A newly discovered glycosyltransferase gene UGT88A1 affects growth and polysaccharide synthesis of Grifola frondosa.

Grifola frodosa polysaccharides, especially ß-D-glucans, possess significant anti-tumor, antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities. However, the synthesis mechanism remains to be elucidated. A newly discovered glycosyltransferase UGT88A1 was found to extend glucan chains in vitro. However, the role of UGT88A1 in the growth and polysaccharide synthesis of G. frondosa in vivo remains unclear. In this study, the overexpression of UGT88A1 improved mycelial growth, increased polysaccharide production, and decreased cell wall pressure sensitivity. Biomass and polysaccharide production decreased in the silenced strain, and the pressure sensitivity of the cell wall increased. Overexpression and silencing of UGT88A1 both affected the monosaccharide composition and surface morphology of G. frondosa polysaccharides and influenced the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from different strains. The messenger RNA expression of glucan synthase (GLS), UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (UGP), and UDP-xylose-4-epimerase (UXE) related to polysaccharide synthesis, and genes related to cell wall integrity increased in the overexpression strain. Overall, our study indicates that UGT88A1 plays an important role in the growth, stress, and polysaccharide synthesis of G. frondosa, providing a reference for exploring the pathway of polysaccharide synthesis and metabolic regulation. KEY POINTS: •UGT88A1 plays an important role in the growth, stress response, and polysaccharide synthesis in G. frondosa. •UGT88A1 affected the monosaccharide composition, surface morphology and antioxidant activity of G. frondosa polysaccharides. •UGT88A1 regulated the mRNA expression of genes related to polysaccharide synthesis and cell wall integrity.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Phyllostachys incarnata Wen, 1982.

Phyllostachys incarnata Wen, 1982 is one of the important material and edible bamboo specie of high quality in China. We reported the complete chloroplast(cp) genome of P. incarnata in this study. The cp genome of P. incarnata (GenBank accession number: OL457160) was a typical tetrad structure with a full length of 139,689 bp, comprising a pair of inverted repeated (IR) regions (21,798 bp) separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region (83,221 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (12,872 bp). And the cp genome contained 136 genes, including 90 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 19 cp genomes suggested that P. incarnata was relatively close to P. glauca among the species analyzed.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the longicorn Anoplophora horsfieldi Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

The chinaberry yellow-banded longhorn beetle, Anoplophora horsfieldi Hope 1842 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important pest on many economic tree species. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of A. horsfieldi was determined, which was 15,837 bp in length and contained 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA, 22 tRNA genes, and a non-coding A + T-rich region. The phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genomes showed that A. horsfieldi is sister to a clade formed by A. chinensis and A. glabripennis.

Four polysaccharides isolated from Poria cocos mycelium and fermentation broth supernatant possess different activities on regulating immune response.

Four polysaccharide fractions were isolated and purified from the culture supernatant and mycelium of Poria cocos, and differences in their immunomodulatory activity were investigated. The average molecular weights of EPS-0M, EPS-0.1M, IPS-0M, and IPS-0.1M were 1.77 × 103, 2.01 × 103, 0.03 × 103 and 4.97 × 103 kDa, respectively. They all mainly consisted of 5 monosaccharides, including glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose and rhamnose, but with different molar ratios. At a dose of 50 µg/mL, EPS-0M, EPS-0.1M, and IPS-0.1M significantly increased the production of nitric oxide (NO), as well as the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that they enhanced macrophage-mediated innate immunity. Moreover, based on the in vitro inflammation model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, EPS-0M, EPS-0.1M and IPS-0M but not IPS-0.1M could inhibit the LPS-induced excessive inflammatory response, including NO, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1ß production and gene transcription. Interestingly, IPS-0M showed a relatively poor immunostimulatory effect, but had the strongest inhibitory effect against the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory response. Furthermore, our results indicate that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is associated with the immunomodulatory effects of the polysaccharide samples on RAW264.7 cells. This study can provide a reference for the more targeted application of different polysaccharide components from Poria cocos for human health.

Morphology and phylogeny of ascomycetes associated with walnut trees (Juglans regia) in Sichuan province, China.

In Sichuan province, walnuts, consisting of Juglans regia, Juglans sigillata, and the hybrid J. regia × J. sigillata, are commercially important edible nuts, and J. regia is the most widespread plant. To date, the diversity and distribution of fungi inhabiting on Juglans have not received enough attention, although there have been studies focusing on pathogens from fruit and stem. In order to update the checklist of fungi associated with Sichuan walnuts, a survey on fungi associated with the three Juglans species from 15 representative regions in Sichuan was conducted. In this article, ten fungi distributed in two classes of Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes) were described based on morpho-molecular analyses, and two novel species, Neofusicoccum sichuanense and Sphaerulina juglandina, a known species of Ophiognomonia leptostyla, and seven new hosts or geographical records of Cladosporium tenuissimum, Diatrypella vulgaris, Helminthosporium juglandinum, Helminthosporium velutinum, Loculosulcatispora hongheensis, Periconia byssoides, and Rhytidhysteron subrufulum were included. Morphological descriptions and illustrations of these fungi are provided.

The complete chloroplast genome of Chimonobambusa hejiangensis.

Chimonobambusa hejiangensis is of the unique edible bamboo specie of high quality in China. We studied the complete chloroplast(cp) genome of C. purpurea in this study. The cp genome of C. hejiangensis (GenBank accession: MW186792) was 138,911 bp in length, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,498 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,743 bp and a pair of inverted repeated (IR) regions of 21,835 bp. The genome contained 133 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Based on 39 cp genomes, we used the phylogenetic analysis to build phylogenetic tree, indicating that C. hejiangensis is closely related to C. tumidissinoda. Also, the phylogenetic relationship of lineages might be (Hsuehochloa + (((Shibataea clade + Arundinaria clade) + Indocalamus wilsonii) + ((Bergbambos + Indocalamus) + (((African alpine bamboos + Gaoligongshania) + (Chimonocalamus + Kuruna))+(Thamnocalamus + Phyllostachys clade))))). It could be devoted to phylogenetic analysis of Arundinarieae.

The complete chloroplast genome of Chimonobambusa purpurea (Bambusatae).

Chimonobambusa purpurea is one of the important bamboo species in southwest of China. We studied the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of C. purpurea in this study. The cp genome of C. purpurea (GenBank accession: MW030500) was 139,574 bp in length, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,171 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,811 bp, and a pair of inverted repeated (IR) regions of 21,796 bp. And the genome contained 133 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Based on 30 cp genomes, we used the phylogenetic analysis to build phylogenetic tree, indicating that C. purpurea is closely related to C. tumidissinoda.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the olive weevil, Dyscerus cribripennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The olive weevil Dyscerus cribripennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an uncontrollable noxious insect to Olea europaea. The 15,977 bp complete mitochondrial genome of D. cribripennis contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 21 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region (GenBank accession number MW023069). The trnI was not found in the D. cribripennis mitogenome. The phylogenetic analysis based on mitogenomes showed that D. cribripennis is closed related with Hylobitelus xiaoi.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the fig weevil, Aclees cribratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Aclees cribratus Gyllenhyl (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important pest of fig. In this study, the complete mitogenome of A. cribratus was determined, which was 17,329 bp in length and contained 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 control regions. The phylogenetic analysis based on mitogenomes showed that A. cribratus is the sister group of Molytinae.