A Longitudinal Assessment of Resident and New Graduate Well-Being According to Length of Training: A Report From the Length of Training Pilot in Family Medicine.

Background & Objectives: No prior studies have examined how length of training may influence wellness. As part of the Length of Training Pilot (LoTP), we explored resident and new graduate well-being according to program year and length of training in 3- and 4-year family medicine residency training programs. METHODS: Two surveys captured data included in these analyses. One was a resident survey that included the Mayo Clinic physician-expanded Well-Being Index (eWBI) administered annually during the In-Training Examination (2014-2019). The second was administered to graduates 1 year after completion of training between 2016 and 2022 and included the same well-being questions. Response rates ranged between 77.7% and 96.8%. RESULTS: The eWBI summary scores for burnout were highest in postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and did not differ statistically according to length of training (PGY1: 2.02 in 3-year [3YR] programs vs 1.93 in 4-year [4YR] programs, P=.55; postgraduate year 2 [PGY2]: 2.42 in 3YR programs vs 2.38 in 4YR programs, P=.83; postgraduate year 3 [PGY3]: 2.18 in 3YR programs vs 2.28 in 4YR programs, P=.59; and 2.34 in postgraduate year 4 [PGY4] for those in 4YR programs), though some statistical differences were noted for three items. New graduates' eWBI summary scores before the COVID-19 pandemic were 1.77 among 3YR graduates and 1.66 among 4YR graduates (P=.59). These scores were higher during COVID-19 at 1.89 for 3YR graduates and 2.02 for 4YR graduates (P=.62). Length of training was not associated with differences in well-being before or during COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: We found no associations between length of training and physician well-being during training or among new graduates before or during COVID-19.

Resident Involvement in Curricular and Clinical Practice Change and Satisfaction With Training According to Length of Training in Family Medicine.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Most research in residency training has focused on quality improvement within a single program. We explored resident involvement in curricular and clinical practice change, the learning environment, and resident satisfaction in 3-year family medicine residencies compared to matched 4-year residencies. METHODS: We used two surveys to capture data. One was for program directors, which assessed the level of resident involvement in curricular and practice transformation. The second was a resident survey, which asked residents to rate their involvement in curricular change and practice transformation, the learning environment, and satisfaction with training. Both were administered annually between 2013 and 2019. Response rates ranged from 84.6% to 100%. RESULTS: Findings revealed no overall difference in resident involvement in curricular change, but the program director survey findings indicated that a higher proportion of residents in 4-year programs were using a broader diversity of approaches to working on quality improvement (QI) projects compared to those in 3-year programs. We also found statistical differences in the number of QI projects completed per year, with 34.1% completing three or more in 4-year programs compared to 13.3% in 3-year programs (P<.001). We found a positive correlation between resident involvement, learning environment, and satisfaction with training for both 3-year (range 0.489-0.666; P=.001) and 4-year residents (range 0.441-0.529; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: Four-year residents were involved in a greater number of quality improvement projects and had a more diverse profile of involvement than those in 3-year residency programs. Involvement in practice and curricular change and the learning environment were associated with greater levels of resident satisfaction with training in both 3-year and 4-year programs.

Teaching residents to prescribe buprenorphine for opioid use disorder: Insights from a community-based residency program.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the impact of the opioid overdose crisis on the United States, few physicians are trained to provide treatment with buprenorphine. While research has described some factors contributing to comfort in providing buprenorphine treatment, more research is needed to identify optimal strategies to produce physicians who prescribe this medication. METHODS: A community-based family medicine residency in Massachusetts sought to improve residents' comfort with prescribing buprenorphine by integrating patients treated with buprenorphine directly into resident continuity clinic panels in addition to existing mandatory didactic teaching. RESULTS: The program saw a significant increase in buprenorphine prescribing among residency graduates three years after graduation after integration of patients on buprenorphine into resident continuity panels. CONCLUSION: Efforts to further increase the number of graduates prescribing buprenorphine nationwide should emphasize supervised management of patients treated with buprenorphine during residency.

Current Attitudes Toward the ACGME and Its Role: Perspectives of a National Multi-Specialty Panel of Residents and Fellows.

BACKGROUND: Resident attitudes toward the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) likely influence the ACGME's effectiveness in its role of ensuring compliance with its requirements. Beyond perceptions of duty hour limits and their enforcement, there is a lack of data on resident perceptions of the ACGME and its role. OBJECTIVE: We explored resident attitudes toward the ACGME and developed recommendations for improved outreach to the resident community to improve perceptions. METHODS: A multi-specialty, nationally representative group of residents and fellows conducted a 3-part structured exercise that (1) described current trainee impressions of the ACGME; (2) evaluated the value of the ACGME engaging residents; and (3) recommended ways to improve communication between the ACGME and residents. RESULTS: Most residents are only vaguely familiar with the role of the ACGME and generally have a negative impression regarding ACGME accreditation functions. This contrasts with the attitudes of the residents more closely involved with the ACGME through its Review Committees. There is value in engaging residents in the mission of the ACGME, and outreach efforts across multiple modalities could more closely align ACGME values and resident impressions of the organization and its role. CONCLUSIONS: A multifaceted effort to engage residents in the mission and goals of the ACGME would augment both ACGME and trainee efforts to improve graduate medical education.

Food, stress, and reproduction: short-term fasting alters endocrine physiology and reproductive behavior in the zebra finch.

Stress is thought to be a potent suppressor of reproduction. However, the vast majority of studies focus on the relationship between chronic stress and reproductive suppression, despite the fact that chronic stress is rare in the wild. We investigated the role of fasting in altering acute stress physiology, reproductive physiology, and reproductive behavior of male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) with several goals in mind. First, we wanted to determine if acute fasting could stimulate an increase in plasma corticosterone and a decrease in corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and testosterone. We then investigated whether fasting could alter expression of undirected song and courtship behavior. After subjecting males to fasting periods ranging from 1 to 10h, we collected plasma to measure corticosterone, CBG, and testosterone. We found that plasma corticosterone was elevated, and testosterone was decreased after 4, 6, and 10h of fasting periods compared with samples collected from the same males during nonfasted (control) periods. CBG was lower than control levels only after 10h of fasting. We also found that, coincident with these endocrine changes, males sang less and courted females less vigorously following short-term fasting relative to control conditions. Our data demonstrate that acute fasting resulted in rapid changes in endocrine physiology consistent with hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis deactivation. Fasting also inhibited reproductive behavior. We suggest that zebra finches exhibit physiological and behavioral flexibility that makes them an excellent model system for studying interactions of acute stress and reproduction.