Dark matter local density determination: recent observations and future prospects.

This report summarises progress made in estimating the local density of dark matter (ρDM,⊙), a quantity that is especially important for dark matter direct detection experiments. We outline and compare the most common methods to estimateρDM,⊙and the results from recent studies, including those that have benefited from the observations of the ESA/Gaia satellite. The result of most local analyses coincide within a range ofρDM,⊙≃0.4-0.6GeVcm-3=0.011-0.016M⊙/pc3, while a slightly lower range ofρDM,⊙≃0.3-0.5GeVcm-3=0.008-0.013M⊙/pc3is preferred by most global studies. In light of recent discoveries, we discuss the importance of going beyond the approximations of what we define as the ideal Galaxy (a steady-state Galaxy with axisymmetric shape and a mirror symmetry across the mid-plane) in order to improve the precision ofρDM,⊙measurements. In particular, we review the growing evidence for local disequilibrium and broken symmetries in the present configuration of the Milky Way, as well as uncertainties associated with the galactic distribution of baryons. Finally, we comment on new ideas that have been proposed to further constrain the value ofρDM,⊙, most of which would benefit from Gaia's final data release.

Inspection of cardiology departments in Norway: are they making it great in radiation protection?

Staff involved in interventional cardiology receive the highest occupational doses in Norway, and skin burns of patients have been reported. To identify the level of radiation protection (RP) for patients and staff, and compliance with the RP regulation, the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority carried out inspections. The inspections were conducted (2013-14) as quality system reviews, based on document reviews, interviews, on-site inspections and observations of interventional procedures. The inspections revealed that most of the hospitals had non-compliances according to the RP regulation. Most deviations were associated with education in RP and follow-up of patients who had received high radiation doses. Lack of systematic optimisation of procedures and estimation of eye lens doses to evaluate the risk for cataracts were also common. Inspections turned out to increase the awareness of RP in cardiology and are identified as an effective tool for improving RP.

Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Radium-223 dichloride (radium-223), an alpha emitter, selectively targets bone metastases with alpha particles. We assessed the efficacy and safety of radium-223 as compared with placebo, in addition to the best standard of care, in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases. METHODS: In our phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we randomly assigned 921 patients who had received, were not eligible to receive, or declined docetaxel, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive six injections of radium-223 (at a dose of 50 kBq per kilogram of body weight intravenously) or matching placebo; one injection was administered every 4 weeks. In addition, all patients received the best standard of care. The primary end point was overall survival. The main secondary efficacy end points included time to the first symptomatic skeletal event and various biochemical end points. A prespecified interim analysis, conducted when 314 deaths had occurred, assessed the effect of radium-223 versus placebo on survival. An updated analysis, when 528 deaths had occurred, was performed before crossover from placebo to radium-223. RESULTS: At the interim analysis, which involved 809 patients, radium-223, as compared with placebo, significantly improved overall survival (median, 14.0 months vs. 11.2 months; hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 0.88; two-sided P=0.002). The updated analysis involving 921 patients confirmed the radium-223 survival benefit (median, 14.9 months vs. 11.3 months; hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.83; P<0.001). Assessments of all main secondary efficacy end points also showed a benefit of radium-233 as compared with placebo. Radium-223 was associated with low myelosuppression rates and fewer adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, which was terminated for efficacy at the prespecified interim analysis, radium-223 improved overall survival. (Funded by Algeta and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals; ALSYMPCA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00699751.).

Occupational radiation exposure in health care facilities.

BACKGROUND: Radiation, which is used extensively to diagnose and treat human diseases, poses an occupational health risk for the concerned health workers. Personal dosimetry is an important tool to monitor occupational radiation exposures. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to reveal and to describe the situation of occupational radiation exposure monitoring among staffs in different health care facilities in Nepal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among the 35 Health Care Facilities. Information about types and number of X-ray procedures performed, types and number of personnel involved, workload and the availability of personal dosimetry service were collected. RESULTS: Six Health Care Facilities had personal dosimetry service available for a total of 149 personnel. Of a total of nearly one million X-ray procedures performed in the 35 Health Care Facilities in 2007, 76 percent was performed by non-monitored personnel. The majority of the facilities performing high dose procedures, like catheterisation, angiography and intestinal barium procedures did not offer personal dosimetry for the involved personnel. CONCLUSION: There are a limited number of personnel being monitored with personal dosimetry. There are no regulatory dose limits for occupationally exposed staff. Thus, there is an urgent need to establish a national radiation protection authority to regulate the use of radiation in Nepal.

Phenotypic variation within a clonal lineage of Phytophthora infestans infecting both tomato and potato in Nicaragua.

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a constraint to both potato and tomato crops in Nicaragua. The hypothesis that the Nicaraguan population of P. infestans is genotypically and phenotypically diverse and potentially subdivided based on host association was tested. A collection of isolates was analyzed using genotypic markers (microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA haplotype) and phenotypic markers (mating type, virulence, and fungicide sensitivity). The genotypic analysis revealed no polymorphism in 121 of 132 isolates of P. infestans tested. Only the Ia haplotype and the A2 mating type were detected. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to metalaxyl. The virulence testing showed variation among isolates of P. infestans. No evidence was found of population differentiation among potato and tomato isolates of P. infestans based on the genotypic and phenotypic analysis. We conclude that the Nicaraguan population of P. infestans consists of a single clonal lineage (NI-1) which belongs to the A2 mating type and the Ia mitochondrial DNA haplotype. Moreover, based on the markers used, this population of P. infestans does not resemble the population in countries from which potato seed is imported to Nicaragua or the population in neighboring countries. The data presented here indicate that the NI-1 clonal lineage is the primary pathogen on both potato and tomato, and its success on both host species is unique in a South American context.

Level of compliance with the radiation protection regulation--a survey among Norwegian hospitals and X-ray institutes.

To identify the level of compliance with the new radiation protection regulation among Norwegian health care enterprises (HCEs). Totally, 41 HCEs were authorised to use advanced X-ray equipment for medical purposes during 2005-07. Follow-up inspections with 14 HCEs were carried out during 2007-09. Main topics for the inspections were those requirements identified as most challenging to implement in the authorisation process. Totally, 192 non-conformities with the regulation were revealed during the authorisation process. The inspections revealed that 93 % of the inspected HCEs had non-conformities with the regulation. Most common non-conformities dealt with skills in radiation protection, establishment of local diagnostic reference levels, access to medical physicists and performance of quality control of X-ray equipment. Inspections are an effective tool for implementation of regulation the requirements at the HCEs, thus improving radiation protection awareness.

How 'do's' and 'dont's' can be of significant importance in radiation protection: a case report.

The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) was contacted by a cardiology department because of a suspicious radiation burn on a patient. The patient had undergone two bi-ventricular pacemaker implantations and the lesion was recognised as radiation dermatitis. The NRPA sent sets of thermoluminescense dosemeters to the department to measure the skin dose on eight successive patients undergoing bi-ventricular pacemaker implantations. The average maximum entrance surface dose for the eight patients was 5.3 Gy, ranging from 2.0 to 13.1 Gy. A site audit was performed during a procedure, with the aim to observe the general skills in radiation protection. Based on the findings in the audit, a few very simple 'Do's' and 'Don'ts' were highlighted in a meeting directly after the audit. After the audit, dose measurements were performed on six new patients showing an average maximum entrance surface dose of 0.4 Gy, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 Gy. The aim of this work was to illustrate the dose reductions that are possible to achieve with a very few basic advices, especially when the operator has suboptimal competence.

Nuclear androgen receptor staining in bone metastases is related to a poor outcome in prostate cancer patients.

Androgen receptors (ARs) are probably of importance during all phases of prostate cancer (PC) growth, but their role in bone metastases is largely unexplored. Bone metastases were therefore collected from hormone-naive (n=11), short-term castrated (n=7) and castration-resistant PC (CRPC, n=44) patients by biopsy (n=4) or at surgery to alleviate symptoms from metastases complications (metastasis surgery, n=58), and immunostained for nuclear ARs, Ki67, active caspase-3, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and chromogranin A, and results were related to serum PSA, treatments and outcome. Nuclear AR immunostaining was decreased and apoptosis was increased, but cell proliferation remained largely unaffected in metastases within a few days after surgical castration. In CRPC patients, nuclear AR staining of metastases was increased when compared to short-term castrated patients. The nuclear AR staining score was related to tumour cell proliferation, but it was not associated with other downstream effects of AR activation such as apoptosis and PSA staining, and it was only marginally related to the presence of neuroendocrine tumour cells. Serum PSA at metastasis surgery, although related to outcome, was not associated with AR staining, markers of metastasis growth or PSA staining in metastases. High nuclear AR immunostaining was associated with a particularly poor prognosis after metastasis surgery in CRPC patients, suggesting that such men may benefit from the potent AR blockers now tested in clinical trials.

Prostate cancer-derived urine exosomes: a novel approach to biomarkers for prostate cancer.

Herein, we describe a novel approach in the search for prostate cancer biomarkers, which relies on the transcriptome within tumour exosomes. As a proof-of-concept, we show the presence of two known prostate cancer biomarkers, PCA-3 and TMPRSS2:ERG the in exosomes isolated from urine of patients, showing the potential for diagnosis and monitoring cancer patients status.

Assessing doses to interventional radiologists using a personal dosimeter worn over a protective apron.

BACKGROUND: Interventional radiologists receive significant radiation doses, and it is important to have simple methods for routine monitoring of their exposure. PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of a dosimeter worn outside the protective apron for assessments of dose to interventional radiologists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Assessments of effective dose versus dose to dosimeters worn outside the protective apron were achieved by phantom measurements. Doses outside and under the apron were assessed by phantom measurements and measurements on eight radiologists wearing two routine dosimeters for a 2-month period during ordinary working conditions. Finger doses for the same radiologists were recorded using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD; DXT-RAD Extremity dosimeters). RESULTS: Typical values for the ratio between effective dose and dosimeter dose were found to be about 0.02 when the radiologist used a thyroid shield and about 0.03 without. The ratio between the dose to the dosimeter under and outside a protective apron was found to be less than 0.04. There was very good correlation between finger dose and dosimeter dose. CONCLUSION: A personal dosimeter worn outside a protective apron is a good screening device for dose to the eyes and fingers as well as for effective dose, even though the effective dose is grossly overestimated. Relatively high dose to the fingers and eyes remains undetected by a dosimeter worn under the apron.

Measurements of finger doses in x-ray guided surgery, nuclear medicine and research.

The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority has performed measurements of finger doses to nuclear medicine staff exposed to 99Tc(m), researchers handling 32P, surgeons performing X-ray guided orthopaedic surgery and surgeons and radiologists performing X-ray guided endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Calibrations were done with X-ray qualities N-40, N-60 and N-300 and with the beta source 90Sr + 90Y. Annual doses were estimated for the nuclear medicine staff and the orthopaedic surgeons. The mean annual finger dose to nuclear medicine staff exposed to 99Tc(m) was estimated to be 18.8 mSv, and the mean annual finger dose to surgeons performing X-ray guided orthopaedic surgery was 13.7 mSv. The surgeons and radiologists performing X-ray guided endovascular treatment of AAA received a mean finger dose of 0.35 mSv per treatment. The majority of researchers handling 32P received no finger dose at all, and the maximum reading was 1.65 mSv. All occupational groups received finger doses well below the annual finger dose limit of 500 mSv.

Does prophylactic breast irradiation prevent antiandrogen-induced gynecomastia? Evaluation of 253 patients in the randomized Scandinavian trial SPCG-7/SFUO-3.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the development of antiandrogen-induced gynecomastia and breast tenderness in the first 253 patients in a randomized Scandinavian trial (SPCG-7/SFUO-3) with a 12-month complete follow-up evaluation performed by both doctors and patients. METHODS: In this study, the treating doctor and patient decided whether prophylactic irradiation (RT) of the breast should be given to prevent antiandrogen-induced gynecomastia. At each visit, the doctor evaluated the occurrence of gynecomastia and breast tenderness. Questions about gynecomastia and breast tenderness were also included in the study quality-of-life questionnaire (Prostate Cancer Symptom Scale). RESULTS: Mammary RT with mostly single fraction (12 to 15 Gy) electrons was given to 174 (69%) of the 253 evaluated patients. At the 1-year follow-up visit, the doctor evaluations indicated some form of gynecomastia in 71% and 28% (P <0.001) of the nonirradiated (no-RT) and irradiated (RT) patients, respectively. The patient evaluations at 1 year showed some form of breast enlargement in 78% and 44% (P <0.001) of the no-RT and RT patients, respectively. The doctors reported some form of breast tenderness at 1 year in 75% and 43% (P <0.001) of the no-RT and RT patients, respectively. The patient evaluations of breast tenderness show an expected significant increase in the RT arm at the 3-month follow-up, which was probably due to skin reactions. At 1 year, significantly more patients who marked "very much" on the Prostate Cancer Symptom Scale were seen in the no-RT group. A weak correlation between the doctors' and patients' detection of breast problems was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that, with high significance, prophylactic RT of the breast decreases the risk of antiandrogen-induced gynecomastia and breast tenderness.

Treatment of patients with clinical T3 prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate treatment alternatives for patients with clinical T3 prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature review with main focus on recent studies in order to include the impact of prostate specific antigen (PSA). The possibility of using neoadjuvant/adjuvant hormonal therapy in combination with surgery or radiation was assessed. Results were related to life expectancy, tumour grade and serum PSA. RESULTS: M and N-staging is mandatory before treatment with curative intent. Watchful waiting is an option for selected patients but early hormonal therapy seems to offer some survival advantages. Standard 65-70Gy external beam radiation is not sufficient for these patients with extracapsular disease but better results are obtained with dose-escalation (beyond 70Gy) and/or adjuvant hormonal therapy. Radical prostatectomy may be an option for patients with long life expectancy and "early" tumours, neoadjuvant hormonal withdrawal is of no proven value. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a long life expectancy should not be denied treatment with curative intent solely based on the finding of extracapsular disease.

Quality of life and symptoms in a randomized trial of radiotherapy versus deferred treatment of localized prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of localized prostate carcinoma (LPC) using radiotherapy (RT) can induce disturbances in a patient's quality of life (QOL) and urinary and intestinal function. Late symptoms and QOL were evaluated in a randomized trial between RT and deferred treatment (DT). METHODS: Quality of life was evaluated with European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer's QLQ-C30 (+3) formula. Urinary and intestinal problems were evaluated with a validated symptom specific self-assessment questionnaire, QUFW94. The questionnaires were sent to 108 randomized patients with LPC and to an age-matched control group (n = 68). Mean age was 72 years. Mean total dose was 65 grays (Gy; 62.3-70 Gy). The median follow-up time from randomization was 40.6 months for the RT group and 30.4 months for the DT group. RESULTS: Social functioning was the only QOL scale in which a significant difference was found between the two patient groups and compared with the control group. Multivariate regression analysis showed that hematuria, incontinence, mucus, and planning of daily activities in response to intestinal problems caused this decrease in QOL in the RT group. A significant increase of intestinal problems was observed in the RT versus DT groups regarding mucus, stool leakage, intestinal blood, and planning of daily activity in response to intestinal problems. CONCLUSIONS: The RT patients showed increased levels of minor intestinal side effects compared with the DT patients and the controls, but the RT patients reported no decreased QOL except for decreased social functioning. This could be because this group developed coping skills or because of a low magnitude of side effects to influence the QOL.

Guidance levels in the Nordic countries: a preliminary report for selected interventional procedures.

The Nordic radiation protection authorities have already published recommended guidance levels for patient doses for six conventional radiological examinations. Over the past two years a similar protocol has been in progress for three interventional procedures. Measurements have been performed in 22 different hospitals in the Nordic countries on patients in the weight range 40-100 kg. The selected procedures are percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and endoscopic retrograde cholangio- and pancreatio-graphy (ERCP). A total of 281 PTCA procedures, 304 PTA procedures and 147 ERCP procedures are included in the study. The results from this survey are presented as a first attempt to set guidance levels.

Radioimmunoscintigraphy using an anti-prostate monoclonal antibody (E4): a dosimetric evaluation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different strategies to increase the tumour radiation dose for experimental radioimmunotherapy using 125I-labelled monoclonal antibody (MAb) E4 in a nude mice model xenografted with DU-145 tumours. The effects from a single injection of the 125I-labelled MAb E4, the same total amount of radiolabelled MAb E4 divided into three repeated injections, and the effect of pre-targeting with non-labelled MAb E4 for reducing the amount of shed antigen were investigated. Based on repetitive quantitative radioimmunoscintigraphies, calculation of the tumour radiation dose delivered from the 125I-nuclide was performed for each strategy. The single injection strategy without pretargeting rendered the highest mean tumour radiation dose, i.e. 0.23 Gy/MBq. Pretargeting with non-labelled MAb E4 before a single injection of [125I]E4 resulted in a slightly lower mean tumour radiation dose, i.e. 0.19 Gy/MBq, compared to the single injection alone. An even lower mean tumour radiation dose, i.e. 0.14 Gy/MBq, was obtained when the same total administered amount of activity was divided into three separate injections given in 10-day intervals. We concluded that the single injection strategy is the most efficient when using MAb E4 in this tumour model. The tumour radiation doses were not increased by dividing the same amount of activity into three injections or by pretargeting with non-labelled MAb E4.

Reliability and responsiveness of a prostate cancer questionnaire for radiotherapy-induced side effects.

Few self-assessment cancer-specific questionnaires/modules have yet been developed for radiotherapy-induced side effects. The aim of the present study was to test the reliability and responsiveness of a prostate cancer (PC)-specific questionnaire. Thirty-one patients with PC graded their urinary and intestinal symptoms and their sexual function on the questionnaire. A doctor and a nurse performed a structured interview and graded the patient's symptoms with the same questions. The procedure was performed at both the start and the end of the treatment. A high concordance regarding symptom detection was seen between the patient, nurse and the doctor. The inter-rater test shows intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values above 0.60 in all scales. The internal reliability exceeded the lower limit (Cronbach a >0.70) for all scales. The test-retest gave acceptable reliability for all scales (ICC > or = 0.60). All scales indicated increased problems during radiotherapy. The questionnaire was proven to be valid for the evaluations of urinary and intestinal problems and for sexual function in PC patients.

Acute side effects after dose-escalation treatment of prostate cancer using the new urethral catheter BeamCath technique.

Acute side effects after dose-escalated radiotherapy for prostate cancer with different treatment techniques were evaluated, using a daily diary recorded by the patients. Dose escalation was performed using the urethral catheter BeamCath' technique. Side effects were evaluated in 267 patients by means of a daily diary during the treatment and at 3-months' follow-up. The patients' evaluations were compared with those of patients treated with conventional or conformal techniques. Looser stools were reported in the conventional (placebo) and 76 Gy groups at 3-months' follow-up compared with at week 1. No other obvious increase in rectal or bladder morbidity was seen in the 76 Gy group. The catheter did not increase the urinary frequency in comparison to the other groups. The reported urgency and starting problems at the beginning of treatment seemed to improve in all groups at 3-months' follow-up. External beam radiotherapy dose escalation using the BeamCath technique did not result in a dose-dependent increase in acute side effects.

Rye bran and soy protein delay growth and increase apoptosis of human LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma in nude mice.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated whether dietary intervention could inhibit tumor growth of an androgen-sensitive human prostatic cancer. METHODS: LNCaP cells were transplanted subcutaneously in nude-mice. The animals were then put on different diets and tumor take, tumor growth and prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion were studied during 9 weeks. RESULTS: Palpable tumors developed in 75% of the tumor-cell injected sites in animals fed a control diet (corn starch, sucrose, etc.) whereas, for animals given rye bran (RB), ethyl acetate extraction from rye bran supplemented cellulose based diets (CCEE), palpable tumors were seen in only 30% and for soy protein based diets (SCC) 50% of the transplantation sites, respectively. The tumors that grew to palpable size in the rye (RB) and soy (SCC) groups were smaller and secreted less PSA than those in the control group. In the rye and soy groups tumor cell apoptosis was increased, but cell proliferation was unaffected. Addition of fat to the rye diet reduced its effect on prostate cancer growth. CONCLUSIONS: Factors in rye bran and soy protein may inhibit prostate cancer growth. The effect is more apparent for rye than for soy. Further studies are needed to identify the effective substances and to explore the mechanism of action.