RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Thoracoscopic surgery may require single-lung ventilation (SLV) in infants and small children. A variety of balloon-tipped endobronchial blockers exist but the placement is technically challenging if the size of the tracheal tube does not allow the simultaneous passage of the fibreoptic scope and the endobronchial blocker. This report describes a technique for endobronchial blocker insertion using fluoroscopic guidance in children undergoing SLV. METHODS: After approval from the local Medical Ethics Committee and parental consent, 18 patients aged 2 years or younger scheduled for thoracic surgery requiring SLV were prospectively included. Following induction of anesthesia, a 5 Fr endobronchial blocker (Cook) Arndt endobronchial blocker) was inserted first into the trachea under direct laryngoscopy. Correct placement in the main bronchus was assessed by fluoroscopy and tracheal intubation next to the endobronchial blocker. Optimal position and balloon inflation was verified using a fibreoptic scope. The duration and number of insertion attempts as well as age, weight and size of the tracheal tube were recorded. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were studied. Median (range) age and weight were 12 (0.2-24) months and 11.2 (4-15) kg, respectively. SLV was successfully achieved in all patients using a 5 Fr endobronchial blocker outside a 3.5-4.5 mm ID tracheal tube within 11.2 (+/-2.2) min. No side effects were observed during the procedure. CONCLUSION: Fluoroscopic-guided insertion of extraluminal endobronchial blocker is an effective and reliable tool to place Arndt endobronchial blockers in small children.
Asunto(s)
Intubación Intratraqueal/instrumentación , Respiración Artificial/instrumentación , Bronquios , Preescolar , Tecnología de Fibra Óptica , Fluoroscopía/métodos , Humanos , Lactante , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
A collection of 148 Pisum accessions, mostly from Western Europe, and including both primitive germplasm and cultivated types, was structured using 121 protein- and PCR-based markers. This molecular marker-based classification allowed us to trace back major lineages of pea breeding in Western Europe over the last decades, and to follow the main breeding objectives: increase of seed weight, introduction of the afila foliage type and white flowers, and improvement of frost tolerance for winter-sown peas. The classification was largely consistent with the available pedigree data, and clearly resolved the different main varietal types according to their end-uses (fodder, food and feed peas) from exotic types and wild forms. Fodder types were further separated into two sub-groups. Feed peas, corresponding to either spring-sown or winter-sown types, were also separated, with two apparently different gene pools for winter-sown peas. The garden pea group was the most difficult to structure, probably due to a continuum in breeding of feed peas from garden types. The classification also stressed the paradox between the narrowness of the genetic basis of recent cultivars and the very large diversity available within P. sativum. A sub-collection of 43 accessions representing 96% of the whole allelic variability is proposed as a starting point for the construction of a core collection.
Asunto(s)
Alelos , Cruzamiento , Variación Genética , Fenotipo , Pisum sativum/genética , Agricultura , Análisis por Conglomerados , Europa (Continente) , Marcadores Genéticos , Geografía , Isoenzimas , Repeticiones de Minisatélite , Pisum sativum/clasificación , Linaje , Análisis de Componente Principal , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Rho proteins are down-regulated in vivo by specific GTPase activating proteins (RhoGAP). We have functionally studied three Saccharomyces cerevisiae putative RhoGAP. By first identifying Rho partners with a systematic two-hybrid approach and then using an in vitro assay, we have demonstrated that the Bag7 protein stimulated the GTPase activity of the Rho1 protein, Lrg1p acted on the Cdc42 and Rho2 GTPases and we showed that Rgd2p has a GAP activity on both Cdc42p and Rho5p. In addition, we brought the first evidence for the existence of a sixth functional Rho in yeast, the Cdc42/Rac-like GTPase Rho5.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Activadoras de GTPasa/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiología , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rho/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/química , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Activadoras de GTPasa/química , Proteínas Activadoras de GTPasa/genética , Genes Reporteros/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismo , Alineación de Secuencia , Técnicas del Sistema de Dos Híbridos , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rho/química , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rho/genéticaRESUMEN
The RGD1 gene, identified during sequencing of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, encodes a protein with a Rho-GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain at the carboxy-terminal end. The Rgd1 protein showed two-hybrid interactions with the activated forms of Rho2p, Rho3p and Rho4p. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated that Rgd1p stimulated the GTPase activity of both Rho3p and Rho4p; no stimulation was observed on Rho2p. In addition, the rho3Deltargd1Delta double mutant exhibited a dramatic growth defect compared to the single mutants, suggesting that Rgd1p has a GAP activity in vivo. The present study allowed the identification of the first GAP of Rho3p and Rho4p.