Photovoltaic-driven dual-oxidation seawater electrolyzer for sustainable lithium recovery.

The insatiable demand for lithium in portable energy storage necessitates a sustainable and low-carbon approach to its recovery. Conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods heavily involve hazardous chemicals and significant CO2 emissions. Herein, by integrating electrode oxidation with electrolyte oxidation, we establish a photovoltaic-driven "dual-oxidation" seawater electrolyzer system for low-carbon footprint and high lithium recovery. A 98.96% lithium leaching rate with 99.60% product purity was demonstrated for lithium recovery from spent LiFePO4 cathode materials. In-depth mechanism studies reveal that the electric field-driven electrode oxidation and in situ generated oxidative electrolyte synergetically contributes to lithium ions leaching via a structural framework elements oxidation and particle corrosion splitting synergy. This dual-oxidation mechanism facilitates rapid and efficient lithium extraction with broad universality, offering significant economic and environmental benefits. Our work showcases a promising strategy for integrating dual oxidation within a photovoltaic-driven seawater electrolyzer, paving the way for low-carbon lithium recovery from diverse solid wastes and minerals within a sustainable circular economy.

Review of hydraulic conditions optimization for constructed wetlands.

Hydraulic conditions exert a comprehensive and vital influence on constructed wetlands (CWs). However, research on this subject is relatively limited. Hydraulic parameters can be categorized into design and operational parameters based on their properties. The design parameters are represented by the hydraulic gradient, substrate porosity, and aspect ratio, while operational parameters are represented by the hydraulic retention time, hydraulic loading rate, and water depth. These parameters directly or indirectly affect the operational lifespan and pollutant removal performance of CWs. Currently, the primary measures for optimizing the hydraulic conditions of CWs involve hydraulic structure and numerical simulation optimization methods. In this review, we aimed to elucidate the impact of hydraulic conditions on CW performance and summarize current optimization strategies. By highlighting the significance of hydraulic parameters in enhancing pollutant removal and extending operational lifespan, this review provides valuable insights for improving CW design and management. The findings will be useful for researchers and practitioners seeking to optimize CW systems and advance the application of nature-based solutions for wastewater treatment.

Innovative indenone-derivative colorimetric fluorescent probe: A approach for copper ion detection in water.

Copper (Cu2+) is a metal chemical element closely related to human life and is widely used in many fields. However, with the discharge of copper wastewater, the water quality will be seriously affected, leading to excessive intake of Cu2+ and a variety of diseases. Hence, there is a pressing need for an effective detection method for Cu2+ in aqueous environments. Leveraging the remarkable attributes of GFP chromophores and indenone derivatives, we have created a novel colorimetric fluorescent probe P-Cu2+, tailored for efficient copper ion detection. The addition of Cu2+ causes the solution to visibly change from colorless to a pronounced yellow, enabling naked-eye detection and offering promise for real sample analysis.

Temperature-Insensitive Nonpolar Suspensions of Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles.

Nonpolar suspensions of organically modified particles exhibit a strong temperature sensitivity owing to the high-temperature-induced desorption/decomposition and the low-temperature-induced disorder/order conformational transition of the modifiers. This strong temperature sensitivity limits their applications, such as lubricants and oil-based drilling fluids, which require the suspensions to operate over a wide temperature range (e.g., 0-200 °C). We hypothesize that the introduction of a flexible ethylene oxide (EO) chain into the modifiers can disrupt the low-temperature-induced ordered conformation to improve the stability of the nonpolar suspensions. In this article, nonpolar suspensions with temperature insensitivity in the range of 5-160 °C were obtained via the covalent modification of silica NPs and the introduction of EO chains into the modifier molecules. Here, octadecyl-grafted silica NPs (C18-SiO2) and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether-grafted silica NPs (AEOn-SiO2) were synthesized and subsequently dispersed in mineral oil. The rheological properties of each suspension at different temperatures were evaluated, and the thermal stability of AEOn-SiO2 in mineral oil was investigated along with the conformational changes of the grafted chains. In the temperature range of 5-160 °C, the apparent viscosity and gel strength of the C18-SiO2 suspension changed dramatically, whereas the AEOn-SiO2 suspensions exhibited constant rheological properties over this temperature range. This temperature insensitivity of AEOn-SiO2 suspensions is attributed to the excellent thermal stability of AEOn-SiO2 in mineral oil and the disordered conformation of the EO chains upon cooling. This study provides a novel approach to preparing temperature-insensitive nonpolar suspensions, which have potential applications in the petroleum and lubricant industries.

[Effects of water-nitrogen interactions on NH3 and N2O emissions and yield in winter wheat cropland]. / 水氮互作对冬小麦农田NH3和N2O排放及产量的影响.

To investigate the effects of different irrigation and nitrogen application modes on nitrogen gaseous loss in winter wheat farmland, we conducted a field experiment at Changqing Irrigation Experiment Station in Shandong Province, with two irrigation levels (80%-90% θf(I1) and 70%-80% θf(I2)) and three nitrogen application levels (conventional nitrogen application of 240 kg·hm-2(N1), nitrogen reduction of 12.5% (N2), and nitrogen reduction of 25% (N3)). The results showed that ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission rate peak appeared within 2-4 days after fertilization or irrigation. The ammonia volatilization rate during the chasing fertilizer period was significantly higher than that during the basal fertilizer period. Compared with other treatments, the ave-rage ammonia volatilization rate of I2N2 treatment during the chasing fertilizer period was reduced by 10.1%-51.6%, and the average nitrous oxide emission rate over the whole growth period was reduced by 15.4%-52.2%. The ammonia volatilization rate was significantly positively associated with surface soil pH value and ammonium nitrogen content, while the nitrous oxide emission rate was significantly positively associated with nitrate content in topsoil. The accumulation amount of soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission ranged from 0.83-1.42 and 0.11-0.33 kg·hm-2, respectively. Moderate reduction of irrigation water and nitrogen input could effectively reduce cumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from winter wheat farmland. The cumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission under I1N3 and I2N2 treatments were signi-ficantly lower than those under other treatments. The highest winter wheat yield (5615.6 kg·hm-2) appeared in I2N2 treatment. The irrigation water utilization efficiency of I2 was significantly higher than that of I1, with the maximum increase rate of 45.2%. Compared with N1 and N3 treatments, the maximum increase rate of nitrogen fertilizer productivity and agricultural utilization efficiency in N2 reached 15.2% and 31.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the treatment with 70%-80% θf irrigation level and 210 kg·hm-2 nitrogen input could effectively improve the utilization efficiency of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization and reduce gaseous loss from winter wheat farmland.

Doping heteroatoms to form multiple hydrogen bond sites for enhanced interfacial reconstruction and separations.

Interfacial challenges in unconventional oil extraction include heavy oil-water-solid multiphase separation and corrosion inhibition. Herein, a novel strategy based on interfacial hydrogen bonding reconstruction is proposed for constructing multifunctional interfacially active materials (MIAMs) to address multi-interfacial separation needs. A simple one-pot method is applied to successfully synthesize four different MIAM varieties, integrating site groups (-NH2, OSO, -COOH, and Si-O-Si) with multiple hydrogen bonds (HBs) into allyl polyether chains. The results indicate that all synthesized MIAMs excel in demulsification, detergency, and corrosion inhibition simultaneously, even at 25 °C. Their dehydration efficiency for different water-in-oil emulsions (even heavy oil emulsion) surpasses 99.9 % even at 16 °C, showing their excellent energy-saving potential for field applications. Furthermore, they demonstrate effective, nondestructive static cleaning (up to 86 %) of adhered oil from solid surfaces at 25 °C and provide corrosion inhibition effects (up to 92.09 %) on mild steel immersed in saturated brine. Mechanistic tests reveal that incorporating multiple HB sites in MIAMs dramatically enhances their effectiveness in interfacial separations. Based on these findings, an HB-dominated noncovalent interaction reconstruction strategy is tentatively proposed to develop advanced materials for low-carbon, efficient interfacial separations.

Tartaric Acid Cross-Linking Polyvinyl Alcohol as Degradable Separators for Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries.

The escalating focus on environmental concerns and the swift advancement of eco-friendly biodegradable batteries raises a pressing demand for enhanced material design in the battery field. The traditional polypropylene (PP) that is monopolistically utilized in the commercial LIBs is hard to recycle. In this work, we prepare a novel water degradable separators via the cross-linking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and dibasic acid (tartaric acid, TA). Through the integration of non-solvent liquid-phase separation, we successfully produced a thermally stable PVA-TA membrane with tunable thickness and a high level of porosity. These specially engineered PVA-TA separators were implemented in LiFePO4 (LFP)|separator|Li cells, resulting in superior multiplicative performance and achieving a capacity of 88 mAh g-1 under 5 C. Additionally, the straightforward small molecule cross-linking technique significantly reduced the crystalline region of the polymer, thereby enhancing ionic conductivity. Notably, after cycling, the PVA-TA separators can be easily dissolved in 95 °C hot water, enabling its reutilization for the production of new PVA-TA separators. Therefore, this work introduces a novel concept to design green and sustainable separators for recyclable lithium batteries.

Suitability of inorganic coagulants for algae-laden water treatment: Trade-off between algae removal and cell viability, aggregate properties and coagulant residue.

Inorganic coagulants could effectively precipitate algae cells but might increase the potential risks of cell damage and coagulant residue. This study was conducted to critically investigate the suitability of polyaluminum (PAC), FeCl3 and TiCl4 for algae-laden water treatment in terms of the trade-off between algal substance removal, cell viability, and coagulant residue. The results showed that an appropriate increase in coagulant dosage contributed to better coagulation performance but severe cell damage and a higher risk of intracellular organic matter (IOM) release. TiCl4 was the most destructive, resulting in 60.85% of the algal cells presenting membrane damage after coagulation. Intense hydrolysis reaction of Ti salts was favorable for the formation of larger and more elongated, dendritic structured flocs than Al and Fe coagulants. TiCl4 exhibited the lowest residue level and remained in the effluents mainly in colloidal form. The study also identified charge neutralization, chemisorption, enmeshment, and complexation as the dominant mechanisms for algae water coagulation by metal coagulants. Overall, this study provides the trade-off analyses between maximizing algae substance removal and minimizing potential damage to cell integrity and is practically valuable to develop the most suitable and feasible technique for algae-laden water treatment.

New insights into interaction between oil and solid during hydrothermal treatment of oily sludge.

Hydrothermal treatment (HT) can effectively dehydrate and reduce oily sludge (OS) volume, but the resulting hydrothermal oily sludge (HOS) presents greater challenges for washing than the initial oily sludge (IOS). This study examines the effects of HT on OS by analyzing changes in water, oil, and solid. Results indicate that HT considerably decreases the water content in OS while increasing resin and asphaltenes contents. In addition, condensation, side-chain scission, and oxidation reactions occur during the HT process, resulting in coking, agglomeration, and an increase in oxygen-containing groups. This increase, further confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), enhances the interaction between oil and solids. Calcite, the most prevalent solid-phase component, may form a calcium bridge with the oxygen-containing groups. Moreover, HT reduces the solid particle size, thereby increasing the oil-solid contact area. Interestingly, the process of deasphalting diminishes the interaction between oil and solids, facilitating sludge washing. After washing, the residual oil content in HOS is reduced to less than 0.34%. This study elucidates why HOS is challenging to separate from oil and solids and introduces a novel method that combines dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA)-assisted heptane deasphalting with conventional washing techniques. This method shows promise for applications in OS affected by weathering processes.

CH4 control and nitrogen removal from constructed wetlands by plant combination.

Global warming trend is accelerating. This study proposes a green and economical methane (CH4) control strategy by plant combination in constructed wetlands (CWs). In this study, a single planting of Acorus calamus L. hybrid constructed wetland (HCW-A) and a mixed planting of Acorus calamus L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms hybrid constructed wetland (HCW-EA) were constructed. The differences in nitrogen removal performance and CH4 emissions between HCW-A and HCW-EA were compared and analyzed. The findings indicated that HCW-EA demonstrated significant improvements over HCW-A, with NH4+-N and TN removal rates increasing by 21.61% and 16.38% respectively, and CH4 emissions decreased by 43.36%. The microbiological analysis results showed that plant combination promoted the enrichment of Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Bacillus. More nitrifying bacteria carrying nxrA genes and denitrifying bacteria carrying nirK genes accelerated the nitrogen transformation process. In addition, the absolute abundance ratio of pmoA/mcrA increased, reducing the release of CH4.

Nanoemulsions Stable against Ostwald Ripening.

Ostwald ripening, the dominant mechanism of droplet size growth for an O/W nanoemulsion at high surfactant concentrations, depends on micelles in the water phase and high aqueous solubility of oil, especially for spontaneously formed nanoemulsions. In our study, O/W nanoemulsions were formed spontaneously by mixing a water phase with an oil phase containing fatty alcohol polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene ether (APE). By monitoring periodically the droplet size of the nanoemulsions via dynamic light scattering, we demonstrated that the formed O/W nanoemulsions are stable against Ostwald ripening, i.e., droplet growth. In contrast, the nanoemulsion droplets grew with the addition of micelles, demonstrating the pivotal role of the presence of micelles in the water phase in the occurrence of Ostwald ripening. The influence of the initial phase of APE, the oil or water phase in which APE is present, on the micelle formation is discussed by the partition coefficient and interfacial adsorption of APE between the oil and water phase using a surface and interfacial tensiometer. In addition, the spontaneously formed O/W nanoemulsion, which is stable against Ostwald ripening, can be used as a nanocarrier for the delivery of water-insoluble pesticides. These results provide a novel approach for the preparation of stable nanoemulsions and contribute to elucidating the mechanism of instability of nanoemulsions.

Microstructure-dependent CO2-responsive microemulsions for deep-cleaning of oil-contaminated soils.

CO2-responsive microemulsion (ME) is considered a promising candidate for deep-cleaning and oil recovery from oil-contaminated soils. Understanding the responsive nature of different microstructures (i.e., oil-in-water (O/W), bicontinuous (B.C.) and water-in-oil (W/O)) is essential for unlocking the potential and mechanisms of CO2-responsive emulsions in complex multiphase systems and providing comprehensive guidance for remediation of oil-contaminated soils. Herein, the responsiveness of microstructures of ME to CO2 trigger was investigated using experimental designs and coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations. MEs were formed for the first time by a weakly associated pseudo-Gemini surfactant of indigenous organic acids (naphthenic acids, NAs are a class of natural surface-active molecules in crude oil) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) through fine tuning of co-solvent of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and butanol. The O/W ME exhibited an optimal CO2-responsive character due to easier proton migration in the continuous aqueous phase and more pronounced dependence of configuration on deprotonated NA ions. Conversely, the ME with W/O microstructure exhibited a weak to none responsive characteristic, most likely attributed to its high viscosity and strong oil-NA interactions. The O/W ME also showed superior cleaning efficiency and oil recovery from oil-contaminated soils. The results from this study provide insights for the design of CO2-responsive MEs with desired performance and guidance for choosing the favorable operating conditions in various industrial applications, such as oily solid waste treatment, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and pipeline transportation. The insights from this work allow more efficient and tailored design of switchable MEs for manufacturing advanced responsive materials in various industrial sectors and formulation of household products.

Nanoscale Transport during Liquid Film Thinning Inhibits Bubble Coalescing Behavior in Electrolyte Solutions.

The long-standing puzzle of why two colliding bubbles in an electrolyte solution do not coalesce immediately upon contact is resolved. The water film between the bubbles needs to be drained out first before its rupture, i.e., coalescence. Experiments reveal clearly that the film thinning exhibits a rather sudden slowdown (around 30-50 nm), which is orders of magnitude smaller than similar experiments involving surfactants. A critical step in explaining this phenomenon is to realize that the solute concentration is different in bulk and at the surface. During thinning, this will generate an electrolyte concentration difference in film solution along the interacting region, which in turn causes a Marangoni stress to resist film thinning. We develop a film drainage model that explains the experimentally observed phenomena well. The underlying physical mechanism, that confused the scientific community for decades, is now finally revealed.

Ultrafast Strategy to Fabricate Sulfur Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Based on the different dielectric properties of materials and the selective heating property of microwaves, the ultrafast (30 s) preparation of S-NiS2@SP@Bitu as a cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries was achieved using bitumen, sulfur, Super P, and nickel naphthenate as raw materials for the first time, under microwave treatment. NiS2@SP@Bitu forms Li-N, Li-O, Li-S, and Ni-S bonds with polysulfide, which contributes to promoting the adsorption of polysulfide, reducing the precipitation and decomposition energy barrier of Li2S, and accelerating the catalytic conversion of polysulfide, as result of inhibiting the "shuttle effect" and improving the electrochemical performance. S-NiS2@SP@Bitu as the sulfur cathode material demonstrates outstanding rate performance (518.6 mAh g-1 at 4C), and stable cycling performance. The lithium-sulfur battery with a sulfur loading of 4.8 mg cm-2 shows an areal capacity of 4.6 mAh cm-2. Based on the advantages of microwave selective and rapid heating, this method creatively realized that the sulfur carrier material was prepared and sulfur was fixed in it at the same time. Therefore, this method would have implications for the preparation of sulfur cathode materials.

Green synthesis of mesoporous and biodegradable iron silicide nanoparticles for photothermal cancer therapy.

Photothermal nanomaterials have shown great potential for photothermal therapy. In this study, we developed a simple green method of magnesiothermic co-reduction for the synthesis of mesoporous, magnetic and biodegradable iron silicide nanoparticles (FeSi NPs) as applied to photothermal therapy (PTT). Starting from biogenic tabasheer extracted from bamboo and Fe2O3, the resultant FeSi NPs with a much lower band gap exhibited excellent optical absorption with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 76.2%, indicating a good photothermal performance. The weight extinction coefficient was measured to be 13.3 L g-1 cm-1 at 1064 nm (second near-infrared window, NIR-II), which surpassed the performance of other competitive Si-based and Fe-based photothermal agents. Results of the cell viability assay showed that cells could be killed by NIR-II laser irradiation with the synthesized FeSi NPs. In vivo results on mice showed clearly an efficient suppression of tumour growth by photothermal treatment with FeSi NPs. FeSi NPs were found to be biodegradable in simulated body fluids. The results from our work indicate that FeSi NPs are a new class of promising photothermal agents (PTAs) for application in cancer therapy.

Effecting pattern study of SO2 on Hg0 removal over α-MnO2 in-situ supported magnetic composite.

α-MnO2 was in-situ supported onto silica coated magnetite nanoparticles (MagS-Mn) to study the adsorption and oxidation of Hg0 as well as the effecting patterns of SO2 and O2 on Hg0 removal. MagS-Mn showed Hg0 removal capacity of 1122.6 µg/g at 150 °C with the presence of SO2. Hg0 adsorption and oxidation efficiencies were 2.4% and 90.6%, respectively. Hg0 removal capability deteriorated at elevated temperatures. Surface oxygen and manganese chemistry analysis indicated that SO2 inhibited the Hg0 removal through consumption of adsorbed oxygen and reduction of high valence manganese. This inhibiting effect was observed to be counteracted by O2 at lower temperatures. O2 tended to compete with SO2 for active sites and further create additional adsorbed oxygen sites for Hg0 surface reaction via surface dissociative adsorption rather than replenish the active sites consumed by SO2. The high valence manganese was also preserved by O2 which was essential to Hg0 oxidation. The intervention of O2 in the inhibition of SO2 on Hg0 removal was weakened at temperatures higher than 250 °C. Aa a result, Hg0 tends to be catalytic oxidized in the condition of low reaction temperatures and with the presence of O2 over α-MnO2 oriented composites.

Hydraulic characteristics of small-scale constructed wetland based on residence time distribution.

This paper designs and builds a small constructed wetland test site to study the internal hydraulic characteristics of different types of constructed wetlands, conducts NaCl pulse tracing experiments, and fits the residence time distribution (RTD) with the CSTRs+PFD model (Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor model in parallel with Plug Flow with Dispersion model). The results showed that, among the six types of constructed wetlands, hydraulic parameters of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands with baffles had the best performance, with a tracer recovery rate (F(t)) reaching 43.67% and hydraulic efficiency (λ) reaching 0.81. The addition of baffles slowed flow velocity, increased mean hydraulic retention time (Tm) and peak residence time (Tp), and reduced the short circuits phenomenon. The velocity of internal water flow increased during the horizontal and vertical deflections, which could well avoid the stagnation phenomenon caused by complicated flow state, thereby improving the hydraulic efficiency (λ). The CSTRs+PFD model can better fit the RTD of 6 different types of constructed wetlands. The peak value of the fitted curve, the time to reach the peak and the slope of the curve are all very similar to the measured RTD.

Chemical looping based ammonia production-A promising pathway for production of the noncarbon fuel.

Ammonia, primarily made with Haber-Bosch process developed in 1909 and winning two Nobel prizes, is a promising noncarbon fuel for preventing global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. However, the undesired characteristics of the process, including high carbon footprint, necessitate alternative ammonia synthesis methods, and among them is chemical looping ammonia production (CLAP) that uses nitrogen carrier materials and operates at atmospheric pressure with high product selectivity and energy efficiency. To date, neither a systematic review nor a perspective in nitrogen carriers and CLAP has been reported in the critical area. Thus, this work not only assesses the previous results of CLAP but also provides perspectives towards the future of CLAP. It classifies, characterizes, and holistically analyzes the fundamentally different CLAP pathways and discusses the ways of further improving the CLAP performance with the assistance of plasma technology and artificial intelligence (AI).

Assessment of a Multifunctional River Using Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model in Xiaoqing River, Eastern China.

Rivers are beneficial to humans due to their multiple functions. However, human meddling substantially degrades the functions of rivers and constitutes a threat to river health. Therefore, it is vital to assess and maintain river function. This study used the Xiaoqing River in Shandong Province, China, as a case study and established a multilayered multifunctional river evaluation indicator system consisting of environmental function, ecological function, social function, and economic function. The weights of indicators were calculated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy method. Furthermore, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on the Cauchy distribution function was developed to assess the operation status of each function in each river segment. The results of the indicator and criterion layers in different river sections varied. The multifunctionality of the river decreased from upstream to downstream. The Jinan section was the most multifunctional, followed by the Binzhou, Zibo, and Dongying sections, and finally the Weifang section. Through additional analysis, this study determined the constraint indicators and functions of each river section. Overall, the results reveal that the idea of a "multifunctional river" can advance the theoretical understanding of a river's function, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is demonstrated to provide fresh perspectives for evaluating river function.

N, S-Coordinated Co Single Atomic Catalyst Boosting Adsorption and Conversion of Lithium Polysulfides for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Boosting reversible solid-liquid phase transformation from lithium polysulfides to Li2 S and suppressing the shuttling of lithium polysulfides from the cathode to the lithium anode are critical challenges in lithium-sulfur batteries. Here, sulfiphilic single atomic cobalt implanted in lithiophilic heteroatoms-dopped carbon (SACo@HC) matrix with a CoN3 S structure for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries is reported. Density functional theory calculation and in situ experiments demonstrate that the optimal CoN3 S structure in SACo@HC can effectively improve the adsorption and redox conversion efficiency of lithium polysulfides. Consequently, the S-SACo@HC composite with sulfur loading of 80 wt% delivers a high capacity of 1425.1 mAh g-1 at 0.05 C and outstanding rate performance with 745.9 mAh g-1 at 4 C. Furthermore, a capacity of 680.8 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C with a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio (6 µL mg-1 ) can be achieved even after 300 cycles. With the harsh conditions of lean electrolyte (E/S = 4 µL mg-1 ) and high sulfur loading (5.4 mg cm-2 ), a superior area capacity of 5.8 mAh cm-2 can be obtained. This work contributes to building a profound understanding of the adsorption and interface engineering of lithium polysulfides and provides ideas to tackle the long-standing polysulfide shuttle problem of lithium-sulfur batteries.