A bibliometric analysis of cerebral palsy from 2003 to 2022.

Purpose: This bibliometric study explores cerebral palsy (CP) research from 2003 to 2022 to reveal the topic hotspots and collaborations. Methods: We retrieved studies on CP from the Web of Science Core Collection from 2003 to 2022 and then used CiteSpace and Bibliometrix to perform a bibliometric analysis and attain knowledge mapping, including publication outputs, funding, journals, authors, institutions, countries/territories, keywords, collaborative relationships, and topic hotspots. Results: In total, 8,223 articles were published from 2003 to 2022. During this period, the number of publications increased continuously. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology was the most productive and frequently co-cited journal. Boyd was the most productive and influential author, with 143 publications and 4,011 citations. The United States and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam were the most productive countries and institutions, respectively. Researchers and institutions from the USA, Australia, and Canada constituted the core research forces, with extensive collaborations worldwide. The most common keywords were gait (553), rehabilitation (440), spasticity (325), botulinum toxin (174), therapy (148), upper extremity (141), quality of life (140), disability (115), pain (98), electromyography (97), kinematics (90), balance (88), participation (85), and walking (79). Conclusion: This study provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the CP-related literature. It reveals that Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology is the most active journal in this field. The USA, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Boyd are the top countries, institutions, and authors, respectively. Emerging treatment methods, complication management, and functional recovery comprise the future research directions and potential topic hotspots for CP.

Laser-driven hierarchical "gas-needles" for programmable and high-precision proximity transfer printing of microchips.

Micro-transfer printing (µTP) techniques are essential for advanced electronics. However, current contact/noncontact µTP techniques fail to simultaneously achieve high selectivity and transfer accuracy. Here, a laser projection proximity transfer (LaserPPT) technique is presented, which assembles the microchips in an approach-and-release manner, combining high-precision parallelism with individual chip control. An embedded carbon layer with a thin gas layer is generated by an ultraviolet laser, followed by absorbing heat from the infrared laser, to enable the sequential expansion of hierarchical "gas-needles." The level 1 large gas-needle with a substantially growing height can reduce the gap between the microchip and the receiver. Then, the level 2 small gas-needles enable the gentle release of a chip. Therefore, the LaserPPT can obtain a strong adhesion modulation (~1000 times), excellent size scalability (<100 micrometers), and high transfer accuracy of ~4 micrometers. Last, the assembly of a micro-light-emitting diode display demonstrates the capabilities for deterministic assembly of microarrays.

A miniaturized and low-energy subcutaneous optical telemetry module for neurotechnology.

Objective.This study presents a proof-of-concept optical telemetry module that leverages a single light-emitting diode (LED) to transmit data at a high bit rate while consuming low power and occupying a small area. Our experiments showed that we could achieve 108 Mbit s-1and 54 Mbit s-1back telemetry data rates for tissue thicknesses of 3 mm and 8 mm, respectively.Approach.The proposed module is designed to be powered by near-field coupling and achieve bidirectional communication by low-speed downlink from near-field communication. It aims to minimize the size of the implant while providing reliable transmission that meets the requirements of high-speed wireless communication from a multi-electrode array neurotechnology implant outside the body.Results.The power consumption of the module is 1.57 mW, including the power consumption of related circuits, resulting in an efficiency of 14.5 pJ bit-1, at a tissue thickness of 3 mm and a data rate of 108 Mbit. The use of an optical lens, combined with tissue scattering effect and optimized emission angle, makes the module robust to misalignments of up to ±5 mm and ±15° between the implantable and external units. The LED in the implantable unit is only 0.98 × 0.98 × 0.6 mm3, and the testing module is composed of discrete components and laboratory instruments.Significance.This work aims to show how it is possible to strike a balance between a small, reliable, and high-bit-rate data uplink between a neural implant and its proximal, wirelessly connected external unit. This optical telemetry module has the potential to be integrated into a significantly miniaturized system through an application-specific integrated circuit and can support up to 1000 channels of neural recordings, each sampled at 9 kSps with a 12-bit readout resolution.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of High-Frequency rTMS over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex .on Chronic Pain and Chronic-Pain-Accompanied Depression.

The effect of high-frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can relieve chronic pain and accompanying depressive symptoms. However, in recent years, some high-quality studies have challenged this view. Therefore, it is necessary to update the data and analyze the effects of HF rTMS on the DLPFC on chronic pain and accompanying depression. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of HF rTMS on the DLPFC on chronic pain and accompanying depression. We searched PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane through September 2021. The search strings searched were : "pain" AND ("TMS" OR "transcranial magnetic stimulation") AND "prefrontal cortex". The inclusion criteria according to PICOS was as follows: P, patient with chronic pain; I, HF (≥5 Hz) rTMS on the DLPFC; C, included a sham treatment condition; O, pain indicators; S, pre-/poststudies, crossover, or parallel-group. We extracted the pain and accompanying depression evaluation indicators. The short-term analgesic effect of HF rTMS over the left DLPFC is not significant (WMD = 0.34, 95% CI: [-1.60, 2.28]) but has a significant mid-term and long-term analgesic effect on chronic pain (WMD = -0.50, 95% CI: [-0.99, -0.01]; WMD = -1.10, 95% CI: [-2.00, -0.19], respectively). HF rTMS over the DLPFC can effectively alleviate the depressive symptoms of patients with chronic pain (WMD = -0.83, 95% CI: [-3.01, 1.36]). Thus, HF rTMS on the left DLPFC can relieve chronic pain and accompanying depressive symptoms.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation regulates neuroinflammation, relieves hyperalgesia and reverses despair-like behaviour in chronic constriction injury rats.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could effectively relieve the pain and depression in neuropathic pain (NP) patients. However, the specific treatment parameters and exact mechanism are still unclear. Our purpose is to observe the effects of rTMS on pain and despair-like behaviour in chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats and explore its possible mechanism. Thirty-two 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation group (S, n = 8), CCI group (n = 8), 1 Hz-rTMS group (n = 8) and 10 Hz-rTMS group (n = 8). The rTMS was applied to the left dorsal anterior agranular insular (AId) 1 week after the operation, once a day, 5 days/week for 4 consecutive weeks. Mechanical hyperalgesia, despair-like behaviours and sciatic nerve function were used to evaluate the effects of rTMS. Besides, glucose metabolism, the metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5), N-Methyl-D-Aspartic acid receptor type 2B (NMDAR2B), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (Ll-6) and interleukin-1ß (Ll-1ß) in AId were tested to explore the possible mechanism. Compared with 1 Hz-rTMS, the rats of 10 Hz-rTMS had higher the mechanical hyperalgesia, higher sugar preference and shorter swimming immobility time. Besides, the expressions of mGluR5, NMDAR2B, TNF-α, Ll-1ß and Ll-6 both in 1 Hz-rTMS and 10 Hz-rTMS groups were reduced compared with the CCI group; the 10 Hz-rTMS group had a more decrease than that of 1 Hz-rTMS. Furthermore, the [18]F-FDG uptake was lower than that in the 1 Hz-rTMS group. Compared with 1 Hz-rTMS, 10 Hz-rTMS could more effectively relieve mechanical hyperalgesia and reverse despair-like behaviour in rats. The mechanism could be related to regulating mGluR5/NMDAR2B-related inflammatory signalling pathways in the AId.

Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of Neuropathic Pain Using Web of Science and CiteSpace for the Past 20 Years.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our bibliometric analysis was to explore the disciplinary hotspots and collaborative networks in research on neuropathic pain (NPP) during in the past 20 years. METHODS: The studies related to NPP were obtained from Web of Science database. Global publications on NPP were analyzed for different factors, including the number of reports, citation rates, authors, institutions, countries and regions, journals, funding, and relevant partnerships and topic hotspots. RESULTS: From 2001 to 2020, 6905 studies related to NPP research were reported worldwide. The number of publications had increased continually during the past 20 years. Pain was the most productive and most frequently co-cited journal. Ralf Baron was the most productive and influential author. The most productive country and institution were the United States and Harvard University, respectively. Investigators and institutions from the United States, Japan, and China were the core research forces. We found broad and close cooperation in the field worldwide. The top authors and top institutions had collaborated relatively closely with others. CONCLUSIONS: The research of NPP is a well-developed and prospective field of medical study. The journals Pain, European Journal of Pain, and Molecular Pain showed more interested in this field. The United States, Harvard University, and Ralf Baron were the top country, institution, and author, respectively. Global research collaboration was extensive, with the top institutions and authors cooperating with others.

Highly Robust and Wearable Facial Expression Recognition via Deep-Learning-Assisted, Soft Epidermal Electronics.

The facial expressions are a mirror of the elusive emotion hidden in the mind, and thus, capturing expressions is a crucial way of merging the inward world and virtual world. However, typical facial expression recognition (FER) systems are restricted by environments where faces must be clearly seen for computer vision, or rigid devices that are not suitable for the time-dynamic, curvilinear faces. Here, we present a robust, highly wearable FER system that is based on deep-learning-assisted, soft epidermal electronics. The epidermal electronics that can fully conform on faces enable high-fidelity biosignal acquisition without hindering spontaneous facial expressions, releasing the constraint of movement, space, and light. The deep learning method can significantly enhance the recognition accuracy of facial expression types and intensities based on a small sample. The proposed wearable FER system is superior for wide applicability and high accuracy. The FER system is suitable for the individual and shows essential robustness to different light, occlusion, and various face poses. It is totally different from but complementary to the computer vision technology that is merely suitable for simultaneous FER of multiple individuals in a specific place. This wearable FER system is successfully applied to human-avatar emotion interaction and verbal communication disambiguation in a real-life environment, enabling promising human-computer interaction applications.