A latent bleeding complication in ipsilateral common femoral puncture involving delayed diagnosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The trans femoral ipsilateral approach is often adopted for endovascular treatment (EVT) for better steerability of guidewires or better device deliverability. However, contrary to the trans femoral contralateral approach, ipsilateral antegrade puncture sometimes causes peculiar bleeding complications. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old female underwent EVT for chronic occlusion of the left superficial femoral artery (SFA) via the ipsilateral antegrade approach. After guidewire passage, we inflated the drug-coated balloons, but angiography showed blood flow stasis at the mid segment of the SFA. We also ensured prolonged balloon inflation, which resulted in favorable blood flow. While trying to ensure hemostasis, the blood pressure remained decreased, but neither bleeding nor superficial hematoma were observed at the puncture site. After hemostasis was achieved, we removed the surgical drape and noticed a swelling in the mid-portion of the thigh, distant from the puncture point. We then approached the left common femoral artery (CFA) contralaterally. Angiography showed continuous bleeding from a little bit distally to the sheath insertion point that was spreading through an intramuscular space. We stopped the bleeding with balloon tamponade inside the CFA. Angiography after hemostasis demonstrated blood flow stasis at the mid-segment of the SFA, similarly as that seen before. We confirmed compression of the SFA by a large hematoma using both intra- and extra- vascular ultrasound. Therefore, we deployed a self-expandable stent at the compressed SFA position. Finally, we achieved favorable blood flow on angiography. CONCLUSION: We encountered a case that latent bleeding unrecognized in the surgical field persisted while prolonged inflation of DCB was conducted at just proximal SFA. We could have avoided bailout stenting by noticing the bleeding incident in a timely manner. Prediction and prevention are essential for all kinds of procedural complications in EVT.

Percutaneous Closure Based on Physiological Assessment of an Arteriovenous Fistula in a Patient With Chronic Limb Threatening Ischaemia.

Introduction: An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a potential complication of endovascular therapy (EVT). Arteriovenous fistula steal syndrome sometimes leads to severe limb ischaemia; however, assessment of peripheral perfusion in AVF has not yet been established. Report: A 90 year old woman diagnosed with chronic limb threatening ischaemia underwent EVT. However, subintimal angioplasty of infrapopliteal lesions resulted in AVF formation in the posterior tibial artery (PTA). Revascularisation of the anterior tibial artery and PTA was performed, but severe AVF steal syndrome persisted and wound healing was delayed. An attempt to physiologically assess the effects of AVF closure and perform an AVF closing manoeuvre, if necessary, was performed. The physiological assessment was performed by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and blood flow was temporarily blocked via the AVF at the distal PTA using a 6 F guiding extension catheter. A significant increase in blood flow was observed in the perfused area of the plantar artery. Coil embolisation and covered stent implantation in the PTA completely closed the AVF. During the procedure, peripheral perfusion with LDF gradually increased in the heel and fifth toe. After AVF closure, the skin perfusion pressure values increased significantly, wound healing was accelerated, and complete healing was achieved. Discussion: Laser Doppler flowmetry measurements under simulated AVF closure using a guiding extension catheter may be useful for the physiological assessment of peripheral perfusion before percutaneous AVF closure.

LEOPARD syndrome with accelerated idioventricular rhythm and systolic anterior motion of the posterior mitral leaflet: a case report.

Background: PTPN11 is ubiquitously expressed and has a variety of phenotypes even in a single heart. We examined LEOPARD syndrome (LS) in a patient with PTPN11 variants through pathological, electrophysiological, and anatomical studies. Case summary: A 49-year-old man with no previous medical history was brought to our emergency department because of syncope. An electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed alternating bundle branch block, and echocardiography revealed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-like morphology with systolic anterior motion of the posterior mitral valve. Atrioventricular block, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, and ventricular tachycardia were considered the differential diagnoses; however, the treatment plan was difficult to determine. An electrophysiological study revealed the cause of the ECG abnormality to be accelerated idioventricular rhythm, and the programmed ventricular stimulation was negative. Genetic testing revealed LS with PTPN11 variant, which was speculated to be the cause of these various unique cardiac features. The cause of syncope was considered to be exacerbation of LVOT obstruction due to dehydration, and the patient was treated with oral beta-blockers. Implantable loop recorder observation for 1 year revealed no arrhythmia causing syncope, and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and pacemaker were deemed unnecessary for primary prevention of syncope. During 2.5 years of follow-up, the LVOT peak velocity fluctuated between 2.5 and 3.5 m/s, but the patient remained stable with no recurrent syncope. Conclusion: We confirmed that LS is distinct from other cardiomyopathies using characterization, physiological, electrophysiological, and pathological examinations. Evidence supporting a specific treatment strategy for LS is limited, and understanding the pathogenesis may help establish effective treatment strategies.

Impact of Controlling Nutritional Status Score on Comprehensive Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia in a Local Area of Super-Aged Society.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between nutritional status and hospital outcomes in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) in a local area of contemporary super-aged society of Japan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 131 consecutive patients with 179 lower limb diseases admitted to our hospital for the treatment of CLTI between April 2018 and March 2023. These 131 patients were divided into 3 groups according to hospital outcomes: home discharge (HD), out-of-home discharge (OD), and in-hospital death (ID). Patient and lesion backgrounds were compared among the 3 groups, and a multivariable regression analysis was used to analyze the interaction between malnutrition and composite hard endpoints. RESULTS: The median age was 82.8 years, and non-ambulatory patients comprised 61.8% of the study population. The HD group included more ambulatory and fewer patients with higher CONUT score or inflammation than OD or ID group. The Rutherford classification and Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection stage were significantly more severe in the ID group than in the HD group. Endovascular treatment (EVT) was more often implemented in the HD (94.9%) and OD (81.7%) groups than in the ID group (60.0%). However, all EVT procedures in the ID group were performed until as distally as possible to achieve the target arterial path success contrary to some EVT procedures in the HD or ID group that targeted lesions only above the knee. Multivariate analysis showed that a non-ambulatory state (hazard ratio [HR]=3.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.48-9.02) and a higher controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score (≥5) (HR=7.46, 95% CI=1.66-33.6) were significant predictors for composite endpoints (major amputation or ID). Patients with lower CONUT scores (≤4) showed better outcomes in all indices including overall survival, major amputation-free survival, and wound healing. CONCLUSION: Condition of the CLTI patients represented by higher CONUT score emerged as the most influential predictor of major amputation or ID. Furthermore, non-ambulatory status or condition of higher CONUT score affects the destination after discharge. Implementing multidisciplinary approaches to address patients' nutritional state and physical disability, in addition to revascularization, may enhance comprehensive prognoses in patients with CLTI. CLINICAL IMPACT: In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed prognoses of 131 consecutive patients with 179 lower limb diseases admitted for the treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) between April 2018 and March 2023. Our main finding was that condition of the CLTI patients represented by higher controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score was the most significant predictor of either major amputation or in-hospital death. Furthermore, condition of higher CONUT score or non-ambulatory status affects the destination after discharge. This suggests that multidisciplinary approaches to address patients' nutritional state and physical disability, in addition to revascularization, may enhance the prognosis in patients with CLTI. This is the first report to evaluate nutritional status associated with comprehensive hospital outcomes in addition to previously reported hard endpoints, such as major amputation or overall survival, and will be of great help in future clinical practice.

Emphysematous changes as red flag signs preceding rapidly progressive infectious aortic disease: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Infectious aortic disease is a rare and fatal disease, that requires the appropriate intervention. An accurate diagnosis should be promptly established. However, this is difficult because the clinical manifestations of this disease vary and are non-specific. CASE PRESENTATION: (CASE 1) An 87-year-old male, presenting with generalized malaise and weight loss, was admitted for further examination. A chest computed tomography (CT) showed mediastinal emphysema. Empirical intravenous antibiotics were administered to address the non-specific infectious findings in the laboratory data. The treatment was effective, and the patient fully recovered. However, he was in shock due to aortic rupture and marked pseudo aneurysmal formation around the aortic arch day 25 of hospitalization. An emergency total aortic arch replacement was performed, and the patient was discharged. (CASE 2) An 82-year-old male who had undergone Y-graft replacement in the abdominal aorta 15 years previously was admitted due to general malaise and anorexia. Abdominal CT revealed emphysematous changes adjacent to the abdominal aorta. The patient responded favorably to empirical treatment with intravenous antibiotics and was discharged 19 days after admission. Four days after discharge, the patient went into cardiac arrest after an episode of hematemesis. Abdominal CT revealed an enlarged stomach and duodenum, filled with massive high-density contents proximal to the abdominal aorta. He died of hemorrhagic shock despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: Although emphysematous changes are rare, they are red flag signs during the early stage of infectious aortic disease. Thus, physicians should remain vigilant for this kind of critical sign.

Tako-Tsubo Syndrome Following Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation in a Patient with Primary Aldosteronism.

Tako-tsubo syndrome (TTS) can be triggered by emotional or physical stress and is characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction with apical ballooning. Some neurologic disorders and pheochromocytoma serve as triggers for TTS, however, its association with primary aldosteronism (PA) is not well known. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) has been performed worldwide, and TTS following PVI has been reported as a rare complication. Sympathetic stimulation can play an important role in TTS development, however, its mechanism and risk factors are not yet understood.We describe a 72-year-old woman with PA who developed TTS after PVI with radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for symptomatic paroxysmal AF. Complete isolation of the pulmonary vein was carried out without any complications, however, she complained of epigastric discomfort 7 hours after the procedure. An electrocardiogram showed recurrent AF with a new negative-T wave and prolonged QT interval. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed apical ballooning and basal hypercontraction, characteristic of TTS, and coronary angiography showed no significant stenosis. She was diagnosed with TTS following RFCA for AF and managed well with conservative therapy.The present case suggests that TTS should be recognized as a complication associated with AF ablation. Moreover, PA may be involved in TTS development by increasing sympathetic activity. Further studies on the mechanism and characteristics of TTS are required.

Inframalleolar thrice distal puncture in a single endovascular treatment session for successful revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) have infrapopliteal arterial disease, which are often challenging to treat. In endovascular treatment (EVT) for these complex lesions, establishing retrograde access is an essential option not only for guidewire crossing but also for device delivery. However, no EVT case has yet been reported requiring inframalleolar thrice distal puncture in a single EVT session so far. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old CLTI patient with grade 3 Wound, Ischemia and foot Infection (WIfI) classification underwent EVT for occluded dorsal artery and posterior tibial artery. First, we conducted successful balloon angioplasty of the posterior tibial artery by establishing a retrograde approach via the lateral plantar artery. To treat the occlusion of the dorsal artery, we punctured the first dorsal metatarsal artery, and retrogradely advanced a guidewire to the dorsal artery occlusion; however, the microcatheter could not follow the guidewire. Therefore, we punctured the occluded distal anterior tibial artery and introduced the retrograde guidewire into the puncture needle. After guidewire externalization, we pulled up the retrograde microcatheter into the occlusion of dorsal artery using the "balloon deployment using forcible manner" technique. Thereafter, we were able to advance the antegrade guidewire into the retrograde microcatheter. After guidewire externalization, an antegrade balloon catheter was delivered and inflated for the purpose of dorsal artery dilation and hemostasis at the "needle rendezvous" point. Consecutively, balloon dilation was performed for puncture site hemostasis of the first dorsal metatarsal artery and complete hemostasis was achieved. Finally, we confirmed good vascular patency and favorable blood flow. After revascularization, transmetatarsal amputation was performed and the wound healed favorably. CONCLUSIONS: We can markedly increase the success rate of revascularization by effectively utilizing the retrograde approach in EVT for complex chronic total occlusions in infrapopliteal arterial diseases.

Early experience with coronary debulking devices in a newcomer facility after introducing revised facility criteria in Japan.

Coronary debulking devices are essential in obtaining optimal results in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for severely calcified lesions. However, since the introduction of these devices in Japan, the presence of full-time cardiovascular surgeons in their own facilities has been an essential condition (on-site surgical back-up) as the facility criteria for their use. The criteria were revised in April 2020, making their implementation possible at our hospital. Between May 2020 and January 2022, we administered PCIs using rotational atherectomy (RA) for 33 lesions in 28 patients and orbital atherectomy system (OAS) for 36 lesions in 27 patients. The most preferred strategy in our hospital is OAS via the distal radial approach using a 6Fr Glide sheath or RA via the femoral approach using a 7Fr sheath. The percentages of usable imaging modality as an initial device without lesion modification were 57.1 and 66.7% in the RA and OAS groups, respectively. In the RA procedure, 1.5- and 2.0-mm Rota burrs were more frequently adopted for the initial and second sessions, respectively. In the OAS procedure, the debulking was always initiated at a low speed. Nineteen of the 27 patients underwent additional high-speed debulking. Pre-procedural quantitative coronary angiographic analysis revealed that the minimal lumen diameter was significantly smaller in the RA than in the OAS group. Debulking procedures were successful in all patients excluding two instances of procedure-related complications in the RA group, one of which was coronary perforation safely treated via covered stent deployment without any resulting hemodynamic instability. Our early experience with coronary debulking devices with off-site surgical back-up clearly reveals the safety and feasibility of this procedure in a newcomer facility.

Maternal high-fat diet promotes calcified atherosclerotic plaque formation in adult offspring by enhancing transformation of VSMCs to osteochondrocytic-like phenotype.

Aim: Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adult offspring. Atherosclerotic vascular calcification is well documented in patients with CVD. We examined the effect of maternal HFD on calcified plaque formation. Methods and results: Seven-week-old female apo-E-/- mice (C57BL6/J) were nourished either an HFD or a normal diet (ND) a week before mating, and during gestation and lactation. Offspring of both the groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) from 8 weeks of age. Osteogenic activity of the thoracic aorta, assessed using an ex vivo imaging system, was significantly increased after 3 months of HCD in male offspring of HFD-fed dams (O-HFD) as compared with those of ND-fed dams (O-ND). Alizarin-red-positive area in the aortic root was significantly increased after 6 months of HCD in male O-HFD as compared to that of O-ND. Plaque size and Oil Red O-positive staining were comparable between the two groups. Primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of the thoracic aorta were treated with phosphate and interleukinL-1ß (IL-1ß) to transform them into an osteochondrocytic-like phenotype. Intracellular calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity were markedly higher in the VSMCs of O-HFD than in O-ND. IL-1ß concentration in the supernatant of bone marrow-derived macrophages was markedly higher in O-HFD than in O-ND. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that maternal HFD accelerates the expansion of atherogenic calcification independent of plaque progression. In vitro phosphate- and IL-1ß-induced osteochondrocytic transformation of VSMCs was augmented in O-HFD. Inhibition of VSMCs, skewing toward osteochondrocytic-like cells, might be a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing maternal HFD-associated CVD development.

Percutaneous debulking strategy for severe nodular calcification in common femoral artery.

BACKGROUND: Despite marked progress in endovascular treatment (EVT) techniques and devices, calcified lesions remain one of the toughest obstacles to EVT success. Moreover, because the common femoral artery (CFA) is known as a "non-stenting zone," endovascular strategies for this area are controversial. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we describe the technical tips for a novel, less invasive, and effective debulking strategy for severe nodular calcification using an endovascular maneuver. This technique was demonstrated in a 73-year-old man with severe calcified stenosis of the CFA. To complete a stent-less strategy for CFA, we conducted aggressive debulking of the nodular calcification, established a bidirectional approach from the radial artery and the superficial femoral artery (SFA), and inserted a balloon-guiding catheter in the SFA. Under distal protection provided by this catheter, we crushed the nodular calcification 43 times using myocardial biopsy forceps. After achieving a volume reduction of nodular calcification through this maneuver, we completed the procedure by inflating a 6-mm drug-coated balloon catheter. Final angiography demonstrated a reduced filling defect of the contrast medium in the CFA and favorable blood flow as far as the ankle. The puncture site on the SFA was closed with a vascular suture assisted by balloon inflation inside the vessel, which allowed the patient to be ambulatory immediately after the procedure without requiring bed rest. CONCLUSIONS: Severely calcified lesions in the CFA are usually difficult to treat using an endovascular strategy, but our novel and less invasive method may become a promising technique for managing these lesions.

Repeated Social Defeat Enhances CaCl2-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion by Inhibiting the Early Fibrotic Response via the MAPK-MKP-1 Pathway.

Depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is significantly associated with the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We investigated the effect of repeated social defeat (RSD) on AAA development. Eight-week-old male wild-type mice were exposed to RSD by being housed with larger CD-1 mice in a shared cage. They were subjected to vigorous physical contact. After the confirmation of depressive-like behavior, calcium chloride was applied to the infrarenal aorta of the mice. At one week, AAA development was comparable between the defeated and control mice, without any differences being observed in the accumulated macrophages or in the matrix metalloproteinase activity. At two weeks, the maximum diameter and circumference of the aneurysm were significantly increased in the defeated mice, and a significant decrease in periaortic fibrosis was also observed. Consistently, the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in the primarily cultured aortic vascular smooth muscle cells were significantly reduced in the defeated mice, which was accompanied by a substantial increase in mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). The MKP-1 mRNA and protein expression levels during AAA were much higher in the defeated mice than they were in the control mice. Our findings demonstrate that RSD enhances AAA development by suppressing periaortic fibrosis after an acute inflammatory response and imply novel mechanisms that are associated with depression-related AAA development.

Five recurrent episodes of Takotsubo syndrome provoked by various triggers over a period of 7 years: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as stress cardiomyopathy or apical ballooning syndrome, presents as reversible regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. It is associated with a recurrence rate of approximately 4%. However, multiple recurrence episodes are rare in clinical settings, and the predictors of recurrence and preventive methods have yet to be fully elucidated. CASE SUMMARY: A 69-year-old woman experienced two TTS episodes before complaining of sudden-onset epigastric pain without any particular trigger. No significant coronary lesion was observed on coronary angiography, while left ventriculography showed the typical findings of apical ballooning and a hyperkinetic wall motion at the basal level of the left ventricle. The patient was again diagnosed with recurrent TTS. On Day 5 of hospitalization, follow-up echocardiography showed mural thrombus formation in the left ventricular apex. Anticoagulant therapy with oral warfarin following intravenous heparin was effective in dissolving the thrombus. She was safely discharged on Day 16 of hospitalization. However, two additional recurrent TTS episodes provoked by emotional stress occurred afterwards. Since the final hospitalization, she has been prescribed perindopril 4 mg/day and ß1-receptor-selective ß-blocker bisoprolol 5 mg/day and has been able to avoid the 6th recurrence of TTS for more than 12 months at present. CONCLUSION: Multiple recurrent TTS episodes are rare in the clinical setting. As such, the long-term follow-up of this case may provide clues on the pathophysiology of this disease and aid us in establishing effective preventive strategies.

Repeated Social Defeat Exaggerates Fibrin-Rich Clot Formation by Enhancing Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation via Platelet-Neutrophil Interactions.

Depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We have previously shown that repeated social defeat (RSD) exaggerates atherosclerosis development by enhancing neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In this study, we investigated the impact of RSD on arterial thrombosis. Eight-week-old male wild-type mice (C57BL/6J) were exposed to RSD by housing with larger CD-1 mice in a shared home cage. They were subjected to vigorous physical contact daily for 10 consecutive days. After confirming depression-like behaviors, mice underwent FeCl3-induced carotid arterial injury and were analyzed after 3 h. Although the volume of thrombi was comparable between the two groups, fibrin(ogen)-positive areas were significantly increased in defeated mice, in which Ly-6G-positive cells were appreciably co-localized with Cit-H3-positive staining. Treatment with DNase I completely diminished exaggerated fibrin-rich clot formation in defeated mice. Flow cytometric analysis showed that neutrophil CD11b expression before FeCl3 application was significantly higher in defeated mice than in control mice. In vitro NET formation induced by activated platelets was significantly augmented in defeated mice, which was substantially inhibited by anti-CD11b antibody treatment. Our findings demonstrate that RSD enhances fibrin-rich clot formation after arterial injury by enhancing NET formation, suggesting that NET can be a new therapeutic target in depression-related CVD.