed for older patients in Stockholm, Sweden. However, subsequent healthcare resource use resulting from these pathways has not yet been addressed. The aim of this study was therefore to describe patient pathways, healthcare utilisation and costs following ambulance transportation to alternative healthcare providers. METHODS: The design of this study was descriptive and observational. Data from a previous RCT, where a decision system in the ambulance enabled alternative healthcare pathways to alternate healthcare providers were linked to register data. The receiving providers were: primary acute care centre or secondary geriatric ward, both located at the same community hospital, or the conventional pathway to the emergency department at an acute hospital. Resource use over 10 days, subsequent to assessment with the decision system, was mapped in terms of healthcare pathways, utilisation and costs for the 98 included cases. RESULTS: Almost 90% were transported to the acute care centre or geriatric ward. The vast majority arriving to the geriatric ward stayed there until the end of follow-up or until discharged, whereas patients conveyed to the acute care centre to a large extent were admitted to hospital. The median patient had 6 hospital days, 2 outpatient visits and costed roughly 4000 euros over the 10-day period. Arrival destination geriatric ward indicated the longest hospital stay and the emergency department the shortest. However, the cost for the 10-day period was lower for cases arriving to the geriatric ward than for those arriving to the emergency department. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the appropriateness of admittance directly to secondary geriatric care for older adults. However, patients conveyed to the acute care centre ought to be studied in more detail with regards to appropriate level of care.

Serious conditions among patients with non-specific chief complaints in the pre-hospital setting: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are faced daily with patients presenting with a non-specific chief complaints (NSC); i.e. decreased general condition, general malaise, sense of illness, or just being unable to cope with usual daily activities. Patients presenting with NSCs often have normal vital signs. It has previously been established that however, NSCs may have a serious underlying condition that has yet to be identified. The primary outcome of this study was to determine the prevalence of serious conditions in patients presenting with NSCs to the EMS. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study of patients ≥18 years of age who were reported as presenting with chief complaints compatible with NSCs to the EMS in Stockholm Region and transported to an emergency department between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2013. Patients were identified via the EMS electronic health care record and followed via records from the National Patient Registry and Causes of Death Registry at Sweden's National Board for Health and Welfare. The definition of serious condition was defined by expert consensus. Descriptive statistics as well as regression analyses were used. RESULTS: A total of 3780 patients were included, with a median age of 77 years. A serious condition was present in 35.3% of the patients. The in-hospital mortality rate for the group with serious conditions was 10.1% (OR 6.8, CI 95%, 4.1-11.3), and the 30-day mortality rate was 20.2% (OR 3.1, CI 95%, 2.3-4.0). In the group with no serious conditions the rates were 1.0 and 4.2%, respectively. The total hospitalization rate was 67.6%. The presence of serious conditions as well as increased mortality rates were associated with Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment system (RETTS) as well as National Early Warning Score (NEWS) irrespective of triage score. CONCLUSION: More than one-third of the patients presenting with NSCs to EMS had a serious underlying condition which was associated with increased mortality and hospitalization rates. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Male Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users with Personality Disorders Report More Aggressive Feelings, Suicidal Thoughts, and Criminality.

Background and objectives: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are mainly used for aesthetic and performance-enhancing reasons. Their use is a growing public health problem and concern for society because of their adverse effects. The primary aim of this study was to identify psychiatric and personality disorders and to measure anxiety and depression in AAS users. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six males who actively contacted the Anti-Doping Hot-Line and wished to stop using AAS were included. Structured Clinical Interviews Diagnosis-I and -II were used to diagnose psychiatric and personality disorders. The Brief Scale for Anxiety and Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (subscales from the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale) were used to measure changes in anxiety and depression. Structured Clinical Interviews Diagnosis-I and -II were performed at one time point. Anxiety and depression were measured at inclusion and after six months. Urine samples were collected for an analysis of AAS and drugs of abuse. Results: All participants reported some adverse effects that they associated with AAS use. In total, 56% and 52% of the cohort fulfilled the criteria for Structured Clinical Interviews Diagnosis-I and -II diagnoses, respectively. A significantly increased risk of reporting aggressive feelings/behaviors (Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.9; Confidence Interval (CI) 0.99-25, p = 0.04), suicidal thoughts/attempts (OR = 4.6, CI 95; 0.99-21, p = 0.04) and criminality (OR = 6.5, CI 1-39, p = 0.03) was found among individuals with AAS use fulfilling the criteria for personality disorders compared with those without such AAS use. The Brief Scale for Anxiety score decreased from the median of 15 at inclusion to 10 at the follow-up visit six months later (p = 0.01, n = 19). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that among individuals with AAS use, those with a personality disorder report more aggressive behaviors, suicidal thoughts/suicidal attempts, and criminality than those without a personality disorder.

Prehospital emergency nurses' experiences of care in critical incidents.

INTRODUCTION: The ambulance care setting is complex and unpredictable and the personnel must prepare for upcoming assignments. Prehospital emergency care nurses (PENs), are frequently exposed to critical incidents (CIs). There are, to our knowledge, no prior studies describing experiences of requirements for management of caring for a patient during a CI in the ambulance care context. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore PENs' experiences of care in CIs. METHOD: A qualitative research design with content analysis has been used, based on semi-structured interviews with eleven PENs in Sweden. RESULTS: PENs' experiences can be described as: "In a critical incident, personal ability based on experiential knowledge is central to patient care". Three generic categories underpinned the main category: "Clinical expertise", "Professional approach" and "Broad knowledge base". CONCLUSIONS: The care given during a CI in the ambulance care setting depends on PENs' personal ability based on experiential knowledge. Employers need to build an organization providing prerequisites and support during an CI. Suggested activities are to create forums for PENs to share experiences with each other, possibility to get feedback on completed assignments and continued training to develop new knowledge and be prepared for the unpredictable environment that characterizes CI.