Therapeutic effects of DOX-loaded hydrogel MOF nanocarriers on triple negative breast cancer and derivative design via reinforcement learning.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most difficult of all types of breast cancer to treat. TNBC is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The development of effective drugs can help to alleviate the suffering of patients. The novel nickel(II)-based coordination polymer (CP), [Ni2(HL)(O)(H2O)3·H2O] (1) (where H4L=[1,1':2',1''-triphenyl]-3,3'',4',5'-tetracarboxylic acid), was synthesized via solvothermal reaction in this study. The overall structure of CP1 was fully identified by SXRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Using advanced chemical synthesis, we developed Hyaluronic Acid/Carboxymethyl Chitosan-CP1@Doxorubicin (HA/CMCS-CP1@DOX), a nanocarrier system encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX), which was thoroughly characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). These analyses confirmed the integration of doxorubicin and provided data on the nanocarriers' stability and structure. In vitro experiments showed that this system significantly downregulated Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in triple-negative breast cancer cells and inhibited their proliferation. Molecular docking simulations revealed the biological effects of CP1 are derived from its carboxyl groups. Using reinforcement learning, multiple new derivatives were generated from this compound, displaying excellent biological activities. These findings highlight the potential clinical applications and the innovative capacity of this nanocarrier system in drug development.

Construction of a reaction-based fluorescent sensor for tandem detection of Cu2+ and glutathione in wine.

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel reaction-based fluorescent sensor for the detection of Cu2+ and glutathione in real wine samples. The sensor, tris-(2-pyridyl)-methylamine rhodol derivative, was synthesized and validated for the tandem and selective detection of both Cu2+ and glutathione. The sensor exhibited a strong linear correlation between fluorescence intensity and Cu2+ concentration ranging from 100 to 900 nM, while the in situ generated Cu2+ ensemble selectively detected glutathione with a robust linear response from 3 to 30 µM. The detection limits for Cu2+ and glutathione were as low as 28 nM and 0.60 µM, respectively. Additionally, the sensor enabled quantitative detection of Cu2+ and glutathione in real wine samples. This work provides the first reaction-based fluorescence sensor with an "on-off-on" fluorescence response for the tandem detection of Cu2+ and glutathione in wine, offering potential applications in food and beverage quality control.

Exploration of efficacy of the first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with primary MET-amplification: Retrospective evaluation of 36 cases.

BACKGROUND: There are few clinical data on targeted therapy for primary mesenchymal-epidermal transforming factor amplification (METamp), unlike METamp secondary to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). First-line treatment options for patients with primary METamp NSCLC remain unclear, and in particular, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in these patients is controversial. METHODS: We retrospectively included primary METamp patients who had received at least one line of systemic anticancer therapy, diagnosed at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from June 2018 to June 2023, and analyzed the efficacies of different treatment patterns for these patients. We also evaluated the potential relationship between the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis in primary METamp NSCLC patients. High-level METamp was defined as gene copy number (GCN) ≥ 10 [1]. The clinical outcomes included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), median progression-free survival (mPFS), median overall survival (mOS). RESULTS: We screened 2016 NSCLC patients and detected 36 primary METamp, resulting in a prevalence of 1.79 %. Among the patients, the average MET GCN was 4.6, the overall ORR was 50.0 %, DCR was 77.8 %, mPFS was 5.8 months and mOS was 11.7 months. We categorized the first-line treatments that patients received as: immuno-chemotherapy (CI-group), antiangio-chemotherapy (CA-group), chemotherapy (C-group) and MET-TKIs therapy (TKI-group). The ORR of CI-group, CA-group, C-group and TKI-group was 64.3 %, 16.7 %, 33.4 % and 71.4 %, respectively. And the DCR of this four groups was 100 %, 50 %, 66.7 % and 71.4 %, respectively. CI-group achieved longer mPFS and mOS than other groups, respectively (mPFS: 8.63 vs 3.73 vs 3.53 vs 5.50 months, P = 0.021; mOS: 15.10 vs 11.73 vs 9.93 vs 13.93 months, P = 0.023). The mPFS was longer in the PD-L1-positive group than in the PD-L1 negative group (P = 0.046) and PD-L1 positivity was an independent prognostic indicator for PFS (P = 0.005). In addition, the disease remission effect was significantly lower in Foxp3-positive expressors than in negative expressors (ORR: 33.3 % vs 75.0 %, P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Immuno-chemotherapy is a first-line optional treatment strategy in addition to targeted therapy for NSCLC patients with primary METamp. Foxp3-negative expression better predicts the near-term efficacy of immunotherapy.

Zosuquidar Promotes Antitumor Immunity by Inducing Autophagic Degradation of PD-L1.

The intracellular distribution and transportation process are essential for maintaining PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) expression, and intervening in this cellular process may provide promising therapeutic strategies. Here, through a cell-based high content screening, it is found that the ABCB1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1) modulator zosuquidar dramatically suppresses PD-L1 expression by triggering its autophagic degradation. Mechanistically, ABCB1 interacts with PD-L1 and impairs COP II-mediated PD-L1 transport from ER (endoplasmic reticulum) to Golgi apparatus. The treatment of zosuquidar enhances ABCB1-PD-L1 interaction and leads the ER retention of PD-L1, which is subsequently degraded in the SQSTM1-dependent selective autophagy pathway. In CT26 mouse model and a humanized xenograft mouse model, zosuquidar significantly suppresses tumor growth and accompanies by increased infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. In summary, this study indicates that ABCB1 serves as a negative regulator of PD-L1, and zosuquidar may act as a potential immunotherapy agent by triggering PD-L1 degradation in the early secretory pathway.

Radiomics Analysis of Intratumoral and Various Peritumoral Regions From Automated Breast Volume Scanning for Accurate Ki-67 Prediction in Breast Cancer Using Machine Learning.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Current radiomics research primarily focuses on intratumoral regions and fixed peritumoral areas, lacking optimization for accurate Ki-67 prediction. This study aimed to develop machine learning (ML) models to analyze radiomic features from Automated Breast Volume Scanning (ABVS) images of different peritumoral region sizes to identify the optimal size for accurate preoperative Ki-67 prediction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 668 breast cancer patients were enrolled and divided into training (486) and testing (182) cohorts. In the training cohort, ML models were developed for intratumoral and peritumoral regions (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm). Relevant Ki-67 features for each ROI were identified, and different models were compared to determine the optimal one. These models were validated using a testing cohort to find the most accurate peritumoral region for Ki-67 prediction. SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) analysis was performed to identify key radiomic features from the optimal model. RESULTS: The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model for the intratumoral region combined with the 6 mm peritumoral region achieved the highest predictive accuracy, with an AUC of 0.957 in the training cohort and 0.920 in the testing cohort. Calibration curves confirmed reliability, and decision curve analysis demonstrated the highest net benefit. SHAP indicated that 6 mm peritumoral radiomic features are more significant than intratumoral features. CONCLUSION: The XGBoost model using ABVS-derived radiomic features from both the intratumoral and 6 mm peritumoral regions provides the most accurate preoperative Ki-67 prediction.

A real world analysis of secondary BRAF variations after targeted therapy resistance in driver gene positive NSCLC.

Secondary BRAF variations have been identified as a mechanism of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with driver gene-positive NSCLC. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of consensus regarding the characteristics and subsequent treatment strategies for these patients. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with driver gene-positive NSCLC who received TKIs therapy at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital between May 2016 and December 2023. The clinical and genetic characteristics of these patients were assessed, along with the impact of various treatment strategies on survival. This study enrolled 27 patients with advanced NSCLC, in whom BRAF variations occurred at a median time of 28 months after the initiation of targeted therapy. The multivariate accelerated failure time (AFT) model revealed that, compared to chemotherapy-based regimens group, the combined targeted therapy group (p < 0.001) and the combined local treatment group for oligo-progression (p < 0.001) significantly extended patient survival. In contrast, continuing the original signaling pathway's targeted monotherapy was associated with shorter survival (p = 0.034). The median global OS for each treatment group was as follows: chemotherapy-based regimens group, 45 months; combined targeted therapy group, 59 months; combined local treatment group for patients with oligo-progression, 46 months; and targeted monotherapy group, 36 months. Study results indicate that the combination targeted therapy group (including TKIs, BRAF inhibitors, and/or MEK inhibitors) and the localized treatment group are more effective than traditional chemotherapy-based regimens in improving survival. Additionally, continuing targeted monotherapy along the original signaling pathway proves less effective than chemotherapy-based regimens.

Risk stratification and overall survival prediction in extensive stage small cell lung cancer after chemotherapy with immunotherapy based on CT radiomics.

The prognosis of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer is usually poor. In this study, a combined model based on pre-treatment CT radiomics and clinical features was constructed to predict the OS of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer after chemotherapy with immunotherapy.Clinical data of 111 patients with extensive stage small-cell lung cancer who received first-line immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in our hospital from December 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected. Finally, 93 patients were selected for inclusion in the study, and CT images were obtained through PACS system before treatment. All patients were randomly divided into a training set (n = 66) and a validation set (n = 27). Images were imported into ITK-SNAP to outline areas of interest, and Python software was used to extract radiomics features. A total of 1781 radiomics features were extracted from each patient's images. The feature dimensions were reduced by MRMR and LASSO methods, and the radiomics features with the greatest predictive value were screened. The weight coefficient of radiomics features was calculated, and the linear combination of the feature parameters and the weight coefficient was used to calculate Radscore. Univariate cox regression analysis was used to screen out the factors significantly associated with prognosis from the radiomics and clinical features, and multivariate cox regression analysis was performed to establish the prognosis prediction model of extensive stage small cell lung cancer. The degree of metastases was selected as a significant clinical prognostic factor by univariate cox regression analysis. Seven radiomics features with significance were selected by LASSO-COX regression analysis, and the Radscore was calculated according to the coefficient of the radiomics features. An alignment diagram survival prediction model was constructed by combining Radscore with the number of metastatic lesions. The study population was stratified into those who survived less than 11 months, and those with a greater than 11 month survival. The C-index was 0.722 (se = 0.044) and 0.68(se = 0.074) in the training and the validation sets, respectively. The Log_rank test results of the combination model were as follows: training set: p < 0.0001, validation set: p = 0.00042. In this study, a combined model based on radiomics and clinical features could predict OS in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer after chemotherapy with immunotherapy, which could help guide clinical treatment strategies.

Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of [14C]-Labeled Anaprazole: A New Proton Pump Inhibitor, After a Single Oral Administration in Healthy Chinese Male Subjects.

Anaprazole is a proton pump inhibitor. This study aims to elucidate absorption, metabolism, and excretion pathways of anaprazole sodium in the human body. A total of 4 healthy Chinese male subjects were administered a single oral dose of 20 mg/100 µCi of [14C]-anaprazole sodium enteric-coated capsules. The whole blood, plasma, and excreta were analyzed for a total radioactivity (TRA) and metabolite profile. The cumulative radioactivity excretion rate was 93.2%, with 53.3% and 39.9% of the radioactive dose excreted in urine and feces, respectively, and 91.6% of dose recovered within 96 hours after dosing. The parent drug, anaprazole, showed good absorption and was extensively metabolized majorly to thioether M8-1 via nonenzymatic metabolism. Overall, 35 metabolites were identified in plasma, urine, and fecal samples. Anaprazole was the most abundant component in plasma followed by the thioether M8-1, accounting for 28.3% and 16.6%, respectively, of the plasma TRA. Thioether carboxylic acid XZP-3409 (26.3% of urine TRA) and XZP-3409 oxidation and dehydrogenation product M417a (15.1% of fecal TRA) were the major metabolites present in urine and feces, respectively. Anaprazole was undetectable in urine, while fecal samples showed traces (0.07% dose). Blood/plasma ratios of the radioactivity (approximately 0.60) remained consistent over time. Anaprazole showed good absorption and was extensively metabolized majorly to thioether M8-1 via nonenzymatic metabolism, and cytochrome P450 3A4 also contributed to its metabolism in healthy individuals.

Cr-Diamond/Cu Composites with High Thermal Conductivity Fabricated by Vacuum Hot Pressing.

Chromium-plated diamond/copper composite materials, with Cr layer thicknesses of 150 nm and 200 nm, were synthesized using a vacuum hot-press sintering process. Comparative analysis revealed that the thermal conductivity of the composite material with a Cr layer thickness of 150 nm increased by 266%, while that with a Cr layer thickness of 200 nm increased by 242%, relative to the diamond/copper composite materials without Cr plating. This indicates that the introduction of the Cr layer significantly enhanced the thermal conductivity of the composite material. The thermal properties of the composite material initially increased and subsequently decreased with rising sintering temperature. At a sintering temperature of 1050 °C and a diamond particle size of 210 µm, the thermal conductivity of the chromium-plated diamond/copper composite material reached a maximum value of 593.67 W∙m-1∙K-1. This high thermal conductivity is attributed to the formation of chromium carbide at the interface. Additionally, the surface of the diamond particles in contact with the carbide layer exhibited a continuous serrated morphology due to the interface reaction. This "pinning effect" at the interface strengthened the bonding between the diamond particles and the copper matrix, thereby enhancing the overall thermal conductivity of the composite material.

Efficacy of immunotherapy in RET fusion-positive NSCLC: A meta-analysis.

Background: The Rearranged during Transfection (RET) gene represents a rare driver mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) occurring in only 1 %-2 % of cases, with implications in targeted carcinogenesis. Despite the significant efficacy demonstrated by immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC with wild-type driver genes, its validation in RET fusion-positive patients is yet to be established. Objectives: This meta-analysis aims to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC. Data sources: and Methods: PubMed and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for relevant studies. Outcomes including objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were extracted for further analysis. Results: Ten real-world evidence (RWE) studies involving 7145 patients were enrolled in this meta-analysis. In terms of tumor response, the pooled ORR and DCR were 24.0 % and 61.0 %, respectively. Regarding survival analysis, the pooled median PFS and median OS were 4.17 months [95 % confidence interval (CI): 3.40-5.02) and 17.22 months (95 % CI: 11.58-23.91)], respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that immunotherapies plus chemotherapy were superior to single-immunotherapy in terms of ORR, DCR, and median PFS, which were 43 % (95 % CI: 31%-55 %) vs. 17 % (95 % CI: 11%-25 %), 74 % (95 % CI: 60%-84 %) vs. 45 % (95 % CI: 31%-59 %) and 6.69 months (95 % CI: 4.91-8.93) vs. 2.96 months (95 % CI: 2.25-3.78), respectively. Conclusions: To date, RET fusions appear to be associated with poor response to immunotherapy in NSCLC patients, and immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy seems to offer greater clinical benefits than mono-immunotherapy.

Long-term associations of PM1 versus PM2.5 and PM10 with asthma and asthma-related respiratory symptoms in the middle-aged and elderly population.

Background: Few studies have compared the associations between long-term exposures to particulate matters (aerodynamic diameter ≤1, ≤2.5 and ≤10 µm: PM1, PM2.5 and PM10, respectively) and asthma and asthma-related respiratory symptoms. The objective of the present study was to compare the strength of the aforementioned associations in middle-aged and elderly adults. Methods: We calculated the mean 722-day personal exposure estimates of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 at 1 km×1 km spatial resolution between 2013 and 2019 at individual levels from China High Air Pollutants (CHAP) datasets. Using logistic regression models, we presented the associations as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, for each interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM1/PM2.5/PM10 concentration. Asthma denoted a self-reported history of physician-diagnosed asthma or wheezing in the preceding 12 months. Results: We included 7371 participants in COPD surveillance from Guangdong, China. Each IQR increase in PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with a greater odds (OR (95% CI)) of asthma (PM1: 1.22 (1.02-1.45); PM2.5: 1.24 (1.04-1.48); PM10: 1.30 (1.07-1.57)), wheeze (PM1: 1.27 (1.11-1.44); PM2.5: 1.30 (1.14-1.48); PM10: 1.34 (1.17-1.55)), persistent cough (PM1: 1.33 (1.06-1.66); PM2.5: 1.36 (1.09-1.71); PM10: 1.31 (1.02-1.68)) and dyspnoea (PM1: 2.10 (1.84-2.41); PM2.5: 2.17 (1.90-2.48); PM10: 2.29 (1.96-2.66)). Sensitivity analysis results were robust after excluding individuals with a family history of allergy. Associations of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 with asthma and asthma-related respiratory symptoms were slightly stronger in males. Conclusion: Long-term exposure to PM is associated with increased risks of asthma and asthma-related respiratory symptoms.

Identifying cell type-specific transcription factor-mediated activity immune modules reveal implications for immunotherapy and molecular classification of pan-cancer.

Systematic investigation of tumor-infiltrating immune (TII) cells is important to the development of immunotherapies, and the clinical response prediction in cancers. There exists complex transcriptional regulation within TII cells, and different immune cell types display specific regulation patterns. To dissect transcriptional regulation in TII cells, we first integrated the gene expression profiles from single-cell datasets, and proposed a computational pipeline to identify TII cell type-specific transcription factor (TF) mediated activity immune modules (TF-AIMs). Our analysis revealed key TFs, such as BACH2 and NFKB1 play important roles in B and NK cells, respectively. We also found some of these TF-AIMs may contribute to tumor pathogenesis. Based on TII cell type-specific TF-AIMs, we identified eight CD8+ T cell subtypes. In particular, we found the PD1 + CD8+ T cell subset and its specific TF-AIMs associated with immunotherapy response. Furthermore, the TII cell type-specific TF-AIMs displayed the potential to be used as predictive markers for immunotherapy response of cancer patients. At the pan-cancer level, we also identified and characterized six molecular subtypes across 9680 samples based on the activation status of TII cell type-specific TF-AIMs. Finally, we constructed a user-friendly web interface CellTF-AIMs (http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/CellTF-AIMs/) for exploring transcriptional regulatory pattern in various TII cell types. Our study provides valuable implications and a rich resource for understanding the mechanisms involved in cancer microenvironment and immunotherapy.

The Discovery of Highly Efficient and Promising ABA Receptor Antagonists for Agricultural Applications Based on APAn Modification.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the many naturally occurring phytohormones widely found in plants. This study focused on refining APAn, a series of previously developed agonism/antagonism switching probes. Twelve novel APAn analogues were synthesized by introducing varied branched or oxygen-containing chains at the C-6' position, and these were screened. Through germination assays conducted on A. thaliana, colza, and rice seeds, as well as investigations into stomatal movement, several highly active ABA receptor antagonists were identified. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) assays, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation showed that they had stronger receptor affinity than ABA, while PP2C phosphatase assays indicated that the C-6'-tail chain extending from the 3' channel effectively prevented the ligand-receptor binary complex from binding to PP2C phosphatase, demonstrating strong antagonistic activity. These antagonists showed effective potential in promoting seed germination and stomatal opening of plants exposed to abiotic stress, particularly cold and salt stress, offering advantages for cultivating crops under adverse conditions. Moreover, their combined application with fluridone and gibberellic acid could provide more practical agricultural solutions, presenting new insights and tools for overcoming agricultural challenges.

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and hepatocellular carcinoma survival.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the role of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and their interaction with vitamin D status in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. METHODS: We evaluated the association of TaqI, BsmI, Cdx-2, and ApaI polymorphisms, individually and in combination, with liver cancer-specific (LCSS) and overall survival (OS) among 967 patients with newly diagnosed HCC. Subsequently, we examined whether these polymorphisms modified the association between serum bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations and survival. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 1017 days, 393 deaths occurred, with 360 attributed to HCC. Having TaqI G allele (HRper allele = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.57) or BsmI T allele (HRper allele = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.99) was associated with worse LCSS. Carrying increasing numbers of protective alleles was associated with superior LCSS (HR6-8 vs 0-3 = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.80). The inverse association of bioavailable 25OHD with LCSS was statistically significant only in patients with TaqI AA (HRQuartile 4 vs Quartile 1 = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.92), BsmI CC (HRQuartile 4 vs Quartile 1 = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.88), and 6 to 8 protective alleles (HRQuartile 4 vs Quartile 1 = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.87). Similar associations were observed for OS. CONCLUSIONS: Patients carrying wild-type TaqI, BsmI, or more protective alleles had improved survival and might benefit from optimizing bioavailable 25OHD status.

Effect of Different Yeasts on the Higher Alcohol Content of Mulberry Wine.

Healthy, nutritious, and delicious mulberry wine is loved by everyone, but there is no specific yeast for mulberry wine. To screen for yeasts with low-yield higher alcohols for the fermentation of mulberry wine, we tested five commonly used commercial yeasts available on the market to ferment mulberry wine. All five yeasts were able to meet the requirements in terms of yeast fermentation capacity, speed, and physical and chemical markers of mulberry wine. The national standards were met by the fermentation requirements and the fermented mulberry wine. We identified yeast DV10 as a yeast with low-yield higher alcohols suitable for mulberry wine fermentation. The total higher alcohol content in fermented mulberry wine was 298 mg/L, which was 41.9% lower than that of fermented mulberry wine with yeast EC118. The contents of 17 free amino acids and five sugars in mulberry juice and five yeast-fermented mulberry wines were tested. The results showed that the higher the amino acid and sugar content in yeast-fermented mulberry wine, the higher the content of higher alcohols produced by fermentation. A correlation analysis performed on each higher alcohol produced when yeast DV10 fermented the mulberry wine indicated decreased sugar and related amino acids. The findings demonstrated a substantial negative correlation among the levels of increased alcohol, decreased sugar, and matching amino acid content. Considering the correlation values among increased alcohol, decreased sugar, and related amino acids, the very slight difference suggests that both sugar anabolism and amino acid catabolism pathways have an equivalent impact on the synthesis of higher alcohols during the fermentation of mulberry wine. These results provide a theoretical basis for reducing the content of higher alcohols in mulberry wines, given the history and foundation for producing mulberry wine.

Role of immunotherapy in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma: review of current approaches and related biomarkers.

Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC), a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer, is highly malignant and has a poor prognosis. Treatments for PSC are presently limited. Traditional treatments provide fewer benefits to PSC patients and are associated with early recurrence and metastasis. Surgical intervention is the preferred option for early-stage PSC patients, whereas chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and other targeted therapies are recommended for advanced PSC patients. Targeted therapy is only effective in a small number of PSC patients. The initial efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been acceptable in patients with advanced PSC; therefore, much attention on related biomarkers has been sought. This article aimed to review the research progress of PSC immunotherapy and related diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in recent years.

Advances in immunotherapy for pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC), a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is highly malignant and has a poor prognosis. Traditional treatments provide fewer benefits to PSC patients and are associated with early recurrence and metastasis. Targeted therapy is only effective in a small number of PSC patients. The initial efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been acceptable in patients with advanced PSC, therefore, much attention on related biomarkers has been sought. This article aimed to review the research progress of PSC immunotherapy and related diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in recent years.