RESUMEN
The function of the Trihelix transcription factor is that it plays an important role in many abiotic stresses, especially in the signaling pathway of low temperature, drought, flood, saline, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and other abiotic stresses. However, there are few studies on the Trihelix gene family of ginseng. In this study, 41 Trihelix gene family members were identified and screened from the ginseng genome database, and their physicochemical properties, cis-acting elements, subcellular localization, chromosomal assignment, and abiotic stress-induced expression patterns were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The results showed that 85% of Trihelix family members of ginseng were located in the nucleus, and the main secondary structure of Trihelix protein was random coil and α helix. In the promoter region of Trihelix, cis-acting regulatory elements related to various abiotic stresses such as low temperature, hormone response, and growth and development were identified. Through the collinearity analysis of interspecific Trihelix transcription factors of model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and ginseng, 19 collinear gene pairs were found between A. thaliana and ginseng, and no collinear gene pairs existed on chromosomes 3, 6, and 12 only. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of GWHGBEIJ010320.1 was significantly up-regulated under low temperature stress, a significant response to low temperature stress. This study lays a foundation for further research on the role of the Trihelix transcription factor of ginseng in abiotic stress, as well as the growth and development of ginseng.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Familia de Multigenes , Panax , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas , Estrés Fisiológico , Factores de Transcripción , Panax/genética , Panax/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Perfilación de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Cannabis sativa L. is a multipurpose crop with high value for food, textiles, and other industries. Its secondary metabolites, including cannabidiol (CBD), have potential for broad application in medicine. With the CBD market expanding, traditional production may not be sufficient. Here we review the potential for the production of CBD using biotechnology. We describe the chemical and biological synthesis of cannabinoids, the associated enzymes, and the application of metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and heterologous expression to increasing production of CBD.
Asunto(s)
Cannabidiol , Cannabis , Ingeniería Metabólica , Cannabidiol/metabolismo , Cannabis/metabolismo , Ingeniería Metabólica/métodos , Biología Sintética/métodos , Biotecnología/métodosRESUMEN
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a representative of Chinese traditional medicine, also used worldwide, while the triterpene saponin ginsenoside is the most important effective compound within it. Ginseng is an allotetraploid, with complex genetic background, making the study of its metabolic evolution challenging. In this study, we assembled a telomere-to-telomere ginseng reference genome, constructed of 3.45 Gb with 24 chromosomes and 77 266 protein-coding genes. Additionally, the reference genome was divided into two subgenomes, designated as subgenome A and B. Subgenome A contains a larger number of genes, whereas subgenome B has a general expression advantage, suggesting that ginseng subgenomes experienced asymmetric gene loss with biased gene expression. The two subgenomes separated approximately 6.07 million years ago, and subgenome B shows the closest relation to Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus. Comparative genomics revealed an expansion of gene families associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis in both ginseng subgenomes. Furthermore, both tandem duplications and proximal duplications play crucial roles in ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also screened functional genes identified in previous research and found that some of these genes located in colinear regions between subgenomes have divergence functions, revealing an unbalanced evolution in both subgenomes and the saponin biosynthesis pathway in ginseng. Our work provides important resources for future genetic studies and breeding programs of ginseng, as well as the biosynthesis of ginsenosides.
RESUMEN
The escalating passenger flow in subway systems presents significant challenges to station facilities during peak hours. Poorly designed station facilities can reduce passenger throughput efficiency and compromise passenger safety. This study conducts on-site investigations to extract refined parameters of passenger behaviors in security check and ticket checking areas. Using Beijing Subway Yizhuang Line Ciqunan Station as a case study, a microscopic simulation model is developed to replicate pedestrian flow within the subway station. By focusing on passenger demand and traffic organization, the layout of station facilities is regulated and optimized. After optimization, the passenger density in the security check and ticket inspection areas during the morning peak period decreased from 1.33 people/m2 to 1.00 people/m2; the longest queue length on the east side decreased from 15 people to 10 people, and the maximum queue length on the west side decreased from 7 people to 3 people. During peak hours, the dispersal time of passenger flow on the west side when entering the station decreased from 31.56 minutes to 30.04 minutes, and on the east side, it decreased from 36.12 minutes to 30.87 minutes. The optimization results effectively improved the efficiency of entering the station during peak hours.
Asunto(s)
Simulación por Computador , Humanos , Conducción de Automóvil , Vías Férreas , Beijing , Modelos Teóricos , PeatonesRESUMEN
Ginseng frequently encounters environmental stress during its growth and development. Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins play a crucial role in combating adversity stress, particularly against abiotic challenges In this study, 107 LEA genes from ginseng, spanning eight subfamilies, were identified, demonstrating significant evolutionary conservation, with the LEA2 subfamily being most prominent. Gene duplication events, primarily segmental duplications, have played a major role in the expansion of the LEA gene family, which has undergone strong purifying selection. PgLEAs were unevenly distributed across 22 chromosomes, with each subfamily featuring unique structural domains and conserved motifs. PgLEAs were expressed in various tissues, exhibiting distinct variations in abundance and tissue specificity. Numerous regulatory cis-elements, related to abiotic stress and hormones, were identified in the promoter region. Additionally, PgLEAs were regulated by a diverse array of abiotic stress-related transcription factors. A total of 35 PgLEAs were differentially expressed following treatments with ABA, GA, and IAA. Twenty-three PgLEAs showed significant but varied responses to drought, extreme temperatures, and salinity stress. The transformation of tobacco with the key gene PgLEA2-50 enhanced osmoregulation and antioxidant levels in transgenic lines, improving their resistance to abiotic stress. This study offers insights into functional gene analysis, focusing on LEA proteins, and establishes a foundational framework for research on ginseng's resilience to abiotic stress.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Familia de Multigenes , Panax , Proteínas de Plantas , Estrés Fisiológico , Panax/genética , Panax/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Genoma de Planta/genética , Filogenia , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Targeted therapy with combined dabrafenib and trametinib has been proven to provide clinical benefits in patients with BRAF V600E mutation-positive NSCLC. Nevertheless, the treatment strategy for NSCLC patients with BRAF non-V600E mutations remains limited. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we present a NSCLC patient with a BRAF N581S mutation, which is a class III BRAF mutation, and this patient had a durable response to targeted therapy with combined anlotinib and tislelizumab. CONCLUSION: We hope to bring more attention to rare non-V600 BRAF mutations by presenting this case of NSCLC.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Indoles , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf , Quinolinas , Humanos , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/patología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Indoles/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Mutación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Quinolinas/uso terapéutico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Current biogeochemical models produce carbon-climate feedback projections with large uncertainties, often attributed to their structural differences when simulating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics worldwide. However, choices of model parameter values that quantify the strength and represent properties of different soil carbon cycle processes could also contribute to model simulation uncertainties. Here, we demonstrate the critical role of using common observational data in reducing model uncertainty in estimates of global SOC storage. Two structurally different models featuring distinctive carbon pools, decomposition kinetics, and carbon transfer pathways simulate opposite global SOC distributions with their customary parameter values yet converge to similar results after being informed by the same global SOC database using a data assimilation approach. The converged spatial SOC simulations result from similar simulations in key model components such as carbon transfer efficiency, baseline decomposition rate, and environmental effects on carbon fluxes by these two models after data assimilation. Moreover, data assimilation results suggest equally effective simulations of SOC using models following either first-order or Michaelis-Menten kinetics at the global scale. Nevertheless, a wider range of data with high-quality control and assurance are needed to further constrain SOC dynamics simulations and reduce unconstrained parameters. New sets of data, such as microbial genomics-function relationships, may also suggest novel structures to account for in future model development. Overall, our results highlight the importance of observational data in informing model development and constraining model predictions.
Asunto(s)
Ciclo del Carbono , Carbono , Suelo , Suelo/química , Carbono/análisis , Modelos Teóricos , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
Global estimates of the size, distribution, and vulnerability of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) remain largely unquantified. By compiling 223,593 field-based measurements and developing machine-learning models, we report that global soils store 2305 ± 636 (±1 SD) billion tonnes of carbon as SIC over the top 2-meter depth. Under future scenarios, soil acidification associated with nitrogen additions to terrestrial ecosystems will reduce global SIC (0.3 meters) up to 23 billion tonnes of carbon over the next 30 years, with India and China being the most affected. Our synthesis of present-day land-water carbon inventories and inland-water carbonate chemistry reveals that at least 1.13 ± 0.33 billion tonnes of inorganic carbon is lost to inland-waters through soils annually, resulting in large but overlooked impacts on atmospheric and hydrospheric carbon dynamics.
RESUMEN
Panax quinquefolius L. is an important medicinal plant, and flavonoids are among its main secondary metabolites. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor plays an irreplaceable role in plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism. In our study, we identified 159 R2R3-MYBs and analyzed their physical and chemical properties in P. quinquefolius. The protein length of 159 PqMYBs varied from 107 to 1050 amino acids. The molecular weight ranged from 12.21 to 116.44 kDa. The isoelectric point was between 4.57 and 10.34. We constructed a phylogenetic tree of P. quinquefolius and Arabidopsis thaliana R2R3-MYB family members, and PqMYB members were divided into 33 subgroups. Transcriptome data analysis showed that the expression patterns of PqMYBs in root, leaf, and flower were significantly different. Following the MeJA treatment of seedlings, five candidate PqMYB genes demonstrated a response. A correlation analysis of PqMYBs and candidate flavonoid pathway genes showed that PqMYB2, PqMYB46, and PqMYB72 had correlation coefficients that were higher than 0.8 with PqCHS, PqANS4, and PqCCoAMT10, respectively. Furthermore, a transient expression assay confirmed that the three PqMYBs were localized in the nucleus. We speculated that these three PqMYBs were related to flavonoid biosynthesis in P. quinquefolius. These results provided a theoretical basis and a new perspective for further understanding the R2R3-MYB gene family and the biosynthesis mechanism of secondary metabolites in P. quinquefolius.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis , Genes myb , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Filogenia , Metabolismo Secundario , Arabidopsis/genética , FlavonoidesRESUMEN
The biological potency of pectin is intricately intertwined with its intricate molecular architecture. The fine structure of pectin is influenced by the extraction method, while the specific impact of these methods on the fine structure and the affected attributes thereof remains enigmatic. This study delves into the profound analysis of eight distinct extraction methods influence on the structure and biological activity of citrus peel pectin. The findings demonstrate that citric acid ultrasound-assisted microwave extraction yields pectin (PectinCA-US/MV) with higher viscosity and a dense, rigid chain. Pectin extracted with acetic acid ultrasound (PectinAA-US) and citric acid ultrasound (PectinCA-US) exhibits elevated galacturonic acid (GalA) levels and reduced D-galactose (Gal) content, enhancing antioxidant activity. Eight pectin-chitosan (CS) hydrogels, especially PectinCA-US/MV-CS, demonstrate commendable thermal stability, rheological properties, self-healing capability, and swelling behavior. This study characterizes citrus peel pectin properties from different extraction methods, laying a foundation for its application in food, pharmaceuticals, and industry.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Citrus , Ácidos Hexurónicos , Microondas , Pectinas , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/aislamiento & purificación , Pectinas/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Citrus/química , Viscosidad , Hidrogeles/química , Ácido Cítrico/química , Quitosano/química , Reología , Ondas UltrasónicasRESUMEN
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Ginseng) is one of the most used traditional Chinese herbal medicines, with its roots being used as the main common medicinal parts; its therapeutic potential has garnered significant attention. AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) is a family of early auxin-responsive genes capable of regulating root development in plants through the auxin signaling pathway. In the present study, 84 Aux/IAA genes were identified from the ginseng genome and their complexity and diversity were determined through their protein domains, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and cis-acting element predictions. Phylogenetic analyses classified PgIAA into six subgroups, with members in the same group showing greater sequence similarity. Analyses of interspecific collinearity suggest that segmental duplications likely drove the evolution of PgIAA genes, followed by purifying selection. An analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggested that PgIAA family genes may be involved in the regulation of plant hormones. RNA-seq data show that the expression pattern of Aux/IAA genes in Ginseng is tissue-specific, and PgIAA02 and PgIAA36 are specifically highly expressed in lateral, fibrous, and arm roots, suggesting their potential function in root development. The PgIAA02 overexpression lines exhibited an inhibition of lateral root growth in Ginseng. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and subcellular localization experiments showed that PgIAA02 interacted with PgARF22/PgARF36 (ARF: auxin response factor) in the nucleus and participated in the biological process of root development. The above results lay the foundation for an in-depth study of Aux/IAA and provide preliminary information for further research on the role of the Aux/IAA gene family in the root development of Ginseng.
Asunto(s)
Panax , Proteínas de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Filogenia , Panax/genética , Panax/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
In this study, we employed a melamine sponge (MS) as the skeleton material and utilized carbonized ZIF-8 (CZIF-8) and chitosan (CS) as the raw materials to prepare CZIF-8/CS-MS, a novel material featuring a three-dimensional interconnected porous network. The resulting CZIF-8/CS-MS material possesses a unique porous structure, significant specific surface area and abundant active sites. These characteristics make CZIF-8/CS-MS a promising absorbent for selective purification of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including 1-naphthlcetic acid (NAA), naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA), 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After optimizing the extraction conditions, excellent linearity (r > 0.9994) was observed within a wide linear range of 1-100 ng/mL using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. The detection limits (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were found to be in the range of 0.013-0.154 ng/mL and 0.044-0.515 ng/mL, respectively. Additionally, the relative recovery of Schisandra chinensis fruit samples was determined to be 89.7-99.4 %, with a relative standard deviation (RSDs) of ≤ 8.4 % (n = 3). Compared to other methods, this approach offers a multitude of benefits, which include but are not limited to exceptional sensitivity, reduced sample volume requirements, low LODs, a comparable linear range, and high reproducibility. The findings of this study pave the way for exploring novel functionalized sponge columns, which leverage the integration of nano-sorbent materials and coating agents, for the purpose of analyzing PGRs within intricate matrix samples.
Asunto(s)
Quitosano , Schisandra , Triazinas , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/análisis , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodosRESUMEN
Numerous drivers such as farming practices, erosion, land-use change, and soil biogeochemical background, determine the global spatial distribution of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils. Here, we revised an approach published earlier (called here GPASOIL-v0), in which several global datasets describing these drivers were combined with a process model for soil P dynamics to reconstruct the past and current distribution of P in cropland and grassland soils. The objective of the present update, called GPASOIL-v1, is to incorporate recent advances in process understanding about soil inorganic P dynamics, in datasets to describe the different drivers, and in regional soil P measurements for benchmarking. We trace the impact of the update on the reconstructed soil P. After the update we estimate a global averaged inorganic labile P of 187 kgP ha-1 for cropland and 91 kgP ha-1 for grassland in 2018 for the top 0-0.3 m soil layer, but these values are sensitive to the mineralization rates chosen for the organic P pools. Uncertainty in the driver estimates lead to coefficients of variation of 0.22 and 0.54 for cropland and grassland, respectively. This work makes the methods for simulating the agricultural soil P maps more transparent and reproducible than previous estimates, and increases the confidence in the new estimates, while the evaluation against regional dataset still suggests rooms for further improvement.
RESUMEN
Biological N2 fixation sustains the global inventory of nitrogenous nutrients essential for the productivity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Like most metabolic processes, rates of biological N2 fixation vary strongly with temperature, making it sensitive to climate change, but a global projection across land and ocean is lacking. Here we use compilations of field and laboratory measurements to reveal a relationship between N2 fixation rates and temperature that is similar in both domains despite large taxonomic and environmental differences. Rates of N2 fixation increase gradually to a thermal optimum around ~25°C, and decline more rapidly toward a thermal maximum, which is lower in the ocean than on land. In both realms, the observed temperature sensitivities imply that climate warming this century could decrease N2 fixation rates by ~50% in the tropics while increasing rates by ~50% in higher latitudes. We propose a conceptual framework for understanding the physiological and ecological mechanisms that underpin and modulate the observed temperature dependence of global N2 fixation rates, facilitating cross-fertilization of marine and terrestrial research to assess its response to climate change.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Ecosistema , Fijación del Nitrógeno , Océanos y Mares , Temperatura , Calentamiento Global , Agua de Mar/química , Nitrógeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disease characterized by a reduction in bone mass resulting from multifactorial causes. Icaritin (ICT), a flavonoid glycoside, exhibits a multitude of effects on bone tissue. To examine the influence of ICT on bone trabecular loss in vivo, ovariectomized (OVX) rats were utilized. The ability of ICT to mitigate bone trabecular loss and the underlying anti-osteoporotic pathways were assessed using ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats. Furthermore, we gain insights into the osteoprotective mechanisms of ICT on osteoporosis by conducting UPLC-Orbitrap-MS-based metabolomics of rat urine. The results of experiments demonstrated a significant attenuation of bone trabecular loss, as well as improvements in biochemical indices, biomechanical parameters, and microstructure in the ICT administered group compared to the OVX group. Moreover, metabolomics results suggested that the ICT treatment adjusted 33 different metabolites, which associated with the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and energy. The findings suggest that the anti-osteoporosis effect of ICT may be related to the activation of PI3K/AKT signal and the inhibition of TLR4 pathway regulated by metabonomics. These results contribute to a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of ICT in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Asunto(s)
Osteoporosis , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Femenino , Ratas , Animales , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Osteoporosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteoporosis/metabolismo , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , MetabolómicaRESUMEN
Tropical and subtropical forests play a crucial role in global carbon (C) pools, and their responses to warming can significantly impact C-climate feedback and predictions of future global warming. Despite earth system models projecting reductions in land C storage with warming, the magnitude of this response varies greatly between models, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Here, we conducted a field ecosystem-level warming experiment in a subtropical forest in southern China, by translocating mesocosms (ecosystem composed of soils and plants) across 600 m elevation gradients with temperature gradients of 2.1°C (moderate warming), to explore the response of ecosystem C dynamics of the subtropical forest to continuous 6-year warming. Compared with the control, the ecosystem C stock decreased by 3.8% under the first year of 2.1°C warming; but increased by 13.4% by the sixth year of 2.1°C warming. The increased ecosystem C stock by the sixth year of warming was mainly attributed to a combination of sustained increased plant C stock due to the maintenance of a high plant growth rate and unchanged soil C stock. The unchanged soil C stock was driven by compensating and offsetting thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms (unresponsive soil respiration and enzyme activity, and more stable microbial community), increased plant C input, and inhibitory C loss (decreased C leaching and inhibited temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) from soil drying. These results suggest that the humid subtropical forest C pool would not necessarily diminish consistently under future long-term warming. We highlight that differential and asynchronous responses of plant and soil C processes over relatively long-term periods should be considered when predicting the effects of climate warming on ecosystem C dynamics of subtropical forests.
Asunto(s)
Secuestro de Carbono , Ecosistema , Cambio Climático , Bosques , Carbono , SueloRESUMEN
Auxin-responsive factors (ARFs) are an important class of transcription factors and are an important component of auxin signaling. This study conducted a genome-wide analysis of the ARF gene family in ginseng and presented its findings. Fifty-three ARF genes specific to ginseng (PgARF) were discovered after studying the ginseng genome. The coding sequence (CDS) has a length of 1092-4098 base pairs and codes for a protein sequence of 363-1565 amino acids. Among them, PgARF32 has the least number of exons (2), and PgARF16 has the most exons (18). These genes were then distributed into six subgroups based on the results obtained from phylogenetic analysis. In each subgroup, the majority of the PgARF genes displayed comparable intron/exon structures. PgARF genes are unevenly distributed on 20 chromosomes. Most PgARFs have B3 DNA binding, Auxin_resp, and PB1 domains. The PgARF promoter region contains various functional domains such as plant hormones, light signals, and developmental functions. Segmental duplications contribute to the expansion of the ARF gene family in ginseng, and the genes have undergone purifying selection during evolution. Transcriptomic results showed that some PgARFs had different expression patterns in different parts of ginseng; most PgARFs were affected by exogenous hormones, and a few PgARFs responded to environmental stress. It is suggested that PgARF is involved in the development of ginseng by regulating hormone-mediated genes. PgARF14, PgARF42, and PgARF53 are all situated in the nucleus, and both PgARR14 and PgARF53 noticeably enhance the growth length of roots in Arabidopsis. Our findings offer a theoretical and practical foundation for exploring PgARFs' role in the growth of ginseng roots.
RESUMEN
Aerogels have attracted considerable attention in sample pretreatment for their outstanding properties, such as the unique porous structure, large surface area and abundant modifiable active sites. The present research reports a three-dimensional interconnected porous network aerogel (PEI-AGO) manufactured based on graphene oxide (GO), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and agar as basic materials through a vacuum freeze-drying treatment. The PEI-AGO aerogel exhibits great potential as a solid phase extraction adsorbent for the selective purification of six endogenous plant hormones in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Several factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimized extraction conditions, a wide linear range of 0.5-100 ng mL-1 with a good linearity (r > 0.9934) was observed. Low limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were obtained in the range of 0.032-0.155 ng mL-1 and 0.107-0.518 ng mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the relative recoveries for spiked ginseng samples exhibited remarkable consistency, ranging from 90.2% to 117.6%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤9.4% (n = 3). In summary, PEI-AGO has proven to be an effective adsorbent for the pretreatment and enrichment of phytohormones which can be used for the determination of trace endogenous acidic plant hormones in ginseng leaves.