Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017-2020).

The cardiometabolic index (CMI) is an emerging and effective indicator for predicting the presence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aims to investigate the relationship between CMI and MAFLD using data from NHANES 2017-2020. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 3,749 subjects were included. The study conducted a thorough analysis of CMI with three multivariate logistic regression models, subgroup analyses, and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were utilized. Using multifactorial logistic regression as the primary method of analysis, we found that a higher CMI was also significantly associated with an increased risk of MAFLD (OR = 1.45, 95% CI (1.05-2.01)). This result was further visualized by the RCS curve: There was a non-linear positive correlation between CMI and MAFLD incidence (the turning point is CMI = 0.4554). These findings were strongly reinforced by subsequent subgroup and sensitivity analyses. There is a robust positive relationship between the CMI and the risk of MAFLD, providing valuable clinical benefits for early detection and screening of MAFLD. It is important to highlight the presence of a non-linear association between CMI and MAFLD, with an inflection point identified at CMI = 0.4554.

High expression of HM13 correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high mortality rate, and the identification of early prognostic markers is crucial for improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the expression of Histocompatibility Minor 13 (HM13) and the prognosis of HCC patients. HM13 protein expression was assessed in HCC tissues and cells through immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), and western blot. The relationship between HM13 expression and clinicopathological data of HCC was evaluated. Bioinformatics analyses, including Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), and Kaplan-Meier plotter (K-M plotter), were employed to analyze HM13 expression and its association with patient survival. HM13 was significantly overexpressed in HCC tissues and cells compared to normal controls. IHC revealed that HM13 protein was primarily localized in the cytoplasm and highly expressed in HCC tissues. Interestingly, patients with high HM13 expression had significantly poorer overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) than those with low expression. HM13 expression was associated with Edmondson grade, metastasis, microvascular invasion, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Multivariate analysis identified HM13 as an independent prognostic factor for poor OS in HCC. HM13 was markedly overexpressed in HCC and correlated with poor prognosis, suggesting its potential as a promising biomarker for early prognostic detection in HCC patients.

Grp78 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome and participates in Sjogren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to potential effects of forsythiaside A (FA) on Sjogren's syndrome (SS). METHODS: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detecting cytokines and Western blotting was used for detecting related protein expression. RESULTS: FA effectively reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, the expression of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 proteins and the expression of p65 in SS. FA also effectively inhibited the high expression of Grp78 in SS. When Grp78 expression was silenced, it effectively reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, the expression of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 proteins and the expression of p65 in the nucleus in SS. FA effectively inhibit the secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by overexpression of Grp78, the expression of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 proteins and the expression of p65 in the nucleus in SS. CONCLUSION: FA induces the degradation of Grp78 protein, regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway in SS and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines to alleviate SS.

USP5 negatively regulates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and participates in the pathological and physiological processes of Sjogren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The current treatment and mechanism of Sjogren's syndrome (SS) are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to potential molecular mechanisms of SS. METHODS: Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques reveal the targets and therapeutic approaches of SS. RESULTS: We found through molecular biology techniques such as immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation that USP5 is a novel regulator of NLRP3 involvement in the pathological process of SS. USP5 was significantly downregulated in submandibular gland tissue of SS. Meanwhile, it was found that USP5 is a negative regulator of NLRP3 via ubiquitination NLRP3. In addition, SalvianolicacidB (SaB), a natural USP5 agonist, can alleviate ss by regulating the USP5/NLRP3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Therefore, this study provides a new mechanism for SS and also provides new therapeutic targets for treating SS.

Rutin alleviates Sjogren's syndrome via CaR/NLRP3/NF-κB signal pathway.

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease. Its mechanism and treatment methods are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rutin (Ru) on SS. Proteomics was used to detect differential proteins in the submandibular glands of normal mice and SS mice. Salivary secretion (SAS) and salivary gland index (SGI) were detected. Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine in submandibular glands were detected. The levels of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1ß, and p-NF-κBp65 in submandibular gland tissues and submandibular gland cells of overexpressed calcium-sensing receptor (over-CaR) mice and overexpressed CaR primary submandibular gland cells (over-CaR-PSGs) were detected. In total, 327 differential proteins were identified in the submandibular gland tissues of SS mice compared to control mice. CaR was one of the most differential proteins and significantly increased compared to control mice. Ru could significantly increase SGI and SGI, and inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine in submandibular glands. In addition, Ru was shown to further improve SS via regulation of the CaR/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signal pathway. Overexpression of CaR counteracted partial activity of Ru. CaR may be an important target for the treatment of SS. In addition, Ru improved the SS via the CaR/NLRP3/NF-κB signal pathway. This study provides a basis for the treatments for SS.

Design of MXene-Based Multiporous Nanosheet Stacking Structures Integrating Multiple Synergistic SERS Enhancements for Ultrasensitive Detection of Chloramphenicol.

Motivated by the desire for more sensitivity and stable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates to trace detect chloramphenicol due to its high toxicity and ubiquity, MXene has attracted increasing attention and is encountering the high-priority task of further observably improving detection sensitivity. Herein, a universal SERS optimization strategy that incorporates NH4VO3 to induce few-layer MXenes assembling into multiporous nanosheet stacking structures was innovatively proposed. The synthesized Nb2C-based multiporous nanosheet stacking structure can achieve a low limit of detection of 10-10 M and a high enhancement factor of 2.6 × 109 for MeB molecules, whose detection sensitivity is improved by 3 orders of magnitude relative to few-layer Nb2C MXenes. Such remarkably enhanced SERS sensitivity mainly originates from the multiple synergistic contributions of the developed physical adsorption, the chemical enhancement, and the conspicuously improved electromagnetic enhancement arising from the intersecting MXenes. Furthermore, the improved SERS sensitivity endows Nb2C-based multiporous structures with the capability to achieve ultrasensitive detection of chloramphenicol with a wide linear range from 100 µg/mL to 1 ng/mL. We believe it is of great significance in conspicuously developing the SERS sensitivity of other MXenes with surficial negative charges and has a great promising perspective for the trace detection of other antibiotics in microsystems.

Dual-Mode Lateral Flow Immunoassay Based on "Pompon Mum"-Like Fe3O4@MoS2@Pt Nanotags for Sensitive Detection of Viral Pathogens.

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has been widely used for the early diagnosis of diseases. However, conventional colorimetric LFIA possesses limited sensitivity, and the single-mode readout signal is easily affected by the external environment, leading to insufficient accuracy. Herein, multifunctional Fe3O4@MoS2@Pt nanotags with a unique "pompon mum"-like structure were triumphantly prepared, exhibiting excellent peroxidase (POD)-like activity, photothermal properties, and magnetic separation capability. Furthermore, the Fe3O4@MoS2@Pt nanotags were used to establish dual-mode LFIA (dLFIA) for the first time, enabling the catalytic colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleocapsid protein (SARS-CoV-2 NP) and influenza A (H1N1). The calculated limits of detection (cLODs) of SARS-CoV-2 NP and H1N1 were 80 and 20 ng/mL in catalytic colorimetric mode and 10 and 8 ng/mL in photothermal mode, respectively, demonstrating about 100 times more sensitive than the commercial colloidal Au-LFIA strips (1 ng/mL for SARS-CoV-2 NP; 1 µg/mL for H1N1). The recovery rates of dLFIA in simulated nose swab samples were 95.2-103.8% with a coefficient of variance of 2.3-10.1%. These results indicated that the proposed dLFIA platform showed great potential for the rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses.

Next-Generation Rapid and Ultrasensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the need for rapid and accurate viral detection at the point-of-care testing (POCT). Compared with nucleic acid detection, lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a rapid and flexible method for POCT detection. However, the sensitivity of LFIA limits its use for early identification of patients with COVID-19. Here, an innovative surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-LFIA platform based on two-dimensional black phosphorus decorated with Ag nanoparticles as important antigen-capturing and Raman-signal-amplification unit was developed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants within 5-20 min. The novel SERS-LFIA platform realized a limit of detection of 0.5 pg/mL and 100 copies/mL for N protein and SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating 1000 times more sensitivity than the commercial LFIA strips. It could reliably detect seven different SARS-CoV-2 variants with cycle threshold (Ct) < 38, with sensitivity and specificity of 97 and 100%, respectively, exhibiting the same sensitivity with q-PCR. Furthermore, the detection results for 48 SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swabs (Ct = 19.8-38.95) and 96 negative nasopharyngeal swabs proved the reliability of the strips in clinical application. The method also had good specificity in double-blind experiments involving several other coronaviruses, respiratory viruses, and respiratory medications. The results showed that the innovative SERS-LFIA platform is expected to be the next-generation antigen detection technology. The inexpensive amplification-free assay combines the advantages of rapid low-cost POCT and highly sensitive nucleic acid detection, and it is suitable for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants and other pathogens. Thus, it could replace existing antigens and nucleic acids to some extent.

Clinical significance of the expression levels of serum transforming growth factor-ß and CXC type chemokine ligand 13 in primary Sjogren's syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of the serum transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) CXC type chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) in primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) patients and its correlation with disease severity. METHOD: Thirty patients with pSS admitted to Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2021 to December 2022 were included as the pSS group, while 30 patients who underwent physical examination during the same period were included as the control group. The levels of TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 were detected. The diagnostic value of TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 for pSS was analyzed. Detection of serum TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 levels in pSS patients with different disease activities and lip gland pathological grading of pSS was done. We compared the correlation between TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 levels and disease activity and labial gland pathological grading in pSS patients. RESULT: The TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 levels in the pSS group were higher than those in the control group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 diagnosis of pSS was 0.790 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.720~0.861) and 0.838 (95% CI: 0.778~0.898), respectively. The serum TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 levels of pSS patients significantly increase with the increase of disease activity and lip gland pathological grading. The TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 levels in pSS patients were positively correlated with disease activity and lip gland pathological grading. CONCLUSION: The levels of TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 in pSS patients were increased, and it was closely related to disease activity and lip gland pathological grading, which can be used as an effective indicator for the diagnosis of pSS. Key Points • The TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 levels in the pSS group were higher than those in the control group. • The TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 levels in pSS patients were positively correlated with disease activity and lip gland pathological grading. • TGF-ß1 and CXCL13 can be used as an effective indicator for the diagnosis of pSS.

The Current Landscape of COPD-Related Clinical Trials Registered on the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform: A Comprehensive Analysis of Study Characteristics and Publication Status.

Background: Despite studies investigating the publication rates and factors influencing publication outcomes of clinical trials in some disease fields, there is a notable lack of research focusing on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) clinical trials. This study aims to explore the characteristics of COPD-related clinical trials and identify factors associated with publication status and publication time. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on April 28, 2022, to identify completed interventional clinical trials related to COPD. Various trial features were analyzed, and factors influencing publication status and time were examined. Results: A total of 2577 completed interventional clinical trials focusing on COPD were identified. A total of 42.76% of trials enrolled ≤50 participants. The majority of trials were randomized (81.72%), blind (57.39%), parallel-assignment (59.14%), single-center (51.30%), multi-arm (83.86%), nonindustry funded (52.00%), and conducted for therapeutic purposes (73.11%). The 2-year cumulative publication rate was found to be 27.9%. The median time of study duration, dissemination lag, and publication lag were 17.27, 21.07, and 24.70 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that sample size, blind design, and study phase significantly influenced the likelihood of publication, while intervention model, primary purpose, study phase, funder, and study duration were significant factors affecting publication time. Conclusions: The findings highlight the inadequacy of large multi-center interventional clinical trials for COPD and indicate a low 2-year cumulative publication rate. Strengthening collaboration among investigators and adopting scientifically robust designs for larger phase 3 clinical trials are crucial to advancing COPD research and enhancing publication outcomes.

Oryzalexin S biosynthesis: a cross-stitched disappearing pathway.

Rice produces many diterpenoid phytoalexins and, reflecting the importance of these natural products in this important cereal crop plant, its genome contains three biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for such metabolism. The chromosome 4 BGC (c4BGC) is largely associated with momilactone production, in part due to the presence of the initiating syn-copalyl diphosphate (CPP) synthase gene (OsCPS4). Oryzalexin S is also derived from syn-CPP. However, the relevant subsequently acting syn-stemarene synthase gene (OsKSL8) is not located in the c4BGC. Production of oryzalexin S further requires hydroxylation at carbons 2 and 19 (C2 and C19), presumably catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases. Here it is reported the closely related CYP99A2 and CYP99A3, whose genes are also found in the c4BGC catalyze the necessary C19-hydroxylation, while the closely related CYP71Z21 and CYP71Z22, whose genes are found in the recently reported chromosome 7 BGC (c7BGC), catalyze subsequent hydroxylation at C2α. Thus, oryzalexin S biosynthesis utilizes two distinct BGCs, in a pathway cross-stitched together by OsKSL8. Notably, in contrast to the widely conserved c4BGC, the c7BGC is subspecies (ssp.) specific, being prevalent in ssp. japonica and only rarely found in the other major ssp. indica. Moreover, while the closely related syn-stemodene synthase OsKSL11 was originally considered to be distinct from OsKSL8, it has now been reported to be a ssp. indica derived allele at the same genetic loci. Intriguingly, more detailed analysis indicates that OsKSL8(j) is being replaced by OsKSL11 (OsKSL8i), suggesting introgression from ssp. indica to (sub)tropical japonica, with concurrent disappearance of oryzalexin S production. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-022-00092-3.

Recent development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering for biosensing.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) technology, as a powerful tool to identify molecular species by collecting molecular spectral signals at the single-molecule level, has achieved substantial progresses in the fields of environmental science, medical diagnosis, food safety, and biological analysis. As deepening research is delved into SERS sensing, more and more high-performance or multifunctional SERS substrate materials emerge, which are expected to push Raman sensing into more application fields. Especially in the field of biological analysis, intrinsic and extrinsic SERS sensing schemes have been widely used and explored due to their fast, sensitive and reliable advantages. Herein, recent developments of SERS substrates and their applications in biomolecular detection (SARS-CoV-2 virus, tumor etc.), biological imaging and pesticide detection are summarized. The SERS concepts (including its basic theory and sensing mechanism) and the important strategies (extending from nanomaterials with tunable shapes and nanostructures to surface bio-functionalization by modifying affinity groups or specific biomolecules) for improving SERS biosensing performance are comprehensively discussed. For data analysis and identification, the applications of machine learning methods and software acquisition sources in SERS biosensing and diagnosing are discussed in detail. In conclusion, the challenges and perspectives of SERS biosensing in the future are presented.

Early life exposure to particulate matter and childhood asthma in Beijing, China: a case-control study.

A case-control study was conducted to examine the association of particulate matter exposure during the pre-natal (the first, second, and third trimesters. and the whole pregnancy) and post-natal periods (the first year after birth) with childhood asthma in Beijing, China. Multivariable logistic regressions showed that childhood asthma was significantly associated with exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 during the entire pregnancy, with ORs of 1.28(95%CI:1.06-1.56) and 1.21(95%CI:1.02-1.42), respectively. The highest association with a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 were both seen for the second trimester, with ORs of 1.17(95% CI: 1.05-1.30) and 1.14(95% CI: 1.04-1.24). Subgroup analyses suggested that significant and positive effects were subject to be observed in children with a family history of atopy. This study added evidence that exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 during pregnancy might increase the risk of childhood asthma in seriously polluted area, highlighting stronger associations in the second trimester.

Recent Advances of Representative Optical Biosensors for Rapid and Sensitive Diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2.

The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has again emphasized the significance of developing rapid and highly sensitive testing tools for quickly identifying infected patients. Although the current reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostic techniques can satisfy the required sensitivity and specificity, the inherent disadvantages with time-consuming, sophisticated equipment and professional operators limit its application scopes. Compared with traditional detection techniques, optical biosensors based on nanomaterials/nanostructures have received much interest in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 due to the high sensitivity, high accuracy, and fast response. In this review, the research progress on optical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, including fluorescence biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, Surface Enhancement Raman Scattering (SERS) biosensors, and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors, was comprehensively summarized. Further, promising strategies to improve optical biosensors are also explained. Optical biosensors can not only realize the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 but also be applied to judge the infectiousness of the virus and guide the choice of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, showing enormous potential to become point-of-care detection tools for the timely control of the pandemic.

The function of FUS in neurodevelopment revealed by the brain and spinal cord organoids.

The precise control of proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors is crucial for the development of the central nervous system. Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is an RNA-binding protein pathogenetically linked to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) disease, yet the function of FUS on neurodevelopment is remained to be defined. Here we report a pivotal role of FUS in regulating the human cortical brain and spinal cord development via the human iPSCs-derived organoids. We found that depletion of FUS via CRISPR/CAS9 leads to an enhancement of neural proliferation and differentiation in cortical brain-organoids, but intriguingly an impairment of these phenotypes in spinal cord-organoids. In addition, FUS binds to the mRNA of a Trk tyrosine kinase receptor of neurotrophin-3 (Ntrk3) and regulates the expression of the different isoforms of Ntrk3 in a tissue-specific manner. Finally, alleviated Ntrk3 level via shRNA rescued the effects of FUS-knockout on the development of the brain- and spinal cord-organoids, suggesting that Ntrk3 is involved in FUS-regulated organoids developmental changes. Our findings uncovered the role of FUS in the neurodevelopment of the human CNS.

Ruscogenin Ameliorated Sjögren's Syndrome by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.

This article investigated the role and the specific mechanism of Ruscogenin in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). NOD/ShiLtJ mice were treated with Ruscogenin, and acinar cells isolated from submandibular glands were treated with TNF-α, Ruscogenin and transfected with NLRP3 overexpression plasmid. Salivary flow rate (SFR) was measured at weeks 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20. Histological analysis of the submandibular glands was conducted by hematoxylin-eosin staining assay. IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-1ß mRNA expression was detected through qRT-PCR. AQP 5, AQP 4, P2X7R, NLRP3, caspase 1, IL-1ß, Bax, and Bcl-2 protein levels were tested by western blot. Cell apoptosis was assessed through acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining assay and flow cytometry assay. Ruscogenin ameliorated the SFR and submandibular gland inflammation of NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Ruscogenin promoted the preservation of acinar cells and suppressed inflammation-related factors (P2X7R, NLRP3, caspase 1, and IL-1ß) in submandibular gland tissues of NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Ruscogenin inhibited acinar cell apoptosis in NOD/ShiLtJ mice and reversed TNF-α-induced apoptosis and inflammation of acinar cells. NLRP3 overexpression reversed the repressive effect of Ruscogenin on TNF-α-induced inflammation and apoptosis of acinar cells. Ruscogenin ameliorated SS by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

LncRNA HOXA10-AS functions as an oncogene by binding miR-6509-5p to upregulate Y-box binding protein 1 in gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the serious malignant diseases, accounting for several cases globally. The prevention, discovery and cure of GC depend on its molecular mechanism. In recent decades, it has been increasingly recognized that the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been involved in GC progression. Therefore, the present study is aimed at identifying relevant lncRNAs that could act as biomarkers for GC prognosis. LncRNA HOXA10-AS is identified to be highly expressed in GC using the ENCORI database. Kaplan-Meier plot analysis indicated that the survival rate of the patient is associated with the expression of lncRNA HOXA10-AS. Interference of HOXA10-AS inhibited GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as facilitated GC apoptosis. The targets of HOXA10-AS included miR-6509-5p and Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1). Specifically, HOXA10-AS downregulated miR-6509-5p in GC. An increase of miR-6509-5p inhibited GC cell growth. Meanwhile, miR-6509-5p interacted with YBX1 in GC. Together, lncRNA HOXA10-AS potentially acted as an oncogene through the lncRNA HOXA10-AS/miR-6509-5p/YBX1 signaling pathway in GC.

A Simple and Efficient Method to Generate Dual Site-Specific Conjugation ADCs with Cysteine Residue and an Unnatural Amino Acid.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are complex pharmaceutical molecules that combine monoclonal antibodies with biologically active drugs through chemical linkers. ADCs are designed to specifically kill disease cells by utilizing the target specificity of antibodies and the cytotoxicity of chemical drugs. However, the traditional ADCs were only applied to a few disease targets because of some limitations such as the huge molecular weight, the uncontrollable coupling reactions, and a single mechanism of action. Here we report a simple, one-pot, successive reaction method to produce dual payload conjugates with the site-specifically engineered cysteine and p-acetyl-phenylalanine using Herceptin (trastuzumab), an anti-HER2 antibody drug widely used for breast cancer treatment, as a tool molecule. This strategy enables antibodies to conjugate with two mechanistically distinct cytotoxic drugs through different functional groups sequentially, therefore, rendering the newly designed ADCs with functional diversity and the potential to overcome drug resistance and enhance the therapeutic efficacy.

Rice contains a biosynthetic gene cluster associated with production of the casbane-type diterpenoid phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin.

Diterpenoids play important roles in rice microbial disease resistance as phytoalexins, as well as acting in allelopathy and abiotic stress responses. Recently, the casbane-type phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin was identified in rice, but its biosynthesis has not yet been elucidated. Here ent-10-oxodepressin biosynthesis was investigated via co-expression analysis and biochemical characterisation, with use of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for genetic analysis. The results identified a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) on rice chromosome 7 (c7BGC), containing the relevant ent-casbene synthase (OsECBS), and four cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes from the CYP71Z subfamily. Three of these CYPs were shown to act on ent-casbene, with CYP71Z2 able to produce a keto group at carbon-5 (C5), while the closely related paralogues CYP71Z21 and CYP71Z22 both readily produce a keto group at C10. Together these C5 and C10 oxidases can elaborate ent-casbene to ent-10-oxodepressin (5,10-diketo-ent-casbene). OsECBS knockout lines no longer produce casbane-type diterpenoids and exhibit impaired resistance to the rice fungal blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Elucidation of ent-10-oxodepressin biosynthesis and the associated c7BGC provides not only a potential target for molecular breeding, but also, gives the intriguing parallels to the independently assembled BGCs for casbene-derived diterpenoids in the Euphorbiaceae, further insight into plant BGC evolution, as discussed here.

Enhanced Stability of All-Inorganic Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes by a Facile Liquid Annealing Strategy.

Ensuring the stability of all-inorganic halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has become an obstacle that needs to be broken for commercial applications. Currently, lead halide perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Br, I, Cl) nanocrystals (NCs) are considered as alternative materials for future fluorescent lighting devices due to their combination of superior optical and electronic properties. However, the temperature of the surface of the LEDs will increase after long-term power-on work, which greatly affects the optical stability of CsPbX3 NCs. In order to overcome this bottleneck issue, a strategy of annealing perovskite materials in liquid is proposed, and the changes in photoluminescence and electroluminescence (EL) behaviors before and after annealing are studied. The results show that the luminescence stability of the annealed perovskite materials is significantly improved. Moreover, the EL stability of different perovskite LED devices under long-term operation is monitored, and the performance of the annealed materials is particularly outstanding. The results have proved that this convenient and low-cost liquid annealing strategy is suitable for large-scale postprocessing of perovskite materials, granting them stable fluorescence emission, which will bring a new dawn to the commercialization of next-generation optoelectronic devices.