Image Quality and Radiation Exposure in Abdominal Angiography: A Head-to-Head Comparison of Conventional Detector-Dose-Driven Versus Contrast-to-Noise Ratio-Driven Exposure Control at Various Source-to-Image Receptor Distances and Collimations in a Pilot Phantom and Animal Study.

OBJECTIVES: This phantom and animal pilot study aimed to compare image quality and radiation exposure between detector-dose-driven exposure control (DEC) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)-driven exposure control (CEC) as functions of source-to-image receptor distance (SID) and collimation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, an iron foil simulated a guide wire in a stack of polymethyl methacrylate and aluminum plates representing patient thicknesses of 15, 25, and 35 cm. Fluoroscopic images were acquired using 5 SIDs ranging from 100 to 130 cm and 2 collimations (full field of view, collimated field of view: 6 × 6 cm). The iron foil CNRs were calculated, and radiation doses in terms of air kerma rate were obtained and assessed using a multivariate regression. Second, 5 angiographic scenarios were created in 2 anesthetized pigs. Fluoroscopic images were acquired at 2 SIDs (110 and 130 cm) and both collimations. Two blinded experienced readers compared image quality to the reference image using full field of view at an SID of 110 cm. Air kerma rate was obtained and compared using t tests. RESULTS: Using DEC, both CNR and air kerma rate increased significantly at longer SID and collimation below the air kerma rate limit. When using CEC, CNR was significantly less dependent of SID, collimation, and patient thickness. Air kerma rate decreased at longer SID and tighter collimation. After reaching the air kerma rate limit, CEC behaved similarly to DEC. In the animal study using DEC, image quality and air kerma rate increased with longer SID and collimation (P < 0.005). Using CEC, image quality was not significantly different than using longer SID or tighter collimation. Air kerma rate was not significantly different at longer SID but lower using collimation (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: CEC maintains the image quality with varying SID and collimation stricter than DEC, does not increase the air kerma rate at longer SID and reduces it with tighter collimation. After reaching the air kerma rate limit, CEC and DEC perform similarly.

Photon Counting Computed Tomography with the Radiation Dose of a Chest X-Ray: Feasibility and Diagnostic Yield.

INTRODUCTION: Photon counting (PC) detectors allow a reduction of the radiation dose in CT. Chest X-ray (CXR) is known to have a low sensitivity and specificity for detection of pneumonic infiltrates. The aims were to establish an ultra-low-dose CT (ULD-CT) protocol at a PC-CT with the radiation dose comparable to the dose of a CXR and to evaluate its clinical yield in patients with suspicion of pneumonia. METHODS: A ULD-CT protocol was established with the aim to meet the radiation dose of a CXR. In this retrospective study, all adult patients who received a ULD-CT of the chest with suspected pneumonia were included. Radiation exposure of ULD-CT and CXR was calculated. The clinical significance (new diagnosis, change of therapy, additional findings) and limitations were evaluated by a radiologist and a pulmonologist considering previous CXR and clinical data. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (70% male, mean age 68 years) were included. With our ULD-CT protocol, the radiation dose of a CXR could be reached (mean radiation exposure 0.11 mSv). With ULD-CT, the diagnosis changed in 11 patients (41%), there were relevant additional findings in 4 patients (15%), an infiltrate (particularly fungal infiltrate under immunosuppression) could be ruled out with certainty in 10 patients (37%), and the therapy changed in 10 patients (37%). Two patients required an additional CT with contrast medium to rule out a pulmonary embolism or pleural empyema. CONCLUSIONS: With ULD-CT, the radiation dose of a CXR could be reached while the clinical impact is higher with change in diagnosis in 41%.

Regional Pulmonary Morphology and Function: Photon-counting CT Assessment.

Background Experience with functional CT in the lungs without additional equipment in clinical routine is limited. Purpose To report initial experience and evaluate the robustness of a modified chest CT protocol and photon-counting CT (PCCT) for comprehensive analysis of pulmonary vasculature, perfusion, ventilation, and morphologic structure in a single examination. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, consecutive patients with clinically indicated CT for various known and unknown pulmonary function impairment (six subgroups) were included between November 2021 and June 2022. After administration of an intravenous contrast agent, inspiratory PCCT was followed by expiratory PCCT after a delay of 5 minutes. Advanced automated postprocessing was performed, and CT-derived functional parameters were calculated (regional ventilation, perfusion, late contrast enhancement, and CT angiography). Mean intravascular contrast enhancement in the mediastinal vessels and radiation dose were determined. Using analysis of variance, the mean values of lung volumes, attenuation, ventilation, perfusion, and late contrast enhancement were tested for differences between subgroups of patients. Results In 166 patients (mean age, 63.2 years ± 14.2 [SD]; 106 male patients), all CT-derived parameters could be acquired (84.7% success rate; 166 of 196 patients). At the inspiratory examination, mean density was 325 HU in the pulmonary trunk, 260 HU in the left atrium, and 252 HU in the ascending aorta. The mean dose-length product for inspiration and expiration was 110.32 mGy · cm and 109.47 mGy · cm, respectively; the mean CT dose index for inspiration and expiration was 3.22 mGy and 3.09 mGy, respectively (less than the mean total radiation dose of 8-12 mGy, which is diagnostic reference level). Significant differences (P < .05) between the subgroups were found for all assessed parameters. Visual inspection allowed for voxelwise assessment of morphologic structure and function. Conclusion The proposed PCCT protocol allowed for a dose-efficient and robust simultaneous evaluation of pulmonary morphologic structure, ventilation, vasculature, and parenchymal perfusion in a procedure requiring advanced software but no additional hardware. © RSNA, 2023.

Visual impression and texture analysis of advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE): improved assessment of image quality in CT for better estimation of dose reduction potential.

To evaluate the image quality (IQ) of advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE; Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany) applying image texture and image visual impression as a supplement to physical parameters such as noise level and spatial resolution. An ACR-phantom with four modules was examined at different radiation dose levels. To characterise the image texture, two Haralick texture parameters, contrast and entropy, were assessed at different dose levels and reconstruction algorithms. The visual impression of images and the low-contrast detectability were evaluated by the structural similarity index (SSIM). The spatial resolution was determined by the modulation transfer functions and the line spread function. The Haralick texture parameters, contrast and entropy, decreased with increasing ADMIRE levels. ADMIRE III, IV and V offered a comparable contrast and entropy to those calculated by filtered back projection (FBP) with a radiation dose reduction up to 50%. SSIM (low-contrast detectability) improved with increasing ADMIRE levels. SSIM calculated by ADMIRE IV and V revealed comparable IQ to FBP with a decreased CTDIvolup to 50%. Spatial resolution was retained up to 90% dose reduction. Compared to FBP at the same dose level, the image noise decreased up to 61% with higher ADMIRE levels (σFBP= 17.3 HU andσADMIREV= 10.6 HU at 6.65 mGy). Taking texture analysis and visual perception into account, a more realistic assessment of the dose reduction potential of ADMIRE can be achieved than quality metrics based alone on physical measurements.

Liver segmentation using Turbolift learning for CT and cone-beam C-arm perfusion imaging.

Model-based reconstruction employing the time separation technique (TST) was found to improve dynamic perfusion imaging of the liver using C-arm cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). To apply TST using prior knowledge extracted from CT perfusion data, the liver should be accurately segmented from the CT scans. Reconstructions of primary and model-based CBCT data need to be segmented for proper visualisation and interpretation of perfusion maps. This research proposes Turbolift learning, which trains a modified version of the multi-scale Attention UNet on different liver segmentation tasks serially, following the order of the trainings CT, CBCT, CBCT TST - making the previous trainings act as pre-training stages for the subsequent ones - addressing the problem of limited number of datasets for training. For the final task of liver segmentation from CBCT TST, the proposed method achieved an overall Dice scores of 0.874±0.031 and 0.905±0.007 in 6-fold and 4-fold cross-validation experiments, respectively - securing statistically significant improvements over the model, which was trained only for that task. Experiments revealed that Turbolift not only improves the overall performance of the model but also makes it robust against artefacts originating from the embolisation materials and truncation artefacts. Additionally, in-depth analyses confirmed the order of the segmentation tasks. This paper shows the potential of segmenting the liver from CT, CBCT, and CBCT TST, learning from the available limited training data, which can possibly be used in the future for the visualisation and evaluation of the perfusion maps for the treatment evaluation of liver diseases.

Effectuality study of a 3D motion correction algorithm in C-arm CTs of severely impaired image quality during transarterial chemoembolization.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate effectivity of a 3D-motion correction algorithm in C-Arm CTs (CACT) with limited image quality (IQ) during transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). METHODS: From 1/2015-5/2021, 644 CACTs were performed in patients during TACE. Of these, 27 CACTs in 26 patients (18 m, 8f; 69.7 years ± 10.7 SD) of limited IQ were included. Post-processing of the original raw-data sets (CACTOrg) included application of a 3D-motion correction algorithm and bone segmentation (CACTMC_no_bone). Four radiologists (R1-4) compared the images by choosing their preferred dataset and recommending repeat acquisition in case of severe IQ-impairment. R1,2 performed additional grading of intrahepatic vessel visualization, presence/extent of movement artifacts, and overall IQ. RESULTS: R1,2 demonstrated excellent interobserver agreement for overall IQ (ICC 0.79,p < 0.01) and the five-point vessel visualization scale before and after post-processing of the datasets (ICC 0.78,p < 0.01). Post-processing caused significant improvement, with overall IQ improving from 2.63 (CACTOrg) to 1.39 (CACTMC_no_bone;p < 0.01) and a decrease in the mean distance of identifiable, subcapsular vessels to the liver capsule by 4 mm (p < 0.01). This proved especially true for datasets with low parenchymal and high hepatic artery contrast. A good interobserver agreement (ICC = 0.73) was recorded concerning the presence of motion artifacts, with significantly less discernible motion after post-processing (CACTOrg:1.31 ± 1.67, CACTMC_no_bone:1.00 ± 1.34, p < 0.01). Of the 27 datasets, ≥ 23 CACTMC_no_bone were preferred, with identical datasets chosen by the readers to show benefit from the algorithm. CONCLUSION: Application of a 3D-motion correction algorithm significantly improved IQ in diagnostically limited CACTs during TACE, with the potential to decrease repeat acquisitions.

Tantalum-specific contrast-to-noise ratio or conventional detector dose-driven exposure control in angiography: radiation dose and image quality evaluation in a porcine model.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this animal study was to compare the fluoroscopic image quality (IQ) and radiation dose between a tantalum (Ta)-specific contrast-to-noise ratio-driven exposure control (Ta-CEC) and a detector dose-driven exposure control (DEC) in abdominal angiography. METHODS: Nine angiography scenarios were created in seven anaesthetised pigs using Ta-based embolisation material during percutaneous liver and kidney intervention. Fluoroscopic images were acquired using three DEC protocols with different dose levels and Ta-CEC protocols with different IQ levels, sampled in small steps. Polymethyl-methacrylate and aluminium plates were used to simulate attenuation of three water equivalent thicknesses (WET). Three blinded readers evaluated the IQ of DEC and dose equivalent Ta images and selected the Ta-IQ equivalent image corresponding to the DEC image. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement for the IQ assessment was 0.43 for DEC, 0.56 for Ta-CEC and for the assessment of incident air kerma at the interventional reference point (Ka,r) for the Ta-IQ equivalent image 0.73. The average IQ of the dose equivalent Ta images was superior compared to the DEC images (p < 0.001) and also for every WET (26, 31, or 36 cm) and dose level (p ≤ 0.022). The average Ka,r for the Ta-IQ equivalent images was 59 ± 16% (mean ± standard deviation) lower compared to the DEC images (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to DEC, Ta-CEC significantly improved the fluoroscopic depiction of Ta, while maintaining the Ka,r. Alternatively, the Ka,r can be significantly reduced by using Ta-CEC instead of DEC, while maintaining equivalent IQ.

The Value of C-Arm Computed Tomography in Addition to Conventional Digital Subtraction Angiography in the Diagnostic Work-up of Patients with Suspected Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: An Update of 300 Patients.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the value and possible benefit of combined C-arm computed tomography (CACT) and conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of the pulmonary arteries in the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 308 pulmonary artery angiographies of 308 consecutive patients with suspected CTEPH. Seven patients were excluded because of incomplete imaging. Thus, 301 datasets were included in our study. The pulmonary artery segments and their subsegmental branching were independently evaluated by two readers (R1, R2) using both, DSA and CACT for optimal image quality. Subsequently, the diagnostic findings were compared. Inter-modality and inter-observer agreement were calculated. Consensus reading was done and correlated to a standard of reference, representing the overall consensus of both modalities. Fisher's exact test and Cohen's Kappa were applied. RESULTS: A total of 5719 pulmonary segments were evaluated of which only 28 segments (0.4%) were rated to be nondiagnostic on both, CACT and DSA. Overall, 5640 (98.6%) and 5600 (97.9%) pulmonary segments were rated to be diagnostic in DSA and CACT, respectively. The main causes of nondiagnostic image quality were motion artifacts on both, CACT (R1:81, R2:50) and DSA (R1:60, R2:48). Interobserver agreement was excellent for DSA (κ = 0.9) and CACT (κ = 0.91) and intermodality agreement was substantial (R1: κ = 0.69, R2: κ = 0.77). Compared to standard of reference, the intermodality agreement for CACT was excellent (κ = 0.96), whereas it was inferior for DSA (κ = 0.75), due to the higher number of pathologic findings in CACT read as normal on DSA. CONCLUSION: CACT of the pulmonary arteries can provide additional information to DSA during CTEPH work-up. Moreover, the combination of CACT and DSA can minimize the portion of non-diagnostic examinations, therefore being a reasonable combination to optimize the diagnostic work-up.

Phantom study for comparison between computed tomography- and C-Arm computed tomography-guided puncture applied by residents in radiology. / Phantomstudie zum Vergleich zwischen Computertomografie- und C-Arm-Computertomografie-gesteuertem Punktionsverfahren bei Anwendung durch Weiterbildungsassistenten in der Radiologie.

PURPOSE: Comparison of puncture deviation and puncture duration between computed tomography (CT)- and C-arm CT (CACT)-guided puncture performed by residents in training (RiT). METHODS: In a cohort of 25 RiTs enrolled in a research training program either CT- or CACT-guided puncture was performed on a phantom. Prior to the experiments, the RiT's level of training, experience playing a musical instrument, video games, and ball sports, and self-assessed manual skills and spatial skills were recorded. Each RiT performed two punctures. The first puncture was performed with a transaxial or single angulated needle path and the second with a single or double angulated needle path. Puncture deviation and puncture duration were compared between the procedures and were correlated with the self-assessments. RESULTS: RiTs in both the CT guidance and CACT guidance groups did not differ with respect to radiologic experience (p = 1), angiographic experience (p = 0.415), and number of ultrasound-guided puncture procedures (p = 0.483), CT-guided puncture procedures (p = 0.934), and CACT-guided puncture procedures (p = 0.466). The puncture duration was significantly longer with CT guidance (without navigation tool) than with CACT guidance with navigation software (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the puncture duration between the first and second puncture using CT guidance (p = 0.719). However, in the case of CACT, the second puncture was significantly faster (p = 0.006). Puncture deviations were not different between CT-guided and CACT-guided puncture (p = 0.337) and between the first and second puncture of CT-guided and CACT-guided puncture (CT: p = 0.130; CACT: p = 0.391). The self-assessment of manual skills did not correlate with puncture deviation (p = 0.059) and puncture duration (p = 0.158). The self-assessed spatial skills correlated positively with puncture deviation (p = 0.011) but not with puncture duration (p = 0.541). CONCLUSION: The RiTs achieved a puncture deviation that was clinically adequate with respect to their level of training and did not differ between CT-guided and CACT-guided puncture. The puncture duration was shorter when using CACT. CACT guidance with navigation software support has a potentially steeper learning curve. Spatial skills might accelerate the learning of image-guided puncture. KEY POINTS: · The CT-guided and CACT-guided puncture experience of the RiTs selected as part of the program "Researchers for the Future" of the German Roentgen Society was adequate with respect to the level of training.. · Despite the lower collective experience of the RiTs with CACT-guided puncture with navigation software assistance, the learning curve regarding CACT-guided puncture may be faster compared to the CT-guided puncture technique.. · If the needle path is complex, CACT guidance with navigation software assistance might have an advantage over CT guidance.. CITATION FORMAT: · Meine TC, Hinrichs JB, Werncke T et al. Phantom study for comparison between computed tomography- and C-Arm computed tomography-guided puncture applied by residents in radiology. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; 194: 272 - 280.

Depiction of mosaic perfusion in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) on C-arm computed tomography compared to computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA).

To evaluate mosaic perfusion patterns and vascular lesions in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) using C-Arm computed tomography (CACT) compared to computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). We included 41 patients (18 female; mean age 59.9 ± 18.3 years) with confirmed CTEPH who underwent CACT and CTPA within 21 days (average 5.3 ± 5.2). Two readers (R1; R2) independently evaluated datasets from both imaging techniques for mosaic perfusion patterns and presence of CTEPH-typical vascular lesions. The number of pulmonary arterial segments with typical findings was evaluated and the percentage of affected segments was calculated and categorized: < 25%; 25-49%; 50-75%; < 75% of all pulmonary arterial segments affected by thromboembolic vascular lesions. Inter-observer agreement was calculated for both modalities using the intraclass-correlation-coefficient (ICC). Based on consensus reading the inter-modality agreement (CACTcons vs. CTPAcons) was calculated using the ICC. Inter-observer agreement was excellent for central vascular lesions (ICC > 0.87) and the percentage of affected segments (ICC > 0.76) and good for the perceptibility of mosaic perfusion (ICC > 0.6) and attribution of the pattern of mosaic perfusion (ICC > 0.6) for both readers on CACT and CTPA. Inter-modality agreement was excellent for the perceptibility of mosaic perfusion (ICC = 1), the present perfusion pattern (ICC = 1) and central vascular lesions (ICC = 1). However, inter-modality agreement for the percentage of affected segments was fair (ICC = 0.50), with a greater proportion of identified affected segments on CACTcons. CACT demonstrates a high agreement with CTPA regarding the detection of mosaic perfusion. CACT detects a higher number of peripheral vascular lesions compared to CTPA.

Comparison of a contrast-to-noise ratio-driven exposure control and a regular detector dose-driven exposure control in abdominal imaging in a clinical angiography system.

PURPOSE: The first purpose of this phantom study was to verify whether a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)-driven exposure control (CEC) can maintain target CNR in angiography more precisely compared to a conventional detector dose-driven exposure control (DEC). The second purpose was to estimate the difference between incident air kerma produced by CEC and DEC when both exposure controls reach the same CNR. METHODS: A standardized 3D-printed phantom with an iron foil and a cavity, filled with iodinated contrast material, was developed to measure CNR using different image acquisition settings. This phantom was placed into a stack of polymethylmethacrylate and aluminum plates, simulating a patient equivalent thickness (PET) of 2.5-40 cm. Images were acquired using fluoroscopy and digital radiography modes with CEC using one image quality level and four image quality gradients and DEC having three different detector dose levels. The spatial frequency weighted CNR and incident air kerma were determined. The differences in incident air kerma between DEC and CEC were estimated. RESULTS: When using DEC, CNR decreased continuously with increasing attenuation, while CEC within physical limits maintained a predefined CNR level. Furthermore, CEC could be parameterized to deliver the CNR as a predefined function of PET. To provide a given CNR level, CEC used equal or lower air kerma than DEC. The mean estimated incident air kerma of CEC compared to DEC was between 3% (PET 20 cm) and 40% (PET 27.5 cm) lower in fluoroscopy and between 1% (PET 20 cm) and 55% (PET 2.5 cm) lower in digital radiography while maintaining CNR. CONCLUSION: Within physical and legislative limits, the CEC allows for a flexible adjustment of the CNR as a function of PET. Thus, the CEC enables task-dependent examination protocols with predefined image quality in order to easier achieve the as low as reasonably achievable principle. CEC required equal or lower incident air kerma than DEC to provide similar CNR, which allows for a substantial reduction of skin radiation dose in these situations.

Comparison of the Uptake of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Pre-Therapeutic MDCT, CACT, and SPECT/CT, and the Correlation with Post-Therapeutic PET/CT in Patients Undergoing Selective Internal Radiation Therapy.

(1) Background: To comparatively analyze the uptake of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on pre-therapeutic imaging modalities, the arterial phase multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), the parenchymal phase C-arm computed tomography (CACT), the Technetium99m-macroaggregates of human serum albumin single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT), and the correlation to the post-therapeutic Yttrium90 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT). (2) Methods: Between September 2013 and December 2016, 104 SIRT procedures were performed at our institution in 74 patients with HCC not suitable for curative surgery or ablation. Twenty-two patients underwent an identical sequence of pre-therapeutic MDCT, CACT, SPECT/CT, and post-therapeutic PET/CT with a standardized diagnostic and therapeutic protocol. In these 22 patients, 25 SIRT procedures were evaluated. The uptake of the HCC was assessed using tumor-background ratio (TBR). Therefore, regions of interest were placed on the tumor and the adjacent liver tissue on MDCT (TBRMDCT), CACT (TBRCACT), SPECT/CT (TBRSPECT/CT), and PET/CT (TBRPET/CT). Comparisons were made with the Friedman test and the Nemenyi post-hoc test. Correlations were analyzed using Spearman's Rho and the Benjamini-Hochberg method. The level of significance was p < 0.05. (3) Results: TBR on MDCT (1.4 ± 0.3) was significantly smaller than on CACT (1.9 ± 0.6) and both were significantly smaller compared to SPECT/CT (4.6 ± 2.0) (pFriedman-Test < 0.001; pTBRMDCT/TBRCACT = 0.012, pTBRMDCT/TBRSPECT/CT < 0.001, pTBRCACT/TBRSPECT/CT < 0.001). There was no significant correlation of TBR on MDCT with PET/CT (rTBRMDCT/TBRPET/CT = 0.116; p = 0.534). In contrast, TBR on CACT correlated to TBR on SPECT/CT (rTBRCACT/TBRSPECT/CT = 0.489; p = 0.004) and tended to correlate to TBR on PET/CT (rTBRCACT/TBRPET/CT =0.365; p = 0.043). TBR on SPECT/CT correlated to TBR on PET/CT (rTBRSPECT/CT/TBRPET/CT = 0.706; p < 0.001) (4) Conclusion: The uptake assessment on CACT was in agreement with SPECT/CT and might be consistent with PET/CT. In contrast, MDCT was not comparable to CACT and SPECT/CT, and had no correlation with PET/CT due to the different application techniques. This emphasizes the value of the CACT, which has the potential to improve the dosimetric assessment of the tumor and liver uptake for SIRT.

Persistent DNA Double-Strand Breaks After Repeated Diagnostic CT Scans in Breast Epithelial Cells and Lymphocytes.

DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and repair have been widely studied in radiation therapy (RT); however little is known about the impact of very low exposures from repeated computed tomography (CT) scans for the efficiency of repair. In our current study, DSB repair and kinetics were investigated in side-by-side comparison of RT treatment (2 Gy) with repeated diagnostic CT scans (≤20 mGy) in human breast epithelial cell lines and lymphoblastoid cells harboring different mutations in known DNA damage repair proteins. Immunocytochemical analysis of well known DSB markers γH2AX and 53BP1, within 48 h after each treatment, revealed highly correlated numbers of foci and similar appearance/disappearance profiles. The levels of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci after CT scans were up to 30% of those occurring 0.5 h after 2 Gy irradiation. The DNA damage repair after diagnostic CT scans was monitored and quantitatively assessed by both γH2AX and 53BP1 foci in different cell types. Subsequent diagnostic CT scans in 6 and/or 12 weeks intervals resulted in elevated background levels of repair foci, more pronounced in cells that were prone to genomic instability due to mutations in known regulators of DNA damage response (DDR). The levels of persistent foci remained enhanced for up to 6 months. This "memory effect" may reflect a radiation-induced long-term response of cells after low-dose x-ray exposure.

Impact of a contrast-to-noise ratio driven and material specific exposure control on image quality and radiation exposure in angiography.

Conventional detector-dose driven exposure controls (DEC) do not consider the contrasting material of interest in angiography. Considering the latter when choosing the acquisition parameters should allow for optimization of x-ray quality and consecutively lead to a substantial reduction of radiation exposure. Therefore, the impact of a material-specific, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) driven exposure control (CEC) compared to DEC on radiation exposure was investigated. A 3D-printed phantom containing iron, tantalum, and platinum foils and cavities, filled with iodine, barium, and gas (carbon dioxide), was developed to measure the CNR. This phantom was placed within a stack of polymethylmethacrylate and aluminum plates simulating a patient equivalent thickness (PET) of 2.5-40 cm. Fluoroscopy and digital radiography (DR) were conducted applying either CEC or three, regular DEC protocols with parameter settings used in abdominal interventions. CEC protocols where chosen to achieve material-specific CNR values similar to those of DEC. Incident air kerma at the reference point(Ka,r), using either CEC or DEC, was assessed and possible Ka,r reduction for similar CNR was estimated. We show that CEC provided similar CNR as DEC at the same or lower Ka,r. When imaging barium, iron, and iodine Ka,r was substantially reduced below a PET of 20 cm and between 25 cm and 30 cm for fluoroscopy and Dr When imaging platinum and tantalum using fluoroscopy and DR and gas using DR, the Ka,r reduction was substantially higher. We estimate the Ka,r reduction for these materials between 15% and 84% for fluoroscopy and DR between 15% and 93% depending on the PET. The results of this study demonstrate a high potential for skin dose reduction in abdominal radiology when using a material-specific CEC compared to DEC. This effect is substantial in imaging materials with higher energy K-edges, which is beneficial, for example, in long-lasting embolization procedures with tantalum-based embolization material in young patients with arterio-venous malformations.

Evaluation of perfusion changes using a 2D Parametric Parenchymal Blood Flow technique with automated vessel suppression following partial spleen embolization in patients with hypersplenism and portal hypertension.

ABSTRACT: To evaluate the feasibility and potential value of 2D Parametric Parenchymal Blood Flow (2D-PPBF) for the assessment of perfusion changes following partial spleen embolization (PSE) in a retrospective observational study design.Overall, 12 PSE procedures in 12 patients were included in this study. The outcome of the study was the platelet response (PR), calculated as the percentage increase of platelet count (PLT), following PSE. To quantify perfusion changes using 2D-PPBF, the acquired digital subtraction angiography series were post-processed. A reference region-of-interest (ROI) was placed in the afferent splenic artery and a target ROI was positioned on the embolization territory of the spleen on digital subtraction angiography series pre- and post-embolization. The ratios of the target ROIs to the reference ROIs were calculated for the Wash-In-Rate (WIR), the Time-To-Peak (TTP) and the Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC). Comparisons between pre- and post-embolization data were made using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r). Afterwards, the study population was divided by the median of the TTP before PSE to analyze its value for the prediction of PR following PSE.Following PSE, PLT increased significantly from 43,000 ±â€Š21,405 platelets/µL to 128,500 ±â€Š66,083 platelets/µL with a PR of 255 ±â€Š243% (P = .003). In the embolized splenic territory, the pre-/post-embolization 2D-PPBF parameter changed significantly: WIRpre-PSE 1.23 ±â€Š2.42/WIRpost-PSE 0.09 ±â€Š0.07; -64 ±â€Š46% (p = 0.04), TTPpre-PSE 4.41 ±â€Š0.99/TTPpost-PSE 5.67 ±â€Š1.52 (P = .041); +34 ±â€Š47% and AUCpost-PSE 0.81 ±â€Š0.85/AUCpost-PSE 0.14 ±â€Š0.08; -71 ±â€Š18% (P = .002). A significant correlation of a 2D-PPBF parameter with the PLT was found for TTPpre-PSE/PLTpre-PSE r = -0.66 (P = .01). Subgroup analysis showed a significantly increased PR for the group with TTPpre-PSE >4.44 compared to the group with TTPpre-PSE ≤4.44 (404 ±â€Š267% versus 107 ±â€Š76%; P = .04).2D-PPBF is an objective approach to analyze the perfusion reduction of embolized splenic tissue. TTP derived from 2D-PPBF has the potential to predict the extent of PR during PSE.

Motion Reduction for C-Arm Computed Tomography of the Pulmonary Arteries: Image Quality of a Motion Correction Algorithm in Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Hypertension During Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and image quality of a motion correction algorithm for supra-selective C-arm computed tomography (CACT) of the pulmonary arteries in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) undergoing balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA). MATERIALS & METHODS: CACT raw data acquired during 30 consecutive BPAs were used for image reconstruction using either standard (CACTorg) or a motion correction algorithm (CACTmc), using 400 iterations. Two readers independently evaluated 188 segmental and 564 sub-segmental contrast-enhanced pulmonary arteries in each reconstruction. The following categories were assessed: Sharpness of the vessel, motion artifacts, delineation of bronchial structures, vessel geometry, and visibility of treatable lesions. The mentioned criteria were rated from grade 1 to grade 3: grade 1: excellent quality; grade 2: good quality; grade 3: poor/seriously impaired quality. Inter-observer agreement was calculated using Cohen's Kappa. Due to an excellent agreement, the ratings of both readers were merged. Differences in the assessed image quality criteria were evaluated using pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: Inter-observer agreement was excellent for all evaluated image quality criteria (κ > 0.81). For all assessed image quality criteria, the ratings on CACTorg were good but improved significantly for CACTmc to excellent for the whole vascular tree (p < 0.01). When considering segmental and sub-segmental levels individually, all image quality criteria improved significantly for CACTmc on both levels (p < 0.01). While ratings of CACTmc were constant for both levels (segmental and sub-segmental) for all criteria, the ratings of CACTorg were slightly impaired for the sub-segmental arteries. CONCLUSION: Motion correction for supra-selective contrast-enhanced CACT of the pulmonary arteries is feasible and improves the overall image quality. KEY POINTS: · Motion artifacts can severely impair the diagnostic accuracy of CACT.. · A motion correction algorithm can significantly improve image quality in CACT of the pulmonary arteries.. · Especially the overall image quality of sub-segmental branches is significantly improved.. CITATION FORMAT: · Maschke S, Werncke T, Becker LS et al. Motion Reduction for C-Arm Computed Tomography of the Pulmonary Arteries: Image Quality of a Motion Correction Algorithm in Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Hypertension During Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 1074 - 1080.

Impact of Patient Alignment on Image Quality in C-Arm Computed Tomography - Evaluation Using an ACR Phantom.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of patient alignment and thereby heel effect on the image quality (IQ) of C-arm flat-panel detector computed tomography (CACT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ACR phantom placed in opposite directions along the z-axis (setup A and B) on the patient support was imaged using CACT. Image acquisition was performed with three different image acquisition protocols. The images were reconstructed with four convolution kernels. IQ was assessed in terms of high contrast using the modulation transfer function (MTF) and low contrast by assessing the image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) as well as the reliability of density measurements. Furthermore, the dose intensity profiles were measured free-in-air. RESULTS: The MTF in setup B is higher than the MTF measured in setup A (p < 0.01). The image noises measured in setup A for the air and bone inserts were higher compared to those measured in setup B (p > 0.05). Opposite behavior has been observed for the polyethylene, water-equivalent and acrylic inserts. The SNR for all inserts is inversely related to the image noise. A systematically increasing or decreasing trend of CNR could not be observed (p > 0.05). The intensity profile measured by the detector system free-in-air showed that the anode heel effect is perpendicular to the z-axis. CONCLUSION: The patient alignment has a minor influence on the IQ of CACT. This effect is not based on the X-ray anode heel effect but is caused mainly by the non-symmetrical rotation of CACT. KEY POINTS: · The impact of patient alignment and thereby the heel effect on the image quality of CACT was analyzed.. · The patient alignment has a minor influence on the physical parameters related to image quality, such as noise, SNR, and MTF.. · This effect is based mainly on the non-symmetrical rotation of CACT.. CITATION FORMAT: · Alikhani B, Renne J, Maschke S et al. Impact of Patient Alignment on Image Quality in C-Arm Computed Tomography - Evaluation Using an ACR Phantom. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 417 - 426.

Evaluation of a Motion Correction Algorithm for C-Arm Computed Tomography Acquired During Transarterial Chemoembolization.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the feasibility of a motion correction 3D reconstruction prototype technique for C-arm computed tomography (CACT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 65 consecutive CACTs acquired during transarterial chemoembolization of 54 patients (47 m,7f; 67 ± 11.3 years). All original raw datasets (CACTOrg) underwent reconstruction with and without volume punching of high-contrast objects using a 3D image reconstruction software to compensate for motion (CACTMC_bone;CACTMC_no bone). Subsequently, the effect on image quality (IQ) was evaluated using objective (image sharpness metric) and subjective criteria. Subjective criteria were defined by vessel geometry, overall IQ, delineation of tumor feeders, the presence of foreign material-induced artifacts and need for additional imaging, assessed by two independent readers on a 3-(vessel geometry and overall IQ) or 2-point scale, respectively. Friedman rank-sum test and post hoc analysis in form of pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test were computed and inter-observer agreement analyzed using kappa test. RESULTS: Objective IQ as defined by an image sharpness metric, increased from 273.5 ± 28 (CACTOrg) to 328.5 ± 55.1 (CACTMC_bone) and 331 ± 57.8 (CACTMC_no bone; all p < 0.0001). These results could largely be confirmed by the subjective analysis, which demonstrated predominantly good and moderate inter-observer agreement, with best agreement for CACTMC_no bone in all categories (e.g., vessel geometry: CACTOrg: κ = 0.51, CACTMC_bone: κ = 0.42, CACTMC_no bone: κ = 0.69). CONCLUSION: The application of a motion correction algorithm was feasible for all data sets and led to an increase in both objective and subjective IQ parameters. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.