RESUMEN
Fasciolosis, a globally re-emerging zoonotic disease, is mostly caused by the parasitic infection with Fasciola hepatica, often known as the liver fluke. This disease has a considerable impact on livestock productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the fluke burdens and faecal egg counts in goats that were administered phage clones of cathepsin L mimotopes and then infected with F. hepatica metacercariae. Additionally, the impact of vaccination on the histology of the reproductive system, specifically related to egg generation in adult parasites, was examined. A total of twenty-four goats, which were raised in sheds, were divided into four groups consisting of six animals each. These groups were randomly assigned. The goats were then subjected to two rounds of vaccination. Each vaccination involved the administration of 1 × 1013 phage particles containing specific mimotopes for cathepsin L2 (group 1: PPIRNGK), cathepsin L1 (group 2: DPWWLKQ), and cathepsin L1 (group 3: SGTFLFS). The immunisations were carried out on weeks 0 and 4, and the Quil A adjuvant was used in combination with the mimotopes. The control group was administered phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (group 4). At week 6, all groups were orally infected with 200 metacercariae of F. hepatica. At week 22 following the initial immunisation, the subjects were euthanised, and adult F. hepatica specimens were retrieved from the bile ducts and liver tissue, and subsequently quantified. The specimens underwent whole-mount histology for the examination of the reproductive system, including the testis, ovary, vitellaria, Mehlis' gland, and uterus. The mean fluke burdens following the challenge were seen to decrease by 50.4%, 62.2%, and 75.3% (p < 0.05) in goats that received vaccinations containing cathepsin L2 PPIRNGK, cathepsin L1 DPWWLKQ, and cathepsin L1 SGTFLFS, respectively. Animals that received vaccination exhibited a significant reduction in the production of parasite eggs. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes in vaccinated goats were significantly higher than in the control group, indicating that protection is associated with the induction of a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. The administration of cathepsin L to goats exhibits a modest level of efficacy in inducing histological impairment in the reproductive organs of liver flukes, resulting in a reduction in egg output.
Asunto(s)
Catepsina L , Fasciola hepatica , Fascioliasis , Cabras , Vacunación , Animales , Fasciola hepatica/inmunología , Catepsina L/metabolismo , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Fascioliasis/prevención & control , Fascioliasis/inmunología , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Vacunación/métodos , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Cabras/inmunología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Bacteriófagos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
This study describes the in vitro anthelmintic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) and its fractions from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits against Haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae. The HA-E was subjected to bipartition using ethyl acetate, which resulted in an aqueous fraction (Aq-F) and an organic fraction (EtOAc-F). The HA-E and both fractions were tested using the egg hatching inhibition assay (EHIA) and the larval mortality test (LMT). Fractionation of the EtOAc-F was achieved using different chromatographic processes, i.e., open glass column and HPLC analysis. Fractionation of the EtOAc-F gave 18 subfractions (C1R1-C1R18), and those that showed the highest yields (C1R15, C1R16, C1R17 and C1R18) were subjected to anthelmintic assays. The HA-E and the EtOAc-F displayed 100% egg hatching inhibition at 3 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, whereas Aq-F exhibited 92.57% EHI at 3 mg/mL. All subfractions tested showed ovicidal effect. Regarding the larval mortality test, HA-E and EtOAc-F exhibited a larvicidal effect higher than 50% at 50 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. The subfractions that showed the highest larval mortality against H. contortus were C1R15 and C1R17, with larval mortalities of 53.57% and 60.23% at 10 mg/mL, respectively. Chemical analysis of these bioactive subfractions (C1R15 and C1R17) revealed the presence of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ellagic acid. This study shows evidence about the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of C. procera fruits that could make these plant products to be considered as a natural potential anthelmintic agents for controlling haemonchosis in goats and sheep.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos , Frutas , Haemonchus , Larva , Óvulo , Extractos Vegetales , Animales , Haemonchus/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/química , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/aislamiento & purificación , Antihelmínticos/química , Óvulo/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Ovinos , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The fabacean Enterolobium cyclocarpum is a tree with multiple uses in production systems and its fruits serve as food for livestock, in addition, they contain phenolic compounds. The ovicidal effect of the secondary compounds of the Enterolobium cyclocarpum fruits extracted with hydroalcoholic solvent (HA-E) and the aqueous (Aq-F) and organic (AcOEt-F) fractions was evaluated. Additionally, a phytochemical analysis of the extract and fractions was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HA-E showed an ovicidal effect close to 100% with the concentration evaluated of the 100 mg/mL. The fractionation of the extract allowed to potentiate the activity in the Aq (94.05% at 12 mg/mL) and AcOEt (99.45% at 3 mg/mL) fractions. The secondary compounds extracted from the fruits of E. cyclocarpum in the HA-E and fractions were flavonols, coumaric and ferulic acids and other derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid and were responsible for the ovicidal activity observed against H. contortus.
RESUMEN
This study investigated the prevalence of bovine liver condemnation due to Fasciola hepatica in abattoirs and its inï¬uence on livestock productivity. It also explored risk factors such as season, breed, age and sex in the states of Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico. A total of 5281 cattle livers were inspected in two abattoirs. The overall prevalence of the parasite in cattle throughout 2020 was 24.9% (1313 out of 5281). The highest prevalence was found in Veracruz (28.5%; tropical climate), followed by Puebla (18.4%; temperate climate). The prevalence of fluke infection during the wet season was 19.0% and 25.8% in the states of Puebla and Veracruz, respectively; during the dry season, this was 18.0% and 30.2% respectively. The annual loss caused by condemnation of the liver for both abattoirs was estimated to be US$7502. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, two models were constructed for potential association with the prevalence of condemned livers, using season, breed, age and sex as risk factors. The results indicate that season, age and sex were signiï¬cantly associated with an increased risk of parasitic infection. Cattle age was the variable most strongly associated with F. hepatica infection, with the highest prevalence in cattle over three years of age as compared to younger animals, both in the states of Veracruz with a tropical climate (OR 6.443; 95% CI: 4.487-9.251) and in Puebla with a temperate climate (OR 2.854; 95% CI: 1.531-5.321). The results indicate that diï¬erent factors were signiï¬cantly associated with the prevalence of condemned livers, and it highlights the importance of continuous monitoring programmes for F. hepatica infection and preventing economic losses in cattle production.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Fascioliasis , Bovinos , Animales , Mataderos , Prevalencia , México/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Fascioliasis/epidemiología , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Hígado/parasitología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Pithecellobium dulce (Robx.) Benth is an arboreal legume used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments, including a number of intestinal disorders, and as a natural deworming. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ovicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) and its fractions (aqueous, Aq-F and organic, EtOAc-F) from P. dulce leaves, as well as subfractions (C1F1-C17) obtained from EtOAc-F against Haemonchus contortus eggs. The HA-E, Aq-F, and EtOAc-F were assessed at 0.03-5.00 mg/mL and subfractions (C1F1-C17) were assessed at 0.06-1.00 mg/mL. The HA-E and Aq-F showed an ovicidal activity close to 100% at 2.5 mg/mL, and EtOAc-F displayed the highest anthelmintic effect (100% at 0.25 mg/mL). Meanwhile, the sub-fractions with the highest ovicidal effect were C1F6, C1F9, C1F10, C1F11, and CIF13. The main compounds identified in the most active fractions (C1F9, C1F11, and C1F13) were kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), coumaric acid (3), ferulic acid (4), luteolin 7-O-rhamnoside (5), quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (6), and a caffeoyl derivate (NI). The results indicate that P. dulce leaves exhibit a potent anthelmintic activity and contain bioactive compounds able to inhibit egg hatching in H. contortus. Therefore, this plant could be used for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants.
RESUMEN
The purpose of the present study was to assay the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity (AA) of Caesalpinia coriaria (Cc) mature fruits against the nematode Haemonchus contortus (Hc). The Hc infective larvae were used to assess the in vitro AA through larval mortality assay. The exposure of larvae to the different treatments was performed in 96-well microtitration plates. The treatments were as follows: hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E, at 25-100 mg/mL), aqueous fraction (Aq-F, at 12.5-50 mg/mL), organic fraction (EtOAc-F at 12.5-50 mg/mL), compounds (1, methyl gallate and 2, gallic acid at 1.25-10 mg/mL), positive control (ivermectin at 5 mg/mL) and two negative controls (distilled water and 4% methanol). After exposure, dead and live larvae were quantified and results were compared to their controls. The in vivo assay was carried out by a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT); artificially infected goat kids (F1: Boer x Nubia) were treated with Cc ground dried fruits to assess the AA. The treatments were established as follows: G1-untreated goats (negative control), G2-goats dewormed with ivermectin (positive control), G3-goats fed with Cc mature fruits (10% of their diet). Results in both in vitro and in vivo assays were analysed using an ANOVA through random design, applying a general linear model and mixed models. The in vitro results showed an evident larvicidal effect of the HA-E, EtOAc-F from Cc, indicating that the compound responsible for the AA was gallic acid. The results of the in vivo study corroborated the anthelmintic properties of Cc, reaching 78.6% reduction in the elimination of Hc eggs per gram of faeces. This plant represents a potential natural anthelmintic for the control of haemonchosis in goats under grazing conditions. Future studies should standardise the Cc extract or dried fruits for use in the management of nematodiasis in goat herds.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos , Caesalpinia , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Hemoncosis , Haemonchus , Infecciones por Nematodos , Animales , Hemoncosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Frutas , Ivermectina/farmacología , Metanol/farmacología , Metanol/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Nematodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácido Gálico/farmacología , Ácido Gálico/uso terapéutico , Cabras , Agua , Enfermedades de las Cabras/tratamiento farmacológico , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to assay the ovicidal and larvicidal effects of two hydroalcoholic extracts (HA-E) and their aqueous fractions (Aq-F) and organic fractions (EtOAc-F) from Lippia graveolens (leaves) and Delonix regia (flowers) against the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. The egg hatching inhibition test (% EHI) and mortality of infective larvae (% mortality) were used as biological models. The treatments of each plant (mg/mL, % EHI, and % mortality) were assigned as follows: HA-E (12.5-50, EHI; 25-200, mortality), Aq-F (6.25-25.00, EHI; 12.5-50, mortality), EtOAc-F (0.37-25, EHI; 3.12-50, mortality), negative controls (distilled water and methanol at 2% and 4%), and positive control (ivermectin at 5 mg/mL). Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design through an analysis of variance, considering the EHI and mortality percentages as the response variables. To identify the secondary metabolites, both plants were subjected to qualitative chemical analysis and HPLC. The results showed that both plants exhibited highly ovicidal and larvicidal effects. The bipartition in each HA extract allowed the increase of the anthelmintic effect in EtOAc-F, achieving a total ovicidal activity at 1.56 mg/mL and a larvicidal effect higher than 90% at 25 mg/mL. The qualitative chemical profile of both vegetal species identified alkaloids, flavonoids, condensed tannins, terpenes, and saponins. These results suggest that either L. graveolens leaves or D. regia flowers could be potential candidates for the control of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. However, in vivo studies with experimental animals to evaluate their possible toxicity and anthelmintic effect are necessary.
Asunto(s)
Fabaceae , Haemonchus , Lippia , Animales , Antinematodos/farmacología , Flores , Larva , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la PlantaRESUMEN
Fasciolosis is a worldwide emergent zoonotic disease that significantly constrains the productivity of livestock. We conducted an experimental trial with four groups of five goats each, vaccinated with 1 × 1013 phage particles of cathepsin L1 (CLI: DPWWLKQ), CL1 (SGTFLFS), and CL2 (PPIRNGK) mimotopes combined with Quil A adjuvant. Animals received a booster four weeks later. The control group received phosphate-buï¬ered saline. All animals were infected with 200 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae at week six and euthanised 16 weeks later. The percentage of significant worm reduction in CL1 (DPWWLKQ), CL1 (SGTFLFS), and CL2 (PPIRNGK) compared to the control group were 55.40%, 70.42% (P < 0.05), and 32.39%, respectively. Vaccinated animals showed a significant reduction in faecal egg production and egg viability. A significant reduction in the total biomass of parasites recovered was observed in the CL1 (DPWWLKQ) and CL1 (SGTFLFS) groups. In goats vaccinated with CL2 (PPIRNGK), ï¬uke length and width were smaller than those in the control group. Furthermore, animals receiving CL mimotopes showed a signiï¬cant reduction in the total area of reproductive structures. Goats immunised with phage-displayed mimotopes produced significantly high titres of specific IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes, indicating a mixed Th1/Th2 response. The liver fluke burdens in goats vaccinated with CL1 (DPWWLKQ) and CL1 (SGTFLFS) were significantly correlated with IgG and IgG1 levels.
Asunto(s)
Fasciola hepatica , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/prevención & control , Vacunación , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Catepsina L , Fasciola hepatica/inmunología , Fascioliasis/prevención & control , CabrasRESUMEN
Fascioliasis is a worldwide emergent zoonotic disease that significantly constrains the productivity of livestock. In this study, fluke burdens, liver fluke size and biomass, faecal eggs counts, serum levels of hepatic enzymes and immune response were assessed in sheep vaccinated with peptide mimotopes of cathepsin L and infected with metacercariae. A total of 25 sheep were allocated randomly into five groups of five animals each, and experimental groups were immunised with 1 × 1013 filamentous phage particles of cathepsin L1 (CL1) (TPWKDKQ), CL2 (YGSCFLR) and mixtures of CL1 + CL2 mimotopes, in combination with Quil A adjuvant, and wild-type M13KE phage in a two-vaccination scheme on weeks 0 and 4. The control group received phosphate-buffered saline. All groups were challenged with 300 metacercariae two weeks after the last immunisation and euthanised 16 weeks later. The CL1 vaccine was estimated to provide 57.58% protection compared with the control group; no effect was observed in animals immunised with CL2 and CL1 + CL2 (33.14% and 11.63%, respectively). However, animals receiving CL2 had a significant reduction in parasite egg output. Vaccinated animals showed a significant reduction in fluke length and width and wet weights. In the CL1 group, there was a significant reduction in the total biomass of parasites recovered. Egg development was divided into seven stages: dead, empty, unembryonated, cell division, eyespot, hatched and hatching. The highest percentage of developmental stages was detected for vaccinated sheep administered CL1 + CL2 with cell division, and the lowest percentage was observed in the hatching stage. Furthermore, a significant difference in all developmental stages was observed between vaccinated animals and the control group (P < 0.01). The levels of anti-phage total IgG in immune sera increased significantly at four weeks after immunisation and were always significantly higher for cathepsin L vaccine group than in the challenged control group. Total IgG was inversely and significantly correlated with worm burden in the CL1 group.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Catepsina L/inmunología , Fasciola hepatica/inmunología , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/prevención & control , Vacunación/veterinaria , Vacunas/administración & dosificación , Animales , Bacteriófagos , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Fascioliasis/prevención & control , Masculino , Dinámica Poblacional , Reproducción , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Oveja DomésticaRESUMEN
Fasciolosis is a foodborne zoonotic disease that affects grazing animals and causes substantial economic losses worldwide. Excretory/secretory (E/S) products and cathepsin L mimotopes from Fasciola hepatica were used to immunise experimentally infected sheep against liver flukes. The level of protection was measured in terms of fluke burden, morphometric measurements and faecal egg counts, as well as the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited. Five groups of 5 sheep each were immunised with 1 × 1013 phage particles of cathepsin L1 (group 1: SGTFLFS), cathepsin L1 (group 2: WHVPRTWWVLPP) and immunodominant E/S product (group 3) mimotopes with Quil A adjuvant, and wild-type M13KE phage (group 4) at the beginning and as a booster two weeks later. The control group received phosphate-buï¬ ;ered saline. All groups were challenged with 300 metacercariae at week four and slaughtered 18 weeks later. The mean fluke burdens after challenge were reduced by 52.39 % and 67.17 % in sheep vaccinated with E/S products (group 3) and cathepsin L1 (group 1: SGTFLFS), respectively; no eï¬ ;ect was observed in animals inoculated with cathepsin L1 (group 2: WHVPRTWWVLPP). Animals vaccinated showed a significant reduction in ï¬uke length and width, wet weights and egg output Sheep immunised with phage-displayed mimotopes induced the development of specific IgG1 and IgG2, indicating a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Measurement of cytokine levels revealed higher levels of IFN-γ as well as lower production of IL-4 in sheep vaccinated with the mimotope peptide of F. hepatica. Fluke-specific production of IFN-γ in immunised animals was signiï¬cantly correlated with fluke burden (P < 0.01). As helminth infection progressed, increased levels of IL-4 were evident in the wild-type M13KE phage (group 4) and the control groups (group 5), accompanied by a downregulation of IFN-γ production. Vaccinated animals with cathepsin L1 (group 1: SGTFLFS) showed that amino acids located in the middle (64SG65) of the linear sequence and C-terminal end (314TFLFS318) were associated with significant protection.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Catepsina L/inmunología , Técnicas de Visualización de Superficie Celular , Fasciola hepatica , Proteínas del Helminto/inmunología , Vacunas/inmunología , Animales , Fascioliasis/prevención & control , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Inmunidad Celular , Inmunidad Humoral , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Clinical studies suggest that diabetes is a risk factor in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary area is characterized by the increase in the afterload and hypertrophy of the right ventricle. The objective of this study was to conduct a longitudinal follow-up of the morphological and functional changes in the right ventricle in a rat model with pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to diabetes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (saline solution) and a diabetic group (60 mg/kg with streptozotocin). For 12 weeks, an echocardiography for longitudinal (in vivo) image analysis of the pulmonary pressure was performed at the same time as the evaluation of myocardial remodeling and right ventricular. After this period, the pulmonary pressure was measured by means of a pulmonary artery catheterization, and the presence of hypertrophy was determined by means of the Fulton index. The plasma concentration of brain natriuretic peptide was measured by means of the ELISA technique. It was found that the diabetic rats showed an increase in pressure in the pulmonary arteries, an increase in the Fulton index, and an increase in brain natriuretic peptide. The echocardiographic follow-up showed that the diabetic rats presented an increase in the pulmonary artery from the fourth week, while hypertrophy and right ventricular systolic dysfunction occurred until the twelfth week. In conclusion, pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by experimental diabetes generated hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction of the right ventricle.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipertensión Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Peso Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Diástole/fisiología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Ventrículos Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Pulmonar/sangre , Hipertensión Pulmonar/fisiopatología , Masculino , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Factores de Riesgo , Estreptozocina , Sístole/fisiología , Remodelación Vascular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in horses, donkeys and mules and its associations with age, sex and climatic factors (derived from satellite data) to identify the potential risk factors of different climate regions in four Mexican states. From May 2017 to April 2018, a total of 560 farm owners or managers answered the questionnaire, and the data were used to establish three Köppen climate classes (tropical, dry, temperate). The overall prevalence of GIN parasites in equines was 77.9% (436 out of 560). The highest percentage of GIN was detected in mules (87.5%). In addition, the highest prevalence among the climate regions was found in the temperate climate (79.9%). The identified nematodes were strongyle type (77.9%), Parascaris equorum (5.7%), Strongyloides (0.7%) and Oxyuris equi (2.9%). The highest mean value of strongylid eggs per g faeces was found in the dry climate (632.6 ± 96.8), followed by that in the tropical climate (518.3 ± 49.7) and temperate climate (383.8 ± 30.2); however, a similar prevalence was observed between different climate regions. Age and sex were identified as risk factors for high shedding of strongyle eggs: the odds ratios for higher shedding intensities were 3.858 for geldings compared to mares, 2.602 for 6-10-year-old equines and 3.597 for ≤16-year-olds compared to young equines (≤5 years old).
Asunto(s)
Equidae , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Factores de Edad , Animales , Clima , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Caballos , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , México/epidemiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in horses, donkeys and mules from different climate regions in two states of Mexico. A total of 594 serum samples were analysed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with excretory-secretory (E/S) products as the antigen. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of serum IgG ELISA were 100% and 97.2%, respectively. We collected data using a questionnaire. The overall prevalence of the parasite in equids between May 2018 and April 2019 was 13.1% (78 out of 594). The highest prevalence was found in mules (17.9%), followed by that in donkeys (13.9%) and horses (10.4%). In addition, the highest percentage of positive equines was detected in samples from the tropical climate (17.5%). The identification of risk factors was assessed by bivariate logistic regression analysis. Mules had 8.608 times higher risk for F. hepatica infections as compared with horses (odds ratio (OR) 8.608; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.809-26.377), while the OR for 6-10-year-old equines was 93.375 compared with that of young equines (≤ 5 years old) (OR 93.375; 95% CI: 11.075-787.239). Likewise, tropical climate equines had 83.7% increased odds for fasciolosis (OR 1.83).
Asunto(s)
Equidae/parasitología , Fasciola hepatica/aislamiento & purificación , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Animales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Fascioliasis/epidemiología , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Femenino , Caballos/parasitología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans, causing serious public health problems. In this study, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in captive jaguars in 10 Mexican zoos was determined using single and mixtures of recombinant surface antigens (SAG1) and dense granular antigens (GRA1 and GRA7) in immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Their efficacy was compared with the tachyzoite lysate antigen. All recombinant antigens were characterised by high sensitivity (92.5-97.5%); the specificity of the IgG ELISAs was variable (83.3-91.6%). Mixtures of the two recombinant proteins were generally more reactive than single antigens. GRA7 + SAG1 showed the highest sensitivity (97.5%) and specificity (91.6%), almost perfect agreement (96.2%), and a kappa value of 0.89. An area under the curve value of 0.998 represented a highly accurate test with a cutoff value of 0.8. The seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies in the single and mixed recombinant antigen ELISAs was 75.0-76.9%. This study shows that GRA7 + SAG1 can be successfully used to diagnose T. gondii infection in jaguars for effective monitoring of prevalence and for devising control methods and prevention strategies against toxoplasmosis.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Panthera/parasitología , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Área Bajo la Curva , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Proteínas Protozoarias/normas , Curva ROC , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes/normas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmosis Animal/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis Animal/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle herds and its influence on production in order to identify potential risk factors in different climate regions and risk indices in three states of Mexico. The levels of anti-F. hepatica IgG1 antibodies were determined using an indirect ELISA. A total of 837 farm owners or managers answered the questionnaire. The total prevalence of the parasite over the period of January to March 2017 was 63.56%. The highest percentages of positive herds for the categories were found in Hidalgo state (88.33%), the no-risk classification (69.55%) and the temperate climate (76.53%). Overall, the production losses were approximately 0.51 to 1.00 kg of milk per parasitized cow per day. The annual costs of milk production loss per farm were estimated to range from US$2218.39 to US$6424.51, followed by anthelmintic treatment for young stock (US$67.68) and adult cows (US$209.47). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, six final models were constructed for potential association with the ELISA results and were supported by the climatic, environmental and management factors. The results indicate that different factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of infection for each model.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Fasciola hepatica , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Animales , Antihelmínticos/economía , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Industria Lechera , Clima Desértico , Fasciola hepatica/inmunología , Fascioliasis/economía , Fascioliasis/epidemiología , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Femenino , México/epidemiología , Leche/economía , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
This study investigated the prevalence, production losses, spatial clustering, and predictive risk mapping in different climate zones in five states of Mexico. The bulk tank milk samples obtained between January and April 2015 were analyzed for antibodies against Ostertagia ostertagi using the Svanovir ELISA. A total of 1204 farm owners or managers answered the questionnaire. The overall herd prevalence and mean optical density ratio (ODR) of parasite were 61.96% and 0.55, respectively. Overall, the production loss was approximately 0.542 kg of milk per parasited cow per day (mean ODR = 0.92, 142 farms, 11.79%). The spatial disease cluster analysis using SatScan software indicated that two high-risk clusters were observed. In the multivariable analysis, three models were tested for potential association with the ELISA results supported by climatic, environmental, and management factors. The final logistic regression model based on both climatic/environmental and management variables included the factors rainfall, elevation, land surface temperature (LST) day, and parasite control program that were significantly associated with an increased risk of infection. Geostatistical kriging was applied to generate a risk map for the presence of parasite in dairy cattle herds in Mexico. The results indicate that climatic and meteorological factors had a higher potential impact on the spatial distribution of O. ostertagi than the management factors.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Leche/inmunología , Ostertagia/inmunología , Ostertagiasis/epidemiología , Ostertagiasis/veterinaria , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/análisis , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Femenino , Geografía , Modelos Logísticos , México/epidemiología , Ostertagia/aislamiento & purificación , Prevalencia , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Aldosterone is a hormone, belonging to the group of mineralocorticoids, mainly synthesized in the adrenal cortex, basically its function is to regulate blood pressure and sodium-potassium levels in the body; high levels of this hormone have harmful effects in the organism and mainly in the heart in chronic form. Dilated cardiomyopathy is a progressive disease of heart muscle that is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement and contractile dysfunction, is one of the most common cardiac conditions in dogs of medium and large breeds. The aim of the study was to determine and quantify if a dog's cardiac cells possess the capacity to synthesize aldosterone, as well as, the differences that appear between a healthy heart and with dilated myocardiopathy (DMC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cardiac tissues were used from six healthy dogs and six with DMC. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine if the dog's heart cells synthesized this mineralocorticoid in a similar way to rat, rabbit, and human tissues, as well as quantitative differences between the healthy heart and DMC. RESULTS: In healthy dog hearts, aldosterone values were 62.5 pG for both the atria and right ventricle and 125 pG for the left ventricle. As for dog hearts' with DMC, results were 125 pG in all four cavities. CONCLUSION: Both the healthy and DMC dog hearts produce aldosterone in all four cavities, observing that production increases in the atria and right ventricle of those hearts with DMC, as an intrinsic mechanism of cardiac remodeling.
RESUMEN
Recently, replicates of the aldosterone receptor expression have been done in healthy heart dog tissues through immunohistochemistry, showing an apparent heterogeneous distribution in the four chambers. Recent studies have also identified immediate effects of aldosterone, suggesting aldosterone also produces non-genomic effects caused by an unidentified receptor. In order to study the molecular and quantitative expression characteristics of aldosterone binding receptors in the canine heart, we conducted studies, using Western Blot, in the heart from both healthy animals and animals with dilated cardiomyopathy. The results show the presence and distribution of two aldosterone receptors; one of 110/120 kDa molecular weight, suggested as cytosolic/nuclear and the other of undetermined location with a 250 kDa molecular weight.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/fisiopatología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/genética , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/genética , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/fisiopatología , Perros , Transporte de ProteínasRESUMEN
The objective of present study was to determine the prevalence of natural caprine fasciolosis in the Mixteca region of Mexico using coproantigen and serum IgG1 ELISA tests for comparative purposes. A total of 1070 serum and faecal samples were analyzed for IgG1 antibodies and coproantigens, using ELISA with E/S products as antigen and a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA. Prevalence of 73.46% was found using the serological ELISA and a percentage of 77.20 was found for coproantigen ELISA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for serum ELISA were 86.7% and 96.4%, and for the coproantigen ELISA they were 93.1% and 97.8%, respectively. The seropositive samples were further categorized as low, medium, or high positivity. Results show a great proportion of low and medium positive goats when the serum ELISA test was used. Correlation coefficients between coproantigens and seropositivity were statistically significant (P < 0.01) for low seropositivity (r = 0.93) and medium seropositivity (r = 0.84). The accuracy of faecal antigen ELISA was higher compared to indirect ELISA serological test. Two ELISAs were shown to be useful for demonstrating the current status of F. hepatica infection in the endemic areas and can be employed in studies on epidemiology as well as anthelmintics treatment for preventing economic loss and the risk of transmission to humans.
Asunto(s)
Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/sangre , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Animales , Antígenos/inmunología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Fascioliasis/sangre , Fascioliasis/diagnóstico , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Cabras/inmunología , Cabras/sangre , Cabras/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Masculino , México , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
In vitro gas production with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG) of the fruits of Crescentia alata and Guazuma ulmifolia was evaluated, the degradation kinetics of lamb diets with added fruit of the tree was determined, and the ration intake and growth rate of lambs fed these diets were measured. Twenty-five entire male lambs of 23.5 ± 0.44 kg body weight were used and distributed in treatments: T0 (control without fruit); T1 and T2, 15 and 30 % of the fruit of C. alata; and T3 and T4, 15 and 30 % of the fruit of G. ulmifolia. Data variables chemical composition, fermentation kinetic, and digestibility in vitro were analyzed by a completely randomized design and data production response factorials design of five treatments by three evaluation periods. The total phenolic content (TP) (23.0 g/kg DM) was higher (P < 0.01) in the fruits of G. ulmifolia. The addition of PEG increased (P < 0.05) in vitro gas production (156.6 mL/g DM) in fruits of G. ulmifolia. In the fermentation kinetics, the total gas volume was higher (P < 0.01) at T0 (b = 293 mL/g DM), and the rate of degradation (c) but Lag time (t lag) was not different. In animal response, total dry matter intake was higher in lambs that received T4 (1.35 kg), and the daily weight gain and feed conversion did not differ (P > 0.05) among lambs receiving the treatments. Thirty percent G. ulmifolia fruit added in the diet increased dry matter intake and improved feed conversion but did not increase weight gain.