C-terminal truncations in IQSEC2: implications for synaptic localization, guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, and neurological manifestations.

IQSEC2 gene on chromosome Xq11.22 encodes a member of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) protein that is implicated in the activation of ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) at the postsynaptic density (PSD), and plays a crucial role in synaptic transmission and dendritic spine formation. Alterations in IQSEC2 have been linked to X-linked intellectual developmental disorders including epilepsy and behavioral abnormalities. Of interest, truncating variants at the C-terminus of IQSEC2 can cause severe phenotypes, akin to truncating variants located in other regions. Here, we present a 5-year-old boy with severe intellectual disability and progressive epilepsy. The individual carried a nonsense variant p.Q1227* in the last exon of the IQSEC2 gene that was supposed to escape nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, thereby leading to a translation of C-terminus truncated IQSEC2 protein with residual activity. The functional analyses showed that the GEF activity of IQSEC2 Q1227* was compromised, and that the IQSEC2 Q1227* lacked preferential synaptic localization due to the absence of functional domains for binding to scaffolding proteins in the PSD. The impaired GEF activity and disrupted synaptic localization of the mutant IQSEC2 protein could impact dendritic and spine development in neurons, potentially explaining the patient's severe neurological manifestations. Our findings indicate that C-terminal truncations in IQSEC2, previously not well-characterized, may have significant pathogenic implications.

Risk assessment of assisted reproductive technology and parental age at childbirth for the development of uniparental disomy-mediated imprinting disorders caused by aneuploid gametes.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study suggested that assisted reproductive technology (ART) may be a possible risk factor for the development of epimutation-mediated imprinting disorders (epi-IDs) for mothers aged ≥ 30 years. However, whether ART or advanced parental age facilitates the development of uniparental disomy-mediated IDs (UPD-IDs) has not yet been investigated. RESULTS: We enrolled 130 patients with aneuploid UPD-IDs including various IDs confirmed by molecular studies and obtained ART data of the general population and patients with epi-IDs from a robust nationwide database and our previous report, respectively. We compared the proportion of ART-conceived livebirths and maternal childbearing age between patients with UPD-IDs and the general population or patients with epi-IDs. The proportion of ART-conceived livebirths in patients with aneuploid UPD-IDs was consistent with that in the general population of maternal age ≥ 30 years and was lower than that in the patients with epi-IDs, although there was no significant difference. The maternal childbearing age of patients with aneuploid UPD-IDs was skewed to the increased ages with several cases exceeding the 97.5th percentile of maternal childbearing age of the general population and significantly higher than that of patients with epi-IDs (P < 0.001). In addition, we compared the proportion of ART-conceived livebirths and parental age at childbirth between patients with UPD-IDs caused by aneuploid oocytes (oUPD-IDs) and that by aneuploid sperm (sUPD-IDs). Almost all ART-conceived livebirths were identified in patients with oUPD-IDs, and both maternal age and paternal age at childbirth were significantly higher in patients with oUPD-IDs than in patients with sUPD-IDs. Because maternal age and paternal age were strongly correlated (rs = 0.637, P < 0.001), higher paternal age in oUPD-IDs was explained by the higher maternal age in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Different from the case of epi-IDs, ART itself is not likely to facilitate the development of aneuploid UPD-IDs. We demonstrated that advanced maternal age can be a risk factor for the development of aneuploid UPD-IDs, particularly oUPD-IDs.

The pathogenic role of the BRCA2 c.7847C>T (p.Ser2616Phe) variant in breast and ovarian cancer predisposition.

Substantial numbers of variants of unknown significance (VUSs) have been identified in BRCA1/2 through genetic testing, which poses a significant clinical challenge because the contribution of these VUSs to cancer predisposition has not yet been determined. Here, we report 10 Japanese patients from seven families with breast or ovarian cancer harboring the BRCA2 c.7847C>T (p.Ser2616Phe) variant that was interpreted as a VUS. This variant recurs only in families from Japan and has not been reported in the global general population databases. A Japanese patient with Fanconi anemia with compound heterozygous variants c.7847C>T (p.Ser2616Phe) and c.475+1G>A in BRCA2 was reported. In silico predictions and quantitative cosegregation analysis suggest a high probability of pathogenicity. The clinical features of the variant carriers were not specific to, but were consistent with, those of patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. A validated functional assay, called the mixed-all-nominated-in-one-BRCA (MANO-B) method and the accurate BRCA companion diagnostic (ABCD) test, demonstrated the deleterious effects of the variant. Altogether, following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) guidelines, this variant satisfied the "PS3," "PM2," "PM3," and "PP3" criteria. We thus conclude that the BRCA2 c.7847C>T (p.Ser2616Phe) variant is a "likely pathogenic" variant that is specifically observed in the Japanese population, leading to a breast and ovarian cancer predisposition.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in a Japanese patient with a homozygous founder variant of DSG2 in the East Asian population.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a hereditary cardiomyopathy that results in fatal arrhythmias and heart failure. Herein, we report a Japanese patient with ARVC whose parents were blood relatives. Genetic testing identified a homozygous rare variant, c.1592T > G (p.Phe531Cys), of DSG2 that is presumed to be a founder variant among East Asians. Genetic counseling sessions with precise risk assessment and appropriate follow-up programs were provided to the patient and family members.

CDKN1C hyperexpression in two patients with severe growth failure and microdeletions affecting the paternally inherited KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR.

BACKGROUND: Two imprinting control centres, H19/IGF2:IG-differentialy methylated region (DMR) and KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR, reside on chromosome 11p15.5. Paternal deletions involving the KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR result in variable phenotypes, namely, normal phenotype, Silver-Russel syndrome (SRS) and fetal demise. However, expression analyses for CDKN1C in these patients are very limited. CASES: Patient 1 (adult woman) and patient 2 (boy in early childhood) showed prenatal and postnatal growth failure and clinical suspicion of SRS. MOLECULAR ANALYSES: Both patients showed hypermethylation of the KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR caused by the paternal heterozygous de novo deletions involving the KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR, but not including CDKN1C enhancers. The deletion sizes were 5 kb and 12 kb for patients 1 and 2, respectively. CDKN1C gene expressions in immortalised leucocytes of both patients were increased compared with those of controls. CONCLUSION: Paternal deletions involving the KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR, but not including CDKN1C enhancers, disrupt KCNQ1OT1 expression, strongly activate CDKN1C expression and consequently cause severe growth failure.

Pathogenic Copy Number and Sequence Variants in Children Born SGA With Short Stature Without Imprinting Disorders.

CONTEXT: Children born small-for-gestational-age with short stature (SGA-SS) is associated with (epi)genetic defects, including imprinting disorders (IDs), pathogenic copy number variants (PCNVs), and pathogenic variants of genes involved in growth. However, comprehensive studies evaluating these 3 factors are very limited. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the contribution of PCNVs and candidate pathogenic variants to SGA-SS. DESIGN: Comprehensive molecular analyses consisting of methylation analysis, copy number analysis, and multigene sequencing. METHODS: We enrolled 140 patients referred to us for genetic testing for SGA-SS. Among them, we excluded 42 patients meeting Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system criteria for Silver-Russell syndrome and 4 patients with abnormal methylation levels of the IDs-related differentially methylated regions. Consequently, we conducted copy number analysis and multigene sequencing for 86 SGA-SS patients with sufficient sample volume. We also evaluated clinical phenotypes of patients with PCNVs or candidate pathogenic variants. RESULTS: We identified 8 (9.3%) and 11 (12.8%) patients with PCNVs and candidate pathogenic variants, respectively. According to the American College of Medical Genetics standards and guidelines, 5 variants were classified as pathogenic and the remaining 6 variants were classified as variants of unknown significance. Genetic diagnosis was made in 12 patients. All patients with PCNVs or candidate pathogenic variants did not correspond perfectly to characteristic clinical features of each specific genetic cause. CONCLUSION: We clarified the contribution of PCNVs and pathogenic variants to SGA-SS without IDs. Comprehensive molecular analyses, including copy number analysis and multigene sequencing, should be considered for patients with unknown SGA-SS etiology.

Frequency and clinical characteristics of distinct etiologies in patients with Silver-Russell syndrome diagnosed based on the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system.

Silver-Russel syndrome (SRS) is a representative imprinting disorder (ID) characterized by growth failure and diagnosed by clinical features. Recently, international consensus has recommended using the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system (NH-CSS) as clinical diagnostic criteria. Loss of methylation of H19/IGF2:intergenic differentially methylated region (H19LOM) and maternal uniparental disomy chromosome 7 (UPD(7)mat) are common etiologies of SRS; however, other IDs, pathogenic variants (PVs) of genes, and pathogenic copy number variants (PCNVs) have been reported in patients meeting NH-CSS. To clarify the frequency and clinical characteristics of each etiology, we conducted (epi)genetic analysis in 173 patients satisfying NH-CSS. H19LOM and UPD(7)mat were identified in 34.1%. PCNVs, other IDs, and PVs were in 15.0%. Patients with all six NH-CSS items were most frequently observed with H19LOM and UPD(7)mat. This study confirmed the suitability of NH-CSS as clinical diagnostic criteria, the (epi)genetic heterogeneity of SRS, and showed the necessity of further discussion regarding the "SRS spectrum".

A novel pathogenic variant of the FH gene in a family with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma.

Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma caused by loss-of-function germline variants of the FH gene can develop into aggressive renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We report the case of a 27-year-old man who died of RCC. Genetic testing revealed a novel pathogenic variant of FH, NM_000143.3:c.1013_1014del (p.Ile338Serfs*3), that was also identified in healthy siblings. Identification of genetic causes in the proband helped us to provide relatives with precise genetic counseling and appropriate surveillance programs.

A Japanese boy with double diagnoses of 2p15p16.1 microdeletion syndrome and RP2-associated retinal disorder.

2p15p16.1 microdeletion syndrome is a recently recognized congenital disorder characterized by developmental delay and dysmorphic features. RP2-associated retinal disorder (RP2-RD) is an X-linked inherited retinal disease with a childhood onset caused by a loss-of-function variant in the RP2 gene. Here, we describe a 14-year-old boy with double diagnoses of 2p15p16.1 microdeletion syndrome and RP2-RD. The recurrence risk of each condition and the indication for potential therapeutic options for RP2-RD are discussed.

Dynamics of transcription-mediated conversion from euchromatin to facultative heterochromatin at the Xist promoter by Tsix.

The fine-scale dynamics from euchromatin (EC) to facultative heterochromatin (fHC) has remained largely unclear. Here, we focus on Xist and its silencing initiator Tsix as a paradigm of transcription-mediated conversion from EC to fHC. In mouse epiblast stem cells, induction of Tsix recapitulates the conversion at the Xist promoter. Investigating the dynamics reveals that the conversion proceeds in a stepwise manner. Initially, a transient opened chromatin structure is observed. In the second step, gene silencing is initiated and dependent on Tsix, which is reversible and accompanied by simultaneous changes in multiple histone modifications. At the last step, maintenance of silencing becomes independent of Tsix and irreversible, which correlates with occupation of the -1 position of the transcription start site by a nucleosome and initiation of DNA methylation introduction. This study highlights the hierarchy of multiple chromatin events upon stepwise gene silencing establishment.

Role of Imprinting Disorders in Short Children Born SGA and Silver-Russell Syndrome Spectrum.

BACKGROUND: (Epi)genetic disorders associated with small-for-gestational-age with short stature (SGA-SS) include imprinting disorders (IDs). Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a representative ID in SGA-SS and has heterogenous (epi)genetic causes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To clarify the contribution of IDs to SGA-SS and the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of SRS, we recruited 269 patients with SGA-SS, consisting of 103 and 166 patients referred to us for genetic testing for SGA-SS and SRS, respectively. After excluding 20 patients with structural abnormalities detected by comparative genomic hybridization analysis using catalog array, 249 patients were classified into 3 subgroups based on the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system (NH-CSS), SRS diagnostic criteria. We screened various IDs by methylation analysis for differentially methylated regions (DMRs) related to known IDs. We also performed clinical analysis. RESULTS: These 249 patients with SGA-SS were classified into the "SRS-compatible group" (n = 148), the "non-SRS with normocephaly or relative macrocephaly at birth group" (non-SRS group) (n = 94), or the "non-SRS with relative microcephaly at birth group" (non-SRS with microcephaly group) (n = 7). The 44.6% of patients in the "SRS-compatible group," 21.3% of patients in the "non-SRS group," and 14.3% in the "non-SRS with microcephaly group" had various IDs. Loss of methylation of the H19/IGF2:intergenic-DMR and uniparental disomy chromosome 7, being major genetic causes of SRS, was detected in 30.4% of patients in the "SRS-compatible group" and in 13.8% of patients in the "non-SRS group." CONCLUSION: We clarified the contribution of IDs as (epi)genetic causes of SGA-SS and the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of SRS. Various IDs constitute underlying factors for SGA-SS, including SRS.

Loss of imprinting of the human-specific imprinted gene ZNF597 causes prenatal growth retardation and dysmorphic features: implications for phenotypic overlap with Silver-Russell syndrome.

BACKGROUND: ZNF597, encoding a zinc-finger protein, is the human-specific maternally expressed imprinted gene located on 16p13.3. The parent-of-origin expression of ZNF597 is regulated by the ZNF597:TSS-DMR, of which only the paternal allele acquires methylation during postimplantation period. Overexpression of ZNF597 may contribute to some of the phenotypes associated with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 16 (UPD(16)mat), and some patients with UPD(16)mat presenting with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) phenotype have recently been reported. METHODS: A 6-year-old boy presented with prenatal growth restriction, macrocephaly at birth, forehead protrusion in infancy and clinodactyly of the fifth finger. Methylation, expression, microsatellite marker, single nucleotide polymorphism array and trio whole-exome sequencing analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Isolated hypomethylation of the ZNF597:TSS-DMR and subsequent loss of imprinting and overexpression of ZNF597 were confirmed in the patient. Epigenetic alterations, such as UPD including UPD(16)mat and other methylation defects, were excluded. Pathogenic sequence or copy number variants affecting his phenotypes were not identified, indicating that primary epimutation occurred postzygotically. CONCLUSION: We report the first case of isolated ZNF597 imprinting defect, showing phenotypic overlap with SRS despite not satisfying the clinical SRS criteria. A novel imprinting disorder entity involving the ZNF597 imprinted domain can be speculated.

Compound heterozygous variants in the ABCG8 gene in a Japanese girl with sitosterolemia.

Sitosterolemia is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects lipid metabolism and is characterized by elevated serum plant sterol levels, xanthomas, and accelerated atherosclerosis. In this study, we report a novel nonsense single-nucleotide variant, c.225G > A (p.Trp75*), and an East Asian population-specific missense multiple-nucleotide variant, c.1256_1257delTCinsAA (p.Ile419Lys), in the ABCG8 gene in a compound heterozygous state observed in a Japanese girl with sitosterolemia.

Genome-wide methylation analysis in Silver-Russell syndrome, Temple syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Imprinting disorders (IDs) show overlapping phenotypes, particularly in Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), Temple syndrome (TS14), and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). These three IDs include fetal and postnatal growth failure, feeding difficulty, and muscular hypotonia as major clinical features. However, the mechanism that causes overlapping phenotypes has not been clarified. To investigate the presence or absence of methylation signatures associated with overlapping phenotypes, we performed genome-wide methylation analysis (GWMA). RESULTS: GWMA was carried out on 36 patients with three IDs (SRS [n = 16], TS14 [n = 7], PWS [n = 13]) and 11 child controls using HumanMethylation450 BeadChip including 475,000 CpG sites across the human genome. To reveal an aberrantly methylated region shared by SRS, TS14, and PWS groups, we compared genome-wide methylation data of the three groups with those of control subjects. All the identified regions were known as SRS-, TS14-, and PWS-related imprinting-associated differentially methylated regions (iDMRs), and there was no hypermethylated or hypomethylated region shared by different ID groups. To examine the methylation pattern shared by SRS, TS14, and PWS groups, we performed clustering analysis based on GWMA data. The result focusing on 620 probes at the 62 known iDMRs (except for SRS-, TS14-, and PWS-related iDMRs) classified patients into two categories: (1) category A, grossly normal methylation patterns mainly consisting of SRS group patients; and (2) category B, broad and mild hypermethylation patterns mainly consisting of TS14 and PWS group patients. However, we found no obvious relationship between these methylation patterns and phenotypes of patients. CONCLUSIONS: GWMA in three IDs found no methylation signatures shared by SRS, TS14, and PWS groups. Although clustering analysis showed similar mild hypermethylation patterns in TS14 and PWS groups, further study is needed to clarify the effect of methylation patterns on the overlapping phenotypes.

Contribution of gene mutations to Silver-Russell syndrome phenotype: multigene sequencing analysis in 92 etiology-unknown patients.

BACKGROUND: Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterized by growth failure and dysmorphic features. Major (epi)genetic causes of SRS are loss of methylation on chromosome 11p15 (11p15 LOM) and maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (upd(7)mat). However, IGF2, CDKN1C, HMGA2, and PLAG1 mutations infrequently cause SRS. In addition, other imprinting disturbances, pathogenic copy number variations (PCNVs), and monogenic disorders sometimes lead to SRS phenotype. This study aimed to clarify the frequency and clinical features of the patients with gene mutations among etiology-unknown patients with SRS phenotype. RESULTS: Multigene sequencing was performed in 92 out of 336 patients referred to us for genetic testing for SRS. The clinical features of the patients were evaluated based on the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system. None of the patients showed 11p15 LOM, upd(7)mat, abnormal methylation levels for six differentially methylated regions (DMRs), namely, PLAGL1:alt-TSS-DMR on chromosome 6, KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR on chromosome 11, MEG3/DLK1:IG-DMR on chromosome 14, MEG3:TSS-DMR on chromosome 14, SNURF:TSS-DMR on chromosome 15, and GNAS A/B:TSS-DMR on chromosome 20, PCNVs, or maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 16. Using next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we screened four SRS-causative genes and 406 genes related to growth failure and/or skeletal dysplasia. We identified four pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in responsible genes for SRS (4.3%: IGF2 in two patients, CDKN1C, and PLAG1), and five pathogenic variants in causative genes for known genetic syndromes presenting with growth failure (5.4%: IGF1R abnormality (IGF1R), SHORT syndrome (PIK3R1), Floating-Harbor syndrome (SRCAP), Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (TCF4), and Noonan syndrome (PTPN11)). Functional analysis indicated the pathogenicity of the CDKN1C variant. The variants we detected in CDKN1C and PLAG1 were the second and third variants leading to SRS, respectively. Our patients with CDKN1C and PLAG1 variants showed similar phenotypes to previously reported patients. Furthermore, our data confirmed IGF1R abnormality, SHORT syndrome, and Floating-Harbor syndrome are differential diagnoses of SRS because of the shared phenotypes among these syndromes and SRS. On the other hand, the patients with pathogenic variants in causative genes for Pitt-Hopkins syndrome and Noonan syndrome were atypical of these syndromes and showed partial clinical features of SRS. CONCLUSIONS: We identified nine patients (9.8%) with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants out of 92 etiology-unknown patients with SRS phenotype. This study expands the molecular spectrum of SRS phenotype.

A Familial Case of a Whole Germline CDC73 Deletion Discordant for Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

INTRODUCTION: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) occurs as part of familial syndromes, including CDC73-related disorders caused by germline pathogenic variants of the CDC73 gene, particularly in early adulthood. Herein, we report a familial case of a whole germline CDC73 deletion discordant for PHPT. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 15-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital because of persistent nausea and vomiting. Laboratory tests showed hypercalcemia (13.6 mg/dL), hypophosphatemia (2.4 mg/dL), and elevated intact PTH level (149 pg/mL). Imaging studies showed an enlarged single parathyroid gland. Thus, the diagnosis of PHPT was made. Microarray analysis of peripheral blood DNA showed a 3.4-Mb heterozygous deletion of 1q31 encompassing 11 genes, including CDC73. Total thyroidectomy/parathyroidectomy was performed; histology was compatible with parathyroid adenoma without any evidence of malignancy. DNA sequencing of the removed adenoma confirmed a hemizygous nonsense variant in the CDC73 gene in a mosaic manner, which was potentially involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis as the "second hit." Importantly, the same deletion was identified in his 52-year-old father who had an unremarkable medical history. CONCLUSIONS: These data clearly demonstrate the Knudson two-hit theory from a molecular viewpoint. Phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance of CDC73-related disorders, even if caused by a gross deletion, should be noted in a clinical setting.

Molecular and clinical analyses of two patients with UPD(16)mat detected by screening 94 patients with Silver-Russell syndrome phenotype of unknown aetiology.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a patient with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 16 (UPD(16)mat) presenting with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) phenotype was reported. SRS is characterised by growth failure and dysmorphic features. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the prevalence of UPD(16)mat in aetiology-unknown patients with SRS phenotype and phenotypic differences between UPD(16)mat and SRS. METHODS: We studied 94 patients with SRS phenotype of unknown aetiology. Sixty-three satisfied the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system (NH-CSS) criteria, and 25 out of 63 patients showed both protruding forehead and relative macrocephaly (clinical SRS). The remaining 31 patients met only three NH-CSS criteria, but were clinically suspected as having SRS. To detect UPD(16)mat, we performed methylation analysis for the ZNF597:TSS-differentially methylated region (DMR) on chromosome 16 and subsequently performed microsatellite, SNP array and exome analyses in the patients with hypomethylated ZNF597:TSS-DMR. RESULTS: We identified two patients (2.1%) with a mixture of maternal isodisomy and heterodisomy of chromosome 16 in 94 aetiology-unknown patients with SRS phenotype. Both patients exhibited preterm birth and prenatal and postnatal growth failure. The male patient had ventricular septal defect and hypospadias. Whole-exome sequencing detected no gene mutations related to their phenotypes. CONCLUSION: We suggest considering genetic testing for UPD(16)mat in SRS phenotypic patients without known aetiology.

High-level heteroplasmy for the m.7445A>G mitochondrial DNA mutation can cause progressive sensorineural hearing loss in infancy.

OBJECTIVE: Hearing loss caused by mutation of mitochondrial DNA typically develops in late childhood or early adulthood, but rarely in infancy. We report the investigation of a patient to determine the cause of his early onset hearing loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proband was a boy aged 1 year and 2 months at presentation. Newborn hearing screening test by automated auditory brainstem response generated "pass" results for both ears. His reaction to sound deteriorated by 9 months. Average pure tone threshold at 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz was 55 dB by conditioned orientation response audiometry. His father had congenital hearing loss, and his mother had progressive hearing loss since childhood. Invader assays and Sanger sequencing were performed to investigate genetic causes of the hearing loss in the proband, and heteroplasmy was assessed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, Sanger sequencing, and pyrosequencing. Additionally, mitochondrial function was evaluated by measurement of the oxygen consumption rate of patient skin fibroblasts. RESULTS: An m.7445A > G mitochondrial DNA mutation and a heterozygous c.235delC (p.L79Cfs*3) mutation of GJB2 were detected in the proband. His mother carried the m.7445A > G mitochondrial DNA mutation, and his father was a compound heterozygote for GJB2 mutations (c.[235delC]; [134G > A; 408C > A]). Tissue samples from both the proband and his mother exhibited a high degree of heteroplasmy. Fibroblasts from the proband exhibited markedly reduced oxygen consumption rates. These data indicate that the proband had impaired mitochondrial function, resulting in hearing loss. CONCLUSION: This research demonstrates that hearing loss in a proband who presented in infancy and that of his mother resulted from a high level of heteroplasmy for the m.7445A > G mitochondrial DNA mutation, indicating that this alteration can cause hearing loss in infancy.