N-Doped Porous Carbon Based on Anion and Cation Storage Chemistry for High-Energy and Power-Density Zinc Ion Capacitor.

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) show promise for large-scale energy storage because of their low cost, highly intrinsic safety, and eco-friendliness. However, their energy density has been limited by the lack of advanced cathodes. Herein, a high-capacity cathode material named N-doped porous carbon (CFeN-2) is introduced for ZIHCs. CFeN-2, synthesized through the annealing of coal pitch with FeCl3·6H2O as a catalytic activator and melamine as a nitrogen source, exhibits significant N content (10.95 wt%), a large surface area (1037.66 m2 g-1), abundant lattice defects and ultrahigh microporosity. These characteristics, validated through theoretical simulations and experimental tests, enable a dual-ion energy storage mechanism involving Zn2+ ions and CF3SO3 - anions for CFeN-2. When used as a cathode in ZIHCs, CFeN-2 achieves a high-energy density of 142.5 W h kg-1 and a high-power density of 9500.1 W kg-1. Furthermore, using CFeN-2 ZIHCs demonstrate exceptional performance with 77% capacity retention and nearly 100% coulombic efficiency after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g-1, showcasing substantially superior performance to current ZIHCs. This study offers a pathway for developing high-energy and high-power cathodes derived from coal pitch carbon for ZIHC applications.

An osmesl mutant delayed rice leaf senescence through inhibiting cell death by OsBI-1.

Leaf senescence following heading in rice is subject to rigorous regulation, with many of the underlying control mechanisms remaining largely unknown. In this study, we identified a novel gene, OsMESL, which exerts a positive regulatory effect on leaf senescence in rice. The T-DNA insertion mutant known as osmesl and RNA interference plants displayed a phenotype characterized by stay-green after heading. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype could be rescued through complementation, while the overexpression of OsMESL accelerated leaf senescence after heading, underscoring OsMESL's positive regulatory role in rice leaf senescence. Subsequent investigations revealed that OsMESL modulates the process of cell death by influencing the stability of its interacting protein, the cell death suppressor OsBI-1, thereby governing leaf senescence. Furthermore, the leaves of the osmesl mutant exhibited a delayed reduction in photosynthesis, along with increased grain length and 1000-grain weight. In conclusion, we identified OsMESL as a novel positive regulator of leaf senescence in rice, which likely participates in leaf senescence through the mediation of cell death by OsBI-1, resulting in the phenotype of stay-green in the osmesl mutant after heading.

Does Bullying Victimization Accelerate Adolescents' Non-suicidal Self-injury? The Mediating Role of Negation Emotions and The Moderating Role of Submissive Behavior.

Based on general strain theory, the current study examined whether bullying victimization was significantly related to adolescents' non-suicidal self-injury and whether negation emotions mediated this association and submissive behavior moderated this mediation process. A total of 1,984 adolescents completed a series of anonymous questionnaires regarding bullying victimization, negative emotions, non-suicidal self-injury, and submissive behavior. Results showed that bullying victimization was significantly and positively associated with non-suicidal self-injury and this relation was partially mediated by negative emotions. Submissive behavior moderated the relation between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury as well as negation emotions and non-suicidal self-injury. Specifically, the victims of bullying with high submissive behavior were more likely to develop non-suicidal self-injury. Adolescents who had higher negative emotions were at greater risk of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury when they also had high submissive behavior. The positive association between negative emotions and non-suicidal self-injury was stronger in females than males.

Adolescents High in Callous-Unemotional Traits are Prone to be Bystanders: The Roles of Moral Disengagement, Moral Identity, and Perceived Social Support.

Bystanders are the most common role that adolescents play in bullying episodes, they have considerable influence on the formation of the victim's experience and the perpetrator's behavior. Based on the social-cognitive model, the current study examined the mediating role of moral disengagement in the association between callous-unemotional traits and bystander behavior and the moderating roles of moral identity and perceived social support. Participants included 2,286 Chinese adolescents aged 11-16 years (49.3% boys; Mage = 13.46, SDage = 0.93). The study showed callous-unemotional traits were significantly and positively associated with bystander behavior and this relation was partially mediated by moral disengagement. Moral identity moderated the relation between callous-unemotional traits and moral disengagement as well as callous-unemotional traits and bystander behavior. Perceived social support moderated in the direct and indirect associations between callous-unemotional traits and bystander behavior via moral disengagement. The relation between callous-unemotional traits and moral disengagement and the relation between callous-unemotional traits and bystander behavior became weaker for adolescents with high perceived social support. Surprisingly, the relation between moral disengagement and bystander behavior became stronger for adolescents with a high level of perceived social support. The results supported two specific patterns of perceived social support: stress-buffering and reverse stress-buffering. The present study contributes to our understanding of the key mechanisms underlying the association between callous-unemotional traits and adolescents' bystander behavior.

Visual outcomes and optimal timing for repeat surgery in cases of postoperative hematoma following transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the visual outcomes and optimal timing for repeat surgery in cases of postoperative hematoma following transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 28 patients who developed evident postoperative hematoma out of a total of 9,010 patients. The hematomas were classified into three types based on their CT appearance. Type 1a - mild high density with no tension, Type 1b - thin-layer high density; Type 2a - solid high density with large empty cavities, Type 2b - solid high density with small empty cavities; Type 3 -solid high density with no cavity showing high tension. Patient data were collected for analysis. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 10 female and 18 male patients, with a mean age of 51.5±11.9 years. Most patients presented with large adenomas (median diameter 36mm). Postoperative visual sight improved in 12 patients, remained stable in 11 patients, and worsened in 5 patients. Notably, no patients experienced worsened visual sight beyond twenty-four hours after the operation. Among the five patients with visual deterioration, four had CT type 3 hematoma (4/6, 66.7%), and one had CT type 2b hematoma (1/9, 11.1%). Patients in the type 3 CT group were significantly more prone to experience visual deterioration compared to those in the type 2 group (odds ratio [OR] 2.154 [95% CI 1.858-611.014], P=.027). Four patients underwent repeat surgery after visual deterioration, resulting in visual improvement following a prolonged recovery period. Postoperative hematoma had limited impact on pituitary dysfunction and hyponatremia. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals a significant association between postoperative hematoma CT types and visual deterioration. For patients with stable visual sight and type 1 or 2a hematoma, conservative strategies may be considered. Conversely, type 2b and 3 patients are at higher risk of visual deterioration, especially within the first 24 hours after the operation. Consequently, early reoperation before vision worsens may be a prudent approach to reduce risks and improve visual outcomes, particularly in type 3 patients.

Auditory brainstem implants for hearing rehabilitation in NF2-schwannomatosis: A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: NF2-schwannomatosis (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder prone to hearing loss. Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) offer a promising solution for hearing rehabilitation in NF2. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize existing literature on ABI implantation in NF2, focusing on audiological outcomes and ABI-related complications. METHODS: The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022362155). Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CMB, and CNKI from inception to August 2023. Data on environmental sound discrimination, open-set discrimination, closed-set discrimination, and ABI-related complications were extracted and subjected to meta-analysis. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies were included. The pooled estimate was 58% (95% CI 49-66%) for environmental sound discrimination and 55% (95% CI 40-69%) for closed-set discrimination. Regarding open-set discrimination, the pooled estimates were 30% (95% CI 19-42%) for sound only, 46% (95% CI 37-54%) for lip-reading only, and 63% (95% CI 55-70%) for sound plus lip-reading. The pooled occurrence of ABI-related complications was 33% (95% CI 15-52%). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis underscores the effectiveness and safety of ABIs in NF2, providing valuable insights for evidence-based decision-making and hearing rehabilitation strategies.

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumor: A neuropsychological comparison with intra-axial tumor.

OBJECTIVE: Despite pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) being extra-axial tumors without direct damage to brain tissue, patients with PitNET exhibit neuropsychological impairments. However, it remains unclear whether there are neuropsychological differences between PitNET and intra-axial tumors that directly destroy the brain parenchyma. This prospective study aims to clarify this distinction to inform decision-making for intracranial tumors of diverse origins. METHODS: A total of 146 patients with PitNET, 74 patients with glioma representing intra-axial tumors, and 52 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls were recruited. All patients received standard treatment and postoperative rehabilitation. Clinical data were meticulously collected, and neuropsychological tests were administered to all participants both before and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: Both PitNET and glioma patients experience the dual burden of cognitive and affective deficits. However, the feature of these deficits differs substantially. In PitNET patients, the deficits are relatively mild and focal, whereas in glioma patients, they are severe and extensive. Specifically, PitNET patients exhibit deficits in memory, anxiety, and negative affect. In contrast, glioma patients display deficits in executive function, attention, anxiety, positive/negative affect, and empathy. Notably, except for persistent memory deficits, the majority of neuropsychological scores declines in PitNET patients are restorable and can reach improvement within a short period after standard surgical therapy and perioperative management. Conversely, glioma patients not only fail to show improvements but also demonstrate worsening in terms of general cognition and memory postoperatively. INTERPRETATION: As an extra-axial tumor, PitNET may exhibit distinctive cognitive and affective functioning compared to intra-axial tumors, highlighting the need for specific treatment approaches for PitNET patients.

Clinical and Pathological Features of Pit1/SF1 Multilineage Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lineage-based classification has critical clinical implications in pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET). As the most prevalent subtype of multilineage PitNET, PitNET originating from both pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1 (Pit1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) lineages (Pit1/SF1-adenoma) is expected to exhibit rich and varied clinical behaviors. A comprehensive understanding of the clinical and pathological characteristics of Pit1/SF1-adenoma will provide mechanistic insight and influence the prognosis and treatment of PitNET. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing 57 cases of Pit1/SF1-adenoma between 2018 and 2022. We also included 88 cases of PitNET arising from Pit1 cell lineage (Pit1-adenoma) and 70 cases of PitNET arising from SF1 cell lineage (SF1-adenoma) as controls. Comprehensive data, including demographic, symptom, endocrinal, radiological, surgical, pathological, and prognostic information, were systematically collected. All specimens were immunostained for pituitary transcription factors (PTFs) and pituitary hormones. RESULTS: The detection rate was 8.0% for Pit1/SF1-adenoma within PitNET surgical specimens. Pit1/SF1-adenoma displayed a male predominance, with the mean diagnosis age falling between Pit1-adenoma and SF1-adenoma. The endocrine activity of Pit1/SF1-adenoma was lower than Pit1-adenoma but higher than SF1-adenoma. Pit1/SF1-adenoma had a higher incidence of cavernous sinus invasion (56.1%) than both Pit1-adenoma (38.6%, P = .039) and SF1-adenoma (27.1%, P = .001). Furthermore, Pit1/SF1-adenoma showed more postoperative complications than Pit1-adenoma (29.8% vs 8.0%, P = .001). Nonfunctional Pit1/SF1-adenoma had a higher radiological tumor recurrence rate than nonfunctional SF1-adenoma (34.8% vs 10.9%, P = .021). Notably, the immunostaining pattern was diverse in Pit1/SF1-adenoma, with various combinations of staining intensity for PTFs and 15 combinations for 6 pituitary hormones. Intriguingly, various PTFs combinations had no different impact on the outcome of Pit1/SF1-adenoma. CONCLUSION: Pit1/SF1-adenoma represents a unique pathological subtype of PitNET, characterized by distinctive clinical behaviors. Identifying Pit1/SF1-adenoma can facilitate more precise management of PitNET by the practical use of Pit1/SF1 immunostaining.

Associations among Parental Phubbing, Self-esteem, and Adolescents' Proactive and Reactive Aggression: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study in China.

Parental phubbing, as a new risk factor for adolescents' healthy development, has been noticed by scholars. However, few studies have clarified the associations between parental phubbing and adolescents' proactive and reactive aggression and the potential mediating mechanisms. To address the gaps, the current study explored the longitudinal associations among parental phubbing, self-esteem, and adolescents' proactive and reactive aggression by using the parallel process latent growth curve model and the cross-lagged panel model. The current study involved 2407 Chinese adolescents (girls were 1202, Mage = 12.75, SD = 0.58 at baseline, range = 11-16). Results indicated that parental phubbing significantly positively predicted adolescents' reactive aggression but not proactive aggression. Self-esteem significantly predicted the adolescents' reactive and proactive aggression. Self-esteem significantly mediated the associations between parental phubbing and adolescents' proactive and reactive aggression, respectively. These findings suggest that intervening with parental phubbing is a promising way to reduce adolescents' reactive aggression, and promoting adolescents' self-esteem is an effective approach to prevent their proactive and reactive aggression.

Surface reconstruction of RuO2/Co3O4 amorphous-crystalline heterointerface for efficient overall water splitting.

The rational construction of amorphous-crystalline heterointerface can effectively improve the activity and stability of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, RuO2/Co3O4 (RCO) amorphous-crystalline heterointerface is prepared via oxidation method. The optimal RCO-10 exhibits low overpotentials of 57 and 231 mV for HER and OER at 10 mA cm-2, respectively. Experimental characterization and density functional theory (DFT) results show that the optimized electronic structure and surface reconstruction endow RCO-10 with excellent catalytic activity. DFT results show that electrons transfer from RuO2 to Co3O4 through the amorphous-crystalline heterointerface, achieving electron redistribution and moving the d-band center upward, which optimizes the adsorption free energy of the hydrogen reaction intermediate. Moreover, the reconstructed Ru/Co(OH)2 during the HER process has low hydrogen adsorption free energy to enhance HER activity. The reconstructed RuO2/CoOOH during the OER process has a low energy barrier for the elementary reaction (O*→*OOH) to enhance OER activity. Furthermore, RCO-10 requires only 1.50 V to drive 10 mA cm-2 and maintains stability over 200 h for overall water splitting. Meanwhile, RCO-10 displays stability for 48 h in alkaline solutions containing 0.5 M NaCl. The amorphous-crystalline heterointerface may bring new breakthroughs in the design of efficient and stable catalysts.

A new large area MCP-PMT for high energy detection.

20-inch Large area photomultiplier tube based on microchannel plate (MCP-PMT) is newly developed in China. It is widely used in high energy detection experiments such as Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL) and Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). To overcome the poor time performance of the existing MCP-PMT, a new design of large area MCP-PMT is proposed in this paper. Three-dimensional models are developed in CST Studio Suite to validate its feasibility. Effects of the size and bias voltage of the focusing electrodes and MCP configuration on the collection efficiency (CE) and time performance are studied in detail using the finite integral technique and Monte Carlo method. Based on the simulation results, the optimized operating and geometry parameters are chosen. Results show that the mean ratio of photoelectrons landing on the MCP active area is 97.5%. The acceptance fraction of the impinging photoelectrons is close to 100% due to the emission of multiple secondary electrons when hitting the MCP top surface. The mean transit time spread (TTS) of the photoelectrons from the photocathode is 1.48 ns.

Ultrastable Dendrite-Free Potassium Metal Batteries Enabled by Weakly-Solvated Electrolyte.

Potassium (K) metal is considered one of the most promising anodes for potassium metal batteries (PMBs) because of its abundant and low-cost advantages but suffers from serious dendritic growth and parasitic reactions, resulting in poor cyclability, low Coulombic efficiency (CE), and safety concerns. In this work, we report a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) consisting of potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) in a cosolvent of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and 1,1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) to solve the problems of PMBs. TTE as a diluent not only endows LHCE with advantages of low viscosity, good wettability, and improved conductivity but also solves the dendrite problem pertaining to K metal anodes. Using the formulation of LHCE, a CE of 98% during 800 cycles in the K||Cu cell and extremely stable cycling of over 2000 h in the K||K symmetric cell are achieved at a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2. In addition, the LHCE shows good compatibility with a Prussian Blue cathode, allowing almost 99% CE for the K||KFeIIFeIII(CN)6 full cell during 100 cycles. This promising electrolyte design realizes high-safety and energy-dense PMBs.

Optimizing the design of ultrafast photomultiplier tubes.

Ultrafast microchannel plate (MCP) photomultiplier tubes are under active development. To obtain high gain, high spatial resolution, and good time performance, we comprehensively investigate the effects of the gap distances and voltages from cathode to MCPin and MCPout to anode in a systematic study using the finite integral technique and Monte Carlo method. A three-dimensional model is introduced to simplify the calculations. From the simulation results, a short gap distance and high gap voltage were determined to achieve good time performance, high spatial resolution, and high gain.

Synthesis of Ni3 B/Ni via Vacuum-Induced for Ultrahigh Stable and Efficient Methanol Oxidation.

Designing efficient catalysts to promote the electrochemical oxidation of anodes is the core of the development of electrochemical synthesis technologies, such as HER and CO2 RR. Here, a novel vacuum induction strategy is used to synthesize nickel boride/nickel (Ni3 B/Ni) heterostructure catalyst for electrochemical oxidation of methanol into formic acid. The catalyst has extremely high reactivity (only 146.9 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 , the maximum current density reaches 555.70 mA mg-1 and 443.87 mA cm-2 ), ultra-high selectivity (Faraday efficiency of methanol conversion to formic acid is close to 100%), and ultra-long life (over 50 h at 100 mA cm-2 ). In-suit electrochemical impedance spectroscopy proved that MeOH is oxidized first and inhibits the phase transition of the electrocatalyst to the high-valent electrooxidation products, which not only enables the high selectivity of MeOH oxidation but also ensures high stability of the catalyst. The mechanism studies by density functional theory calculations show that the potential determining step, the formation of *CH2 O, occurs most favorably in the Ni3 B/Ni heterostructure. These results provide references for the development of MeOH oxidation catalysts with high activity, high stability, high selectivity, and low cost.

Characteristics of Perioperative Cognitive and Affective Function in Patients with Somatotroph Adenoma.

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we evaluate the characteristics of cognitive and affective function in patients with somatotroph adenomas (SAs) that secrete excess growth hormone and the effects of surgical intervention. METHODS: We conducted a prospective longitudinal study, recruiting 27 patients with SAs, 29 patients with nonfunctional pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) as the lesion control group, and 24 healthy participants as the healthy controls (HCs). These three groups were matched for sex, age, and years of education. We performed multidimensional cognitive function and neuropsychological assessments 1-2 days before endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery and at 3 months postoperatively. The Mini-mental state examination, Montreal cognitive assessment, Frontal assessment battery, Trail making test, and Digit span test were used to assess multidimensional cognitive function, including general intelligence, frontal lobe function, executive function, and memory. The Hamilton anxiety scale, Beck depression inventory, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scale were used for the neuropsychological assessment, including anxiety, depressed mood, and positive and negative emotions. RESULTS: Compared with the HCs, the patients with SAs showed poor performance in the memory (P = 0.009) and anxiety (P = 0.013) assessments. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between patients with SAs and NFPAs for either cognitive function or effective performance. Moreover, patients with SAs did not show significant changes in cognition and affective behavior after surgery. In contrast, patients with NFPAs displayed significant improvements in memory (P = 0.015), executive function (P < 0.001), and anxiety mood (P = 0.001) performance postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SAs showed specific cognitive deficits and abnormal moods, which might be attributed to the overproduction of growth hormone. However, surgical intervention had a limited effect on improving the impaired cognitive function and abnormal moods in patients with SAs at short-term follow-up.

Does Sensation Seeking Lead to Adolescents' Cyberbullying Perpetration? The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement and The Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support.

Based on the general aggression model, the current study examined the mediating role of moral disengagement in the association between sensation seeking and cyberbullying perpetration and the moderating role of perceived social support. A total of 2,286 Chinese adolescents aged 11-16 years completed the questionnaires regarding sensation seeking, cyberbullying perpetration, moral disengagement, and perceived social support. After gender and age were controlled, sensation seeking was significantly and positively associated with cyberbullying perpetration and this relationship was partially mediated by moral disengagement. Moderated mediation analysis further indicated that perceived social support moderated the relationship between sensation seeking and moral disengagement as well as sensation seeking and cyberbullying perpetration. These two relationships became weaker for adolescents with high perceived social support. Specifically, adolescents with higher levels of sensation seeking were more likely to develop moral disengagement and further engaged in cyberbullying perpetration, when they perceived less social support.

Surface-Diluted LiMn6 Superstructure Units Utilizing PO4 3- Confined Ni-Doping Sites to Stabilize Li-Rich Layered Oxides.

Serious capacity and voltage degradation of Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) caused by severe interfacial side reactions (ISR), structural instability, and transition metal (TM) dissolution during charge/discharge need to be urgently resolved. Here, it is proposed for the inaugural time that the confinement effect of PO4 3- dilutes the LiMn6 superstructure units on the surface of LLOs, while deriving a stable interface with phosphate compounds and spinel species. Combining theoretical calculations, diffraction, spectroscopy, and micrography, an in-depth investigation of the mechanism is performed. The results show that the modified LLO exhibits excellent anionic/cationic redox reversibility and ultra-high cycling stability. The capacity retention is increased from 72.4% to 95.4%, and the voltage decay is suppressed from 2.48 to 1.29 mV cycle-1 after 300 cycles at 1 C. It also has stable long cycling performance, with capacity retention improved from 40.2% to 81.9% after 500 cycles at 2 C. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the diluted superstructure units on the surface of LLO inhibiting the TM migration in the intralayer and interlayer. Moreover, the stable interfacial layers alleviate the occurrence of ISR and TM dissolution. Therefore, this strategy can give some important insights into the development of highly stable LLOs.

Examining the Role of Responsibility and Belief in a Just World in the Relationship between Parental Rejection and Adolescents' Gratitude.

Parenting is an important factor affecting teenagers' gratitude, but few studies have deeply examined the impact of specific parenting behavior on teenagers' gratitude. In this study, 357 high school students were tested by questionnaires to examine the mechanism of parental rejection on adolescents' gratitude. Results showed that (1) parental rejection significantly and negatively predicted adolescents' gratitude, and that (2) after controlling for gender and age, parental rejection would indirectly impact adolescents' gratitude through responsibility and belief in a just world, respectively. These results suggested that responsibility and belief in a just world were important factors in reducing the negative effect of parental rejection on teenagers' gratitude.

Longitudinal associations among student-student relationship, moral disengagement, and adolescents' bullying perpetration.

Adolescents with negative student-student relationships are at increased risk for bullying perpetration. Moral disengagement has been well documented as one of the main examined predictive variables of bullying perpetration. However, few studies have examined the mechanism of moral disengagement in the association between student-student relationship and adolescents' bullying perpetration. The present study examined the bidirectional associations among student-student relationship, moral disengagement, and bullying perpetration. Moreover, the present study tested the longitudinal mediating effect of moral disengagement and the moderating effect of gender. Participants were 2,407 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 12.75, SD = .58 at baseline). The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) revealed that prior student-student relationship was associated with later bullying perpetration (ßT1→T2 = -.11 and ßT2→T3 = -.12), prior student-student relationship was associated with later moral disengagement (ßT1→T2 = -.15 and ßT2→T3 = -.10), and prior moral disengagement was associated with later bullying perpetration (ßT1→T2 = .22 and ßT2→T3 = .10). Furthermore, moral disengagement at Time 2 significantly mediated the association between student-student relationship at Time 1 and bullying perpetration at Time 3 (ß = -.015). Gender moderated the mediating effect of moral disengagement. These findings highlight the importance of student-student relationship and moral disengagement in antibullying intervention programs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).