A SUMO4 initiator codon variant in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis reduces SUMO4 expression and alters stress granule dynamics.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence points toward a role of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) system, including SUMO4, in protecting from stress insults and neurodegeneration, such as the progressive motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), e.g., by regulating stress granule (SG) dynamics. Here, we investigated whether SUMO4 variants play a role in ALS pathogenesis. METHODS: Whole-exome or targeted SUMO4 sequencing was done in 222 unrelated European ALS patients. The consequences of the identified initiator codon variant were analyzed at the mRNA, protein and cellular level. SUMO4 expression was quantified in human tissues. All patients were subjected to clinical, electrophysiological, and neuroradiological characterization. RESULTS: A rare heterozygous SUMO4 variant, i.e., SUMO4:c.2T>C p.Met1?, was detected in four of 222 (1.8%) ALS patients, significantly more frequently than in two control cohorts (0.3% each). SUMO4 mRNA and protein expression was diminished in whole blood or fibroblasts of a SUMO4 variant carrier versus controls. Pertinent stress factors, i.e., head trauma or cancer (treated by radiochemotherapy), were significantly more frequent in SUMO4 variant carrier versus non-carrier ALS patients. The mean number of SGs per cell was significantly higher in fibroblasts of a SUMO4 variant carrier compared to controls at baseline, upon oxidative stress, and after recovery, and SUMOylation of ALS-associated valosin-containing protein by SUMO4 was decreased. SUMO4 mRNA expression was highest in brain of all human tissues analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with SUMO4 haploinsufficiency as a contributor to ALS pathogenesis impacting SG dynamics and possibly acting in conjunction with environmental oxidative stress-related factors.

Heterozygous DHTKD1 Variants in Two European Cohorts of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive upper and lower motor neuron (LMN) loss. As ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases share genetic risk factors, we performed whole-exome sequencing in ALS patients focusing our analysis on genes implicated in neurodegeneration. Thus, variants in the DHTKD1 gene encoding dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain containing 1 previously linked to 2-aminoadipic and 2-oxoadipic aciduria, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 2, and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) were identified. In two independent European ALS cohorts (n = 643 cases), 10 sporadic cases of 225 (4.4%) predominantly sporadic patients of cohort 1, and 12 familial ALS patients of 418 (2.9%) ALS families of cohort 2 harbored 14 different rare heterozygous DHTKD1 variants predicted to be deleterious. Four DHTKD1 variants were previously described pathogenic variants, seven were recurrent, and eight were located in the E1_dh dehydrogenase domain. Nonsense variants located in the E1_dh domain were significantly more prevalent in ALS patients versus controls. The phenotype of ALS patients carrying DHTKD1 variants partially overlapped with CMT and SMA by presence of sensory impairment and a higher frequency of LMN-predominant cases. Our results argue towards rare heterozygous DHTKD1 variants as potential contributors to ALS phenotype and, possibly, pathogenesis.

SPG7 mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a genetic link to hereditary spastic paraplegia.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) are motor neuron diseases sharing clinical, pathological, and genetic similarities. While biallelic SPG7 mutations are known to cause recessively inherited HSP, heterozygous SPG7 mutations have repeatedly been identified in HSP and recently also in ALS cases. However, the frequency and clinical impact of rare SPG7 variants have not been studied in a larger ALS cohort. Here, whole-exome (WES) or targeted SPG7 sequencing was done in a cohort of 214 European ALS patients. The consequences of a splice site variant were analyzed on the mRNA level. The resulting protein alterations were visualized in a crystal structure model. All patients were subjected to clinical, electrophysiological, and neuroradiological characterization. In 9 of 214 (4.2%) ALS cases, we identified five different rare heterozygous SPG7 variants, all of which were previously reported in patients with HSP or ALS. All detected SPG7 variants affect the AAA+ domain of the encoded mitochondrial metalloprotease paraplegin and impair its stability or function according to predictions from mRNA analysis or crystal structure modeling. ALS patients with SPG7 mutations more frequently presented with cerebellar symptoms, flail arm or leg syndrome compared to those without SPG7 mutations, and showed a partial clinical overlap with HSP. Brain MRI findings in SPG7 mutation carriers included cerebellar atrophy and patterns suggestive of frontotemporal dementia. Collectively, our findings suggest that SPG7 acts as a genetic risk factor for ALS. ALS patients carrying SPG7 mutations present with distinct features overlapping with HSP, particularly regarding cerebellar findings.