Multi-omics revealed anti-fatigue property of polyphenol from areca nut.

BACKGROUND: Areca nut polyphenols (AP) that extracted from areca nut, have been demonstrated for their potential of anti-fatigue effects. However, the underlying mechanisms for the anti-fatigue properties of AP has not been fully elucidated to date. Previous studies have predominantly concentrated on single aspects, such as antioxidation and anti-inflammation, yet have lacked comprehensive multi-dimensional analyses. PURPOSE: To explore the underlying mechanism of AP in exerting anti-fatigue effects. METHODS: In this study, we developed a chronic sleep deprivation-induced fatigue model and used physiological, hematological, and biochemical indicators to evaluate the anti- fatigue efficacy of AP. Additionally, a multi-omics approach was employed to reveal the anti-fatigue mechanisms of AP from the perspective of microbiome, metabolome, and proteome. RESULTS: The detection of physiology, hematology and biochemistry index indicated that AP markedly alleviate mice fatigue state induced by sleep deprivation. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed the AP promoted the abundance of probiotics (Odoribacter, Dubosiella, Marvinbryantia, and Eubacterium) and suppressed harmful bacteria (Ruminococcus). On the other hand, AP was found to regulate the expression of colonic proteins, such as increases of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and mitochondrial function related proteins, including ATP5A1, ATP5O, ATP5L, ATP5H, NDUFA, NDUFB, NDUFS, and NDUFV. Serum metabolomic analysis revealed AP upregulated the levels of anti-fatigue amino acids, such as taurine, leucine, arginine, glutamine, lysine, and l-proline. Hepatic proteins express levels, especially tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (CS, SDHB, MDH2, and DLST) and redox-related proteins (SOD1, SOD2, GPX4, and PRDX3), were significantly recovered by AP administration. Spearman correlation analysis uncovered the strong correlation between microbiome, metabolome and proteome, suggesting the anti-fatigue effects of AP is attribute to the energy homeostasis and redox balance through gut-liver axis. CONCLUSION: AP increased colonic ATP production and improve mitochondrial function by regulating gut microbiota, and further upregulated anti-fatigue amino acid levels in the blood. Based on the gut-liver axis, AP upregulated the hepatic tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidoreductase-related protein expression, regulating energy homeostasis and redox balance, and ultimately exerting anti-fatigue effects. This study provides insights into the anti-fatigue mechanisms of AP, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent.

Cannabidiol (CBD) Inhibits Foam Cell Formation via Regulating Cholesterol Homeostasis and Lipid Metabolism.

SCOPE: The cannabidiol (CBD) in hemp oil has important pharmacological activities. Accumulating evidence suggests that CBD is beneficial in the cardiovascular system and has been applied as a health supplement for atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study investigates the impact of CBD on foam cell formation, cholesterol homeostasis, and lipid metabolism in macrophages. CBD elevates the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and its associated targets, such as ATP binding transporter A1/G1 (ABCA1/ABCG1), thus reducing foam cell formation, and increasing cholesterol efflux within macrophages. Notably, the upregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression induced by CBD is found to be attenuated by both a PPARγ inhibitor and PPARγ small interfering RNA (siRNA). Moreover, transfection of PPARγ siRNA results in a decrease in the inhibitory effect of CBD on foam cell formation and promotion of cholesterol efflux. Through lipidomics analysis, the study finds that CBD significantly reverses the enhancement of ceramide (Cer). Correlation analysis indicates a negative association between Cer level and the expression of ABCA1/ABCG1. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that CBD can be an effective therapeutic candidate for atherosclerosis treatment by activating PPARγ, up-regulating ABCA1/ABCG1 expression, and down-regulating Cer level.

A diamond-bearing core-mantle boundary on Mercury.

Abundant carbon was identified on Mercury by MESSENGER, which is interpreted as the remnant of a primordial graphite flotation crust, suggesting that the magma ocean and core were saturated in carbon. We re-evaluate carbon speciation in Mercury's interior in light of the high pressure-temperature experiments, thermodynamic models and the most recent geophysical models of the internal structure of the planet. Although a sulfur-free melt would have been in the stability field of graphite, sulfur dissolution in the melt under the unique reduced conditions depressed the sulfur-rich liquidus to temperatures spanning the graphite-diamond transition. Here we show it is possible, though statistically unlikely, that diamond was stable in the magma ocean. However, the formation of a solid inner core caused diamond to crystallize from the cooling molten core and formation of a diamond layer becoming thicker with time.

Non-targeted mass spectrometry and feature-based molecular networking for determination of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in milk.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) represent trace lipids with significant natural biological functions. While exogenous FAHFAs have been extensively studied, research on FAHFAs in milk remains limited, constraining our grasp of their nutritional roles. This study introduces a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach combined with chemical networking of spectral fragmentation patterns to uncover FAHFAs. Through meticulous sample handling and comparisons of various data acquisition and processing modes, we validate the method's superiority, identifying twice as many FAHFAs compared to alternative techniques. This validated method was then applied to different milk samples, revealing 45 chemical signals associated with known and potential FAHFAs, alongside findings of 66 ceramide/hexosylceramide (Cer/HexCer), 48 phosphatidyl ethanolamine/lyso phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE/LPE), 21 phosphatidylcholine/lysophosphatidylcholine (PC/LPC), 16 phosphatidylinositol (PI), 7 phosphatidylserine (PS), and 11 sphingomyelin (SM) compounds. This study expands our understanding of the FAHFA family in milk and provides a fast and convenient method for identifying FAHFAs.

Characterization of adaptive expression regulation of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) leptin, receptor, and receptor overlapping transcript genes in response to fasting and re-feeding strategies.

Leptins and other related genes have been proven to play vital roles in food intake, weight control, and other life activities. While the function of leptins in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) has not yet been explored, in the present study, we investigated the structure and preliminary function of four leptin-related genes in S. lalandi. In detail, the sequence of two leptin genes (lepa and lepb), one leptin receptor gene (lepr), and one leptin receptor overlapping transcript (leprot) gene were obtained by homology cloning and RACE methods, in which lepa and lepb have similar structure. Moreover, homologous sequence alignment and evolutionary analysis of all four genes were clustered with Seriola dumerili. The tissue distribution of these four genes in thirteen tissues of yellowtail kingfish was detected by RT-qPCR. Both lepa and leprot were highly expressed in the brain and ovary, while lepb was highly expressed in the pituitary, gill, muscle, and ovary; lepr was highly expressed in the gill, kidney, and ovary. Additionally, these four genes also played roles in embryo development and early growth and development of larvae and juveniles of yellowtail kingfish. Finally, the function of leptin and leptin-related genes was investigated during fasting and re-feeding adaption of yellowtail kingfish. The results showed that these four genes have different regulation functions in five tissues; for example, the mRNA levels of lepa, lepr, and leprot in the brain decreased during fasting and immediately increased after re-feeding, while the mRNA level of lepb did not show significant fluctuation during starvation but significantly lowered after re-feeding. However, lepa and lepb mRNA levels were significantly elevated during fasting and returned to control levels after re-feeding, and there were no significant changes in the expression of lepr and leprot in the liver during fasting and after re-feeding. Moreover, the body mass of fish in the experimental group was measured, and compensatory growth was found after the resumption of feeding. These results suggested that leptin and receptor genes play different functions in different tissues to regulate the physiological state of fish in food deficiency and gain processes.

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) and igfbp-5 in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi): molecular characterization and expression levels under different nutritional status and stocking density.

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) play important roles in regulating growth and development by binding to IGF, where IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 are the main binding carriers of IGF in the circulation system. In the present study, the gene sequences of igfbp-3, igfbp-5a, and igfbp-5b were cloned from the liver of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). The ORF sequences of igfbp-3, igfbp-5a, and igfbp-5b were 888, 801, and 804 bp in length, which encoded 295, 266, and 267 amino acids, respectively. The above three genes were widely expressed in yellowtail kingfish tissues, with igfbp-3 being the most highly expressed in the heart, brain, and gonads, while igfbp-5a and igfbp-5b were both most highly expressed in the liver and kidney. The expression levels of igfbp-3, igfbp-5a, and igfbp-5b were detected throughout the embryonic and larval stages, suggesting their roles in early development and growth regulation of yellowtail kingfish. Besides, igfbp-3 and igfbp-5a were significantly up-regulated in the liver under food deprivation and high-density rearing conditions, which was exactly opposite to the growth performance of yellowtail kingfish, implying that they may serve as biomarkers of adverse culture conditions. Overall, the above results initially identified the molecular characteristics of igfbp-3/-5a/-5b in yellowtail kingfish and implied that they might play important roles in the growth and development, providing a basis for further research on underlying regulatory mechanisms.

Single particle mass spectral signatures from on-road and non-road vehicle exhaust particles and their application in refined source apportionment using deep learning.

With advances in vehicle emission control technology, updating source profiles to meet the current requirements of source apportionment has become increasingly crucial. In this study, on-road and non-road vehicle particles were collected, and then the chemical compositions of individual particles were analyzed using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. The data were grouped using an adaptive resonance theory neural network to identify signatures and establish a mass spectral database of mobile sources. In addition, a deep learning-based model (DeepAerosolClassifier) for classifying aerosol particles was established. The objective of this model was to accomplish source apportionment. During the training process, the model achieved an accuracy of 98.49 % for the validation set and an accuracy of 93.36 % for the testing set. Regarding the model interpretation, ideal spectra were generated using the model, verifying its accurate recognition of the characteristic patterns in the mass spectra. In a practical application, the model performed hourly source apportionment at three specific field monitoring sites. The effectiveness of the model in field measurement was validated by combining traffic flow and spatial information with the model results. Compared with other machine learning methods, our model achieved highly automated source apportionment while eliminating the need for feature selection, and it enables end-to-end operation. Thus, in the future, it can be applied in refined and online source apportionment of particulate matter.

Advances in encapsulation systems of Antarctic krill oil: From extraction to encapsulation, and future direction.

Antarctic krill oil (AKO) is highly sought after by consumers and the food industry due to its richness in a variety of nutrients and physiological activities. However, current extraction methods are not sufficient to better extract AKO and its nutrients, and AKO is susceptible to lipid oxidation during processing and storage, leading to nutrient loss and the formation of off-flavors and toxic compounds. The development of various extraction methods and encapsulation systems for AKO to improve oil yield, nutritional value, antioxidant capacity, and bioavailability has become a research hotspot. This review summarizes the research progress of AKO from extraction to encapsulation system construction. The AKO extraction mechanism, technical parameters, oil yield and composition of solvent extraction, aqueous enzymatic extraction, supercritical/subcritical extraction, and three-liquid-phase salting-out extraction system are described in detail. The principles, choice of emulsifier/wall materials, preparation methods, advantages and disadvantages of four common encapsulation systems for AKO, namely micro/nanoemulsions, microcapsules, liposomes and nanostructured lipid carriers, are summarized. These four encapsulation systems are characterized by high encapsulation efficiency, low production cost, high bioavailability and high antioxidant capacity. Depending on the unique advantages and conditions of different encapsulation methods, as well as consumer demand for health and nutrition, different products can be developed. However, existing AKO encapsulation systems lack relevant studies on digestive absorption and targeted release, and the single product category of commercially available products limits consumer choice. In conjunction with clinical studies of AKO encapsulation systems, the development of encapsulation systems for special populations should be a future research direction.

Multiomics Analysis Revealed Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis.

Gut microbiota-derived microbial compounds may link to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of the host-microbiome in the incidence and progression of CRC remains elusive. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomics, and proteomic studies on samples from 85 CRC patients who underwent colonoscopy examination and found two distinct changed patterns of microbiome in CRC patients. The relative abundances of Catabacter and Mogibacterium continuously increased from intramucosal carcinoma to advanced stages, whereas Clostridium, Anaerostipes, Vibrio, Flavonifractor, Holdemanella, and Hungatella were significantly altered only in intermediate lesions. Fecal metabolomics analysis exhibited consistent increases in bile acids, indoles, and urobilin as well as a decrease in heme. Serum metabolomics uncovered the highest levels of bilin, glycerides, and nucleosides together with the lowest levels of bile acids and amino acids in the stage of intermediate lesions. Three fecal and one serum dipeptides were elevated in the intermediate lesions. Proteomics analysis of colorectal tissues showed that oxidation and autophagy through the PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway contribute to the development of CRC. Diagnostic analysis showed multiomics features have good predictive capability, with AUC greater than 0.85. Our overall findings revealed new candidate biomarkers for CRC, with potentially significant diagnostic and prognostic capabilities.

Effect of coffee, tea and alcohol intake on circulating inflammatory cytokines: a two sample-Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the abundance of research examining the effects of coffee, tea, and alcohol on inflammatory diseases, there is a notable absence of conclusive evidence regarding their direct causal influence on circulating inflammatory cytokines. Previous studies have primarily concentrated on established cytokines, neglecting the potential impact of beverage consumption on lesser-studied but equally important cytokines. METHODS: Information regarding the consumption of coffee, tea, and alcohol was collected from the UK Biobank, with sample sizes of 428,860, 447,485, and 462,346 individuals, respectively. Data on 41 inflammatory cytokines were obtained from summary statistics of 8293 healthy participants from Finnish cohorts. RESULTS: The consumption of coffee was found to be potentially associated with decreased levels of Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (ß = -0.57, 95% CI -1.06 ~ -0.08; p = 0.022) and Stem cell growth factor beta (ß = -0.64, 95% CI -1.16 ~ -0.12; p = 0.016), as well as an increase in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (ß = 0.43, 95% CI 0.06 ~ 0.8; p = 0.023) levels. Conversely, tea intake was potentially correlated with a reduction in Interleukin-8 (ß = -0.45, 95% CI -0.9 ~ 0; p = 0.045) levels. Moreover, our results indicated an association between alcohol consumption and decreased levels of Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted (ß = -0.24, 95% CI -0.48 ~ 0; p = 0.047), as well as an increase in Stem cell factor (ß = 0.17, 95% CI 0.02 ~ 0.31; p = 0.023) and Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (ß = 0.20, 95% CI 0.04 ~ 0.36; p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Revealing the interactions between beverage consumption and various inflammatory cytokines may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets, thereby facilitating dietary interventions to complement clinical disease treatments.

Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Airport Sources and Their Effects on Ozone Production.

In recent years, commercial air transport has increased considerably. However, the compositions and source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from aircraft are still not clear. In this study, the characteristics of VOCs (including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs)) emitted from airport sources were measured at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport. The results showed that the compositions and proportions of VOC species showed significant differences as the aircraft operating state changed. OVOCs were the dominant species and accounted for 63.17%, 58.44%, and 51.60% of the total VOC mass concentration during the taxiing, approach, and take-off stages. Propionaldehyde and acetone were the main OVOCs, and dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane were the main halohydrocarbons. Propane had the highest proportion among all alkanes, while toluene and benzene were the predominant aromatic hydrocarbons. Compared with the source profiles of VOCs from construction machinery, the proportions of halogenated hydrocarbons and alkanes emitted from aircraft were significantly higher, as were those of propionaldehyde and acetone. OVOCs were still the dominant VOC species in aircraft emissions, and their calculated ozone formation potential (OFP) was much higher than that of other VOC species at all stages of aircraft operations. Acetone, propionaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and ethylene were the greatest contributors to ozone production. This study comprehensively measured the distribution characteristics of VOCs, and its results will aid in the construction of a source profile inventory of VOCs emitted from aircraft sources in real atmospheric environments.

Prevention of Hypercholesterolemia with "Liposomes in Microspheres" Composite Carriers: A Promising Approach for Intestinal-Targeted Oral Delivery of Astaxanthin.

Cardiovascular diseases are caused by hypercholesterolemia. Astaxanthin (AST) has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its bioavailability is poor because of low solubility and instability. In order to improve the bioavailability of AST, we developed an intestinal-responsive composite carrier termed as "liposomes in micropheres" incorporating N-succinyl-chitosan (NSC)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) liposomes that functionalized by neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn) into hydrogels of sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). In the AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS microspheres, the AST's encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 96.26% (w/w) and its loading capacity (LC) was 6.47% (w/w). AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes had stability in the gastric conditions and achieved long-term release of AST in intestinal conditions. Then, AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS bind to intestinal epithelial cell targets by the neonatal Fc receptor. In vitro permeation studies show that there was a 4-fold increase of AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS in AST permeation across the intestinal epithelium. Subsequent in vivo experiments demonstrated that the composite carrier exhibited a remarkable mucoadhesive capacity, allowing for extended intestinal retention of up to 12 h, and it displayed deep penetration through the mucus layer, efficiently entering the intestinal villi epithelial cells, and enhancing the absorption of AST and its bioavailability in vivo. And oral administration of AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS could effectively prevent hypercholesterolemia caused by a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD). These advancements highlight the potential of NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS composite carriers for targeted and oral uptake of hydrophobic bioactives.

MS based foodomics: An edge tool integrated metabolomics and proteomics for food science.

Foodomics has become a popular methodology in food science studies. Mass spectrometry (MS) based metabolomics and proteomics analysis played indispensable roles in foodomics research. So far, several methodologies have been developed to detect the metabolites and proteins in diets and consumers, including sample preparation, MS data acquisition, annotation and interpretation. Moreover, multiomics analysis integrated metabolomics and proteomics have received considerable attentions in the field of food safety and nutrition, because of more comprehensive and deeply. In this context, we intended to review the emerging strategies and their applications in MS-based foodomics, as well as future challenges and trends. The principle and application of multiomics were also discussed, such as the optimization of data acquisition, development of analysis algorithm and exploration of systems biology.

The chemical and biological characteristics of fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids.

With the continuous advancements in detection methods and the exploration of unknown substances, an increasing number of bioactive compounds are being discovered. Fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids (FAHFAs), a class of endogenous lipids found in 2014, exhibit various physiological activities, such as improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, stimulating insulin secretion, and demonstrating broad anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, some FAHFAs are closely linked to intestinal health and can serve as potential biomarkers for gut health. Various FAHFAs have been observed in food, including palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSA), oleic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (OAHSA), linoleic acid esters of hydroxy linoleic acid (LAHLA). As a type of lipid regularly consumed in the daily diet, it is highly important to ascertain the types and quantities of FAHFAs present in the diet. This article, based on existing research, provides a review of the analysis methods for FAHFAs, particularly focusing on the separation of chiral isomers. It also summarizes the sources and contents of dietary FAHFAs, emphasizing their bioavailability and impact on the gut. Understanding the beneficial effects of these lipids in the diet can serve as a valuable reference for the development of specific functional foods.

Effect of different gelators on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of coconut oleogels.

BACKGROUND: The inherent properties of coconut oil (CO), including its elevated saturated fatty acid content and low melting point, make it suitable for application in plastic fat processing. The present study explores the physicochemical characteristics, micromorphology and oxidative stability of oleogels produced from CO using various gelators [ethylcellulose (EC), ß-sitosterol/γ-oryzanol (PS) and glyceryl monostearate (MG)] to elucidate the formation mechanisms of coconut oleogels (EC-COO, PS-COO and MG-COO). RESULTS: Three oleogel systems exhibited a solid-like behavior, with the formation of crystalline forms dominated by ß and ß'. Among them, PS-COO exhibited enhanced capability with respect to immobilizing liquid oils, resulting in solidification with high oil-binding capacity, moderate hardness and good elasticity. By contrast, MG-COO demonstrated inferior stability compared to PS-COO and EC-COO. Furthermore, MG-COO and PS-COO demonstrated antioxidant properties against CO oxidation, whereas EC-COO exhibited the opposite effect. PS-COO and EC-COO exhibited superior thermodynamic behavior compared to MG-COO. CONCLUSION: Three oleogels based on CO were successfully prepared. The mechanical strength, storage modulus and thermodynamic stability of the CO oleogel exhibited concentration dependence with increasing gelling agent addition. PS-COO demonstrated relatively robust oil-binding capacity and oxidative stability, particularly with a 15% PS addition. This information contributes to a deeper understanding of CO-based oleogels and offers theoretical insights for their application in food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development and application of mass spectrometric molecular networking for analyzing the ingredients of areca nut.

Areca nut (Areca catechu L.) is commonly consumed as a chewing food in the Asian region. However, the investigations into the components of areca nut are limited. In this study, we have developed an approach that combines mass spectrometry with feature-based molecular network to explore the chemical characteristics of the areca nut. In comparison to the conventional method, this technique demonstrates a superior capability in annotating unknown compounds present in areca nut. We annotated a total of 52 compounds, including one potential previously unreported alkaloid, one carbohydrate, and one phenol and confirmed the presence of 7 of them by comparing with commercial standards. The validated method was used to evaluate chemical features of areca nut at different growth stages, annotating 25 compounds as potential biomarkers for distinguishing areca nut growth stages. Therefore, this approach offers a rapid and accurate method for the component analysis of areca nut.

SpecLipIDA: a pseudotargeted lipidomics approach for polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play an important role in the nutritional value of milk lipids. However, a comprehensive analysis of PUFAs and their esters in milk is still scarce. In this study, we developed a novel pseudotargeted lipidomics approach, named SpecLipIDA, for determining PUFA lipids in milk. Triglycerides (TGs) and phospholipids (PLs) were separated using NH2 cartridges, and mass spectrometry data in the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode were preprocessed by MS-DIAL, leading to improved identification in subsequent targeted analysis. The target matching algorithm, based on specific lipid cleavage patterns, demonstrated enhanced identification of PUFA lipids compared to the lipid annotations provided by MS-DIAL and GNPS. The approach was applied to identify PUFA lipids in various milk samples, resulting in the detection of a total of 115 PUFA lipids. The results revealed distinct differences in PUFA lipids among different samples, with 44 PUFA lipids significantly contributing to these differences. Our study indicated that SpecLipIDA is an efficient method for rapidly and specifically screening PUFA lipids.

Multiomics analysis revealed the mechanism of the anti-diabetic effect of Salecan.

Salecan, a natural ß-glucan compromising nine residues connected by ß-(1 â†’ 3)/α-(1 â†’ 3) glycosidic bonds, is one of the newly approved food ingredients. Salecan has multiple health-improving effects, yet its mechanism against Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains poorly understood. In this study, the hypoglycemic effect and underlying mechanism of Salecan intervention on STZ-induced diabetic model mice were investigated. After 8 weeks of gavage, Salecan attenuated insulin resistance and repaired pancreatic ß cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Salecan supplement remodel the structure of the gut microbiota and altered the level of intestinal metabolites. Serum metabolites, especially unsaturated fatty acids, were also affected significantly. In addition, tight junction proteins in the colon and autophagy-related proteins in the pancreas were upregulated. Multiomics analysis indicated that Lactobacillus johnsonii, Muribaculaceae, and Lachnoclostridium were highly associated with fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) levels in the colon, accordingly enhancing arachidonic acid and linoleic acid in serum, and promoting GLP-1 release in the intestine and insulin secretion in the pancreas, thus relieving insulin resistance and exhibiting hypoglycemic effects. These findings provide a novel understanding of the anti-diabetic effect of Salecan in mice from a molecular perspective, paving the way for the wide use of Salecan.

Cloning, phylogenetic and expression analysis of two MyoDs in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi).

Yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) is a pelagic piscivore distributed circumglobally. Owing to its great market value, the growth mechanism of S. lalandi, including muscle development and growth, is a hot research topic. The myoblast determination protein (MyoD) gene has been shown to play an important role in formation of myoblasts and the function of somites in fish. The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of MyoD1 and MyoD2 in S. lalandi encoded 298 and 263 amino acids possessing three common characteristic domains, respectively, containing a myogenic basic domain, a bHLH domain, and a ser-rich region (helix III). S. lalandi MyoDs shared the highest identity with the MyoDs of S. dumerili. MyoDs are highly expressed in white muscle (P < 0.05) in S. lalandi. The expression level of MyoD1 mRNA was higher than that of MyoD2 mRNA during embryonic and early developmental stages, indicating that the two MyoD isoforms may have different roles in muscle formation. Moreover, the mRNA expression of MyoDs in the brain, pituitary, liver and muscle of endocrine growth axis were analyzed in the various sizes and ages stages. The expression levels of MyoDs in the different sizes and ages of S. lalandi showed that expression of both these genes was particularly high in 400-g fish and 2-year-old fish (P < 0.05). Moreover, the increases in the mRNA expression and plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) were accompanied by an increase in mRNA expression of MyoDs, indicating the roles of GH and IGF-I in muscle development and growth of S. lalandi. Overall, the expression profiles of genes associated with muscle development are the first step taken towards deciphering fast growth mechanism in this important Seriola fish.

Heat-shock protein 90 alleviates oxidative stress and reduces apoptosis in liver of Seriola aureovittata (yellowtail kingfish) under high-temperature stress.

Hsp90s are molecular chaperones that enhance fish tolerance to high-temperature stress. However, the function of Hsp90s in Seriola aureovittata (yellowtail kingfish) under high-temperature stress remains largely unknown. Here, two Hsp90 isoforms were identified in S. aureovittata by bioinformatics analysis: SaHsp90α and SaHsp90ß. The coding sequence of SaHsp90α was 2193-bp long and encoded a polypeptide of 730 amino acids; SaHsp90ß was 2178-bp long and encoded a polypeptide of 725 amino acids. SaHsp90α and SaHsp90ß both contained a HATPase domain and a HSP90 domain. Their transcripts were detected in all examined S. aureovittata tissues, with relatively high levels in the gonads, head kidney, and intestine. During high-temperature stress at 28 °C, the expression levels of SaHsp90α and SaHsp90ß transcripts were significantly increased in liver. After simultaneously knocking down the expression of the SaHsp90s, there was a significant decrease in liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and a remarkable increase of malondialdehyde content in liver after high-temperature stress. The expression levels of the key caspase family genes caspase-3 and caspase-7 were also significantly upregulated by high-temperature stress in SaHsp90-knockdown liver. TUNEL labeling demonstrated that the number of apoptotic cells significantly increased in the SaHsp90-knockdown group when high-temperature treatment lasted for 48 h. Protein-protein docking analysis predicted that SaHsp90α and SaHsp90ß can bind to S. aureovittata SOD and survivin, which are key proteins for maintenance of redox homeostasis and inhibition of apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that SaHsp90α and SaHsp90ß play a crucial role in resistance to high-temperature stress by regulating redox homeostasis and apoptosis in yellowtail kingfish.