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Introduction: The liver is the only organ capable of full regeneration in mammals. However, the exact mechanism of gut microbiota and metabolites derived from them relating to liver regeneration has not been fully elucidated. Methods: To demonstrate how the gut-liver axis contributes to liver regeneration, using an LC-QTOF/MS-based metabolomics technique, we examine the gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the gut content of C57BL/6J mice at various points after 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PHx). Compound identification, multivariate/univariate data analysis and pathway analysis were performed subsequently. The diversity of the bacterial communities in the gastrointestinal content was measured using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Then, the integration analysis of gut microbiota and metabolome was performed. Results: After 2/3 PHx, the residual liver proliferated quickly in the first 3 days and had about 90% of its initial weight by the seventh day. The results of PLS-DA showed that a significant metabolic shift occurred at 6 h and 36 h after 2/3 PHx that was reversed at the late phase of liver regeneration. The α and ß-diversity of the gut microbiota significantly changed at the early stage of liver regeneration. Specifically, Escherichia Shigella, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Muribaculaceae were the bacteria that changed the most considerably during liver regeneration. Further pathway analysis found the most influenced co-metabolized pathways between the host and gut bacteria including glycolysis, the TCA cycle, arginine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Specifically, steroid hormone biosynthesis is the most significant pathway of the host during liver regeneration. Discussion: These findings revealed that during liver regeneration, there was a broad modification of gut microbiota and systemic metabolism and they were strongly correlated. Targeting specific gut bacterial strains, especially increasing the abundance of Akkermansia and decreasing the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, may be a promising beneficial strategy to modulate systemic metabolism such as amino acid and nucleotide metabolism and promote liver regeneration.
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The anti-nerve growth factor antibody class of drugs interrupts signaling by blocking NGF binding to TrkA receptors for the treatment of pain; however, this target class of drugs has been associated with serious adverse effects in the joints during clinical trials. DS002 is a novel anti-nerve growth factor antibody drug independently developed by Guangdong Dashi Pharmaceuticals. The main purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between DS002 and pain as well as cartilage and bone metabolism with the help of metabolomics technology and the principle of enzyme-linked reaction, and to examine whether DS002 will produce serious adverse effects in joints caused by its same target class of drugs, in order to provide more scientific basis for the safety and efficacy of DS002. Our results showed that DS002 mainly affected the metabolism of aromatic amino acids and other metabolites, of which six metabolites, l -phenylalanine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrochloride, 3-indolepropionic acid, kynuric acid, and kynurenine, were significantly altered, which may be related to the effectiveness of DS002 in treating pain. In addition, there were no significant changes in biological indicators related to cartilage and bone metabolism in vivo, suggesting that DS002 would not have a significant effect on cartilage and bone metabolism, so we hypothesize that DS002 may not produce the serious adverse effects in joints caused by its fellow target analogs. Therefore, the Anti-NGF analgesic drug DS002 has the potential to become a promising drug in the field of analgesia, providing pain patients with an efficient treatment option without adverse effects.
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Arterial thrombosis, which represents a critical complication of cardiovascular diseases, is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with no effective bioassay for clinical prediction. As a symbolic feature of arterial thrombosis, severe stenosis in the blood vessel creates a high-shear, high-gradient flow environment that effectively facilitates platelet aggregation towards vessel occlusion even with platelet amplification loops inhibited. However, no approach is currently available to comprehensively characterize the size, composition and platelet activation status of thrombi forming under this biorheological condition. Here, we present a thrombus profiling assay that monitors the multi-dimensional attributes of thrombi forming in conditions mimicking the physiological scenario of arterial thrombosis. Using this platform, we demonstrate that different receptor-ligand interactions contribute distinctively to the composition and activation status of the thrombus. Our investigation into hypertensive and older individuals reveals intensified biomechanical thrombogenesis and multi-dimensional thrombus profile abnormalities, demonstrating a direct contribution of mechanobiology to arterial thrombosis and endorsing the diagnostic potential of the assay. Furthermore, we identify the hyperactivity of GPIbα-integrin αIIbß3 mechanosensing axis as a molecular mechanism that contributes to hypertension-associated arterial thrombosis. By studying the interactions between anti-thrombotic inhibitors and hypertension, and the inter-individual variability in personal thrombus profiles, our work reveals a critical need for personalized anti-thrombotic drug selection that accommodates each patient's pathological profile.
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Operating a lithium-ion battery (LIB) in a wide temperature range is essential for ensuring a stable electricity supply amidst fluctuating temperatures caused by climate or terrain changes. Electrolyte plays a pivotal role in determining the temperature durability of batteries. However, specialized electrolytes designed for either low or high temperatures typically possess distinct features. Therefore, wide-temperature electrolytes (WTEs) are necessary as they encompass a combination of diverse properties, which complicates the clear instruction of WTE design. Here we represent an artificial intelligence (Al)-assisted workflow of WTE design through stepwise parameterizations and calculations. Linear mono-nitriles are identified as ideal wide-liquidus-range solvents that can "softly" solvate lithium ions by weak interactions. In addition, the explainable modules revealed the halogenoid similarity of cyanide as fluorine on the electrolyte properties (e.g. boiling point and dielectric constant). With the further introduction of an ether bond, 3-methoxypropionitrile (MPN) has been eventually determined as a main electrolyte solvent, enabling the battery operation from -60 to 120 °C. Particularly, a LiCoO2/Li cell using the proposed WTE can realize stable cycling with capacity retention reaching 72.3 % after 50 cycles under a high temperature of 100 °C.
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Astaxanthin, a ketone carotenoid known for its high antioxidant activity, holds significant potential for application in nutraceuticals, aquaculture, and cosmetics. The increasing market demand necessitates a higher production of astaxanthin using Phaffia rhodozyma. Despite extensive research efforts focused on optimizing fermentation conditions, employing mutagenesis treatments, and utilizing genetic engineering technologies to enhance astaxanthin yield in P. rhodozyma, progress in this area remains limited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of rough metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and preliminary strategies for enhancing astaxanthin yield. However, further investigation is required to fully comprehend the intricate and essential metabolic regulation mechanism underlying astaxanthin synthesis. Specifically, the specific functions of key genes, such as crtYB, crtS, and crtI, need to be explored in detail. Additionally, a thorough understanding of the action mechanism of bifunctional enzymes and alternative splicing products is imperative. Lastly, the regulation of metabolic flux must be thoroughly investigated to reveal the complete pathway of astaxanthin synthesis. To obtain an in-depth mechanism and improve the yield of astaxanthin, this review proposes some frontier methods, including: omics, genome editing, protein structure-activity analysis, and synthetic biology. Moreover, it further elucidates the feasibility of new strategies using these advanced methods in various effectively combined ways to resolve these problems mentioned above. This review provides theory and method for studying the metabolic pathway of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma and the industrial improvement of astaxanthin, and provides new insights into the flexible combined use of multiple modern advanced biotechnologies.
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Environmental pollution and energy crises have garnered global attention. The substantial discharge of organic waste into water bodies has led to profound environmental contamination. Photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs) enabling the simultaneous removal of refractory contaminants and recovery of the chemical energy contained in organic pollutants provides a potential strategy to solve environmental issues and the energy crisis. This review will discuss the fundamentals, working principle, and configuration development of PFCs and photocatalytic microbial fuel cells (PMFCs). We particularly focus on the strategies for improving the wastewater treatment performance of PFCs/PMFCs in terms of coupled advanced oxidation processes, the rational design of high-efficiency electrodes, and the strengthening of the mass transfer process. The significant potential of PFCs/PMFCs in various fields is further discussed in detail. This review is intended to provide some guidance for the better implementation and widespread adoption of PFC wastewater treatment technologies.
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This study introduces a novel approach for synthesizing Benzoxazine-centered Polychiral Polyheterocycles (BPCPHCs) via an innovative asymmetric carbene-alkyne metathesis-triggered cascade. Overcoming challenges associated with intricate stereochemistry and multiple chiral centers, the catalytic asymmetric Carbene Alkyne Metathesis-mediated Cascade (CAMC) is employed using dirhodium catalyst/Brønsted acid co-catalysis, ensuring precise stereo control as validated by X-ray crystallography. Systematic substrate scope evaluation establishes exceptional diastereo- and enantioselectivities, creating a unique library of BPCPHCs. Pharmacological exploration identifies twelve BPCPHCs as potent Nav ion channel blockers, notably compound 8 g. In vivo studies demonstrate that intrathecal injection of 8 g effectively reverses mechanical hyperalgesia associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), suggesting a promising therapeutic avenue. Electrophysiological investigations unveil the inhibitory effects of 8 g on Nav1.7 currents. Molecular docking, dynamics simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay provide insights into the stable complex formation and favorable binding free energy of 8 g with C5aR1. This research represents a significant advancement in asymmetric CAMC for BPCPHCs and unveils BPCPHC 8 g as a promising, uniquely acting pain blocker, establishing a C5aR1-Nav1.7 connection in the context of CIPN.
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Alquinos , Benzoxazinas , Metano , Metano/análogos & derivados , Metano/química , Metano/farmacología , Alquinos/química , Benzoxazinas/química , Benzoxazinas/farmacología , Benzoxazinas/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Humanos , Estereoisomerismo , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/farmacología , Analgésicos/síntesis química , Estructura Molecular , Catálisis , Descubrimiento de Drogas , AnimalesRESUMEN
Chronic pain is a growing global health problem affecting at least 10% of the world's population. However, current chronic pain treatments are inadequate. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play a pivotal role in regulating neuronal excitability and pain signal transmission and thus are main targets for nonopioid painkiller development, especially those preferentially expressed in dorsal root ganglial (DRG) neurons, such as Nav1.6, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8. In this study, we screened in virtual hits from dihydrobenzofuran and 3-hydroxyoxindole hybrid molecules against Navs via a veratridine (VTD)-based calcium imaging method. The results showed that one of the molecules, 3g, could inhibit VTD-induced neuronal activity significantly. Voltage clamp recordings demonstrated that 3g inhibited the total Na+ currents of DRG neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. Biophysical analysis revealed that 3g slowed the activation, meanwhile enhancing the inactivation of the Navs. Additionally, 3g use-dependently blocked Na+ currents. By combining with selective Nav inhibitors and a heterozygous expression system, we demonstrated that 3g preferentially inhibited the TTX-S Na+ currents, specifically the Nav1.7 current, other than the TTX-R Na+ currents. Molecular docking experiments implicated that 3g binds to a known allosteric site at the voltage-sensing domain IV(VSDIV) of Nav1.7. Finally, intrathecal injection of 3g significantly relieved mechanical pain behavior in the spared nerve injury (SNI) rat model, suggesting that 3g is a promising candidate for treating chronic pain.
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Dolor Crónico , Indoles , Neuralgia , Ratas , Animales , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.8 , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Ganglios Espinales/metabolismoRESUMEN
Myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as sudden ischemic death of myocardial tissue. Amphiregulin (Areg) regulates cell survival and is crucial for the healing of tissues after damage. However, the functions and mechanisms of Areg after MI remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate Areg's impact on myocardial remodeling. Mice model of MI was constructed and Areg-/- mice were used. Expression of Areg was analyzed using western blotting, RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. Echocardiographic analysis, Masson's trichrome, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were used to assess cardiac function and structure. RNA sequencing was used for unbiased analysis. Apoptosis and autophagy were determined by western blotting, TUNEL staining, electron microscopy, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 lentivirus. Lysosomal acidity was determined by Lysotracker staining. Areg was elevated in the infarct border zone after MI. It was mostly secreted by macrophages. Areg deficiency aggravated adverse ventricular remodeling, as reflected by worsening cardiac function, a lower survival rate, increased scar size, and interstitial fibrosis. RNA sequencing analyses showed that Areg related to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways, V-ATPase and lysosome pathways. Mechanistically, Areg exerts beneficial effects via increasing lysosomal acidity to promote autophagosome clearance, and activating the EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, subsequently inhibiting excessive autophagosome formation and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. This study provides a novel evidence for the role of Areg in inhibiting ventricular remodeling after MI by regulating autophagy and apoptosis and identifies Areg as a potential therapeutic target in ventricular remodeling after MI.
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Infarto del Miocardio , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Animales , Ratones , Anfirregulina/genética , Apoptosis , Autofagia , Receptores ErbB , Mamíferos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Remodelación VentricularRESUMEN
In this study, a series of novel 4-Aryl-4H-chromene derivatives (D1-D31) were designed and synthesized by integrating quinoline heterocycle to crolibulin template molecule based on the strategy of molecular hybridization. One of these compounds D19 displayed positive antiproliferative activity against U87 cancer cell line (IC50 = 0.90 ± 0.03 µM). Compound D19 was verified as the microtubule-targeting agent through downregulating tubulin related genes of U87 cells, destroying the cytoskeleton of tubulins and interacting with the colchicine-binding site to inhibit the polymerization of tubulins by transcriptome analysis, immune-fluorescence staining, microtubule dynamics and EBI competition assays as well as molecular docking simulations. Moreover, compound D19 induced G2/M phase arrest, resulted in cell apoptosis and inhibited the migration of U87 cells by flow cytometry analysis and wound healing assays. Significantly, compound D19 dose-dependently inhibited the tumor growth of orthotopic glioma xenografts model (GL261-Luc) and effectively prolonged the survival time of mice, which were extremely better than those of positive drug temozolomide (TMZ). Compound D19 exhibited potent in vivo antivascular activity as well as no observable toxicity. Furthermore, the results of in silico simulation studies and P-gp transwell assays verified the positive correlation between compound D19's Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability and its in vivo anti-GBM activity. Overall, compound D19 can be used as a promising anti-GBM lead compound for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Antineoplásicos , Glioblastoma , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Glioblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismo , Moduladores de Tubulina/farmacología , Benzopiranos/farmacología , Benzopiranos/uso terapéutico , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
CD4+ T-cell counts are increased and activated in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), whereas regulatory T-cell (Treg) expansion is inhibited, probably due to aberrant T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. TCR signaling is affected by protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) in autoimmune disorders, but whether PTPN22 influences TCR signaling in CHF remains unclear. This observational case-control study included 45 patients with CHF [18 patients with ischemic heart failure versus 27 patients with nonischemic heart failure (NIHF)] and 16 non-CHF controls. We used flow cytometry to detect PTPN22 expression, tyrosine phosphorylation levels, zeta-chain-associated protein kinase, 70 kDa (ZAP-70) inhibitory residue tyrosine 292 and 319 phosphorylation levels, and CD4+ T cell and Treg proportions. We conducted lentivirus-mediated PTPN22 RNA silencing in isolated CD4+ T cells. PTPN22 expression increased in the CD4+ T cells of patients with CHF compared with that in controls. PTPN22 expression was positively correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and type B natriuretic peptide but negatively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction in the NIHF group. ZAP-70 tyrosine 292 phosphorylation was decreased, which correlated positively with PTPN22 overexpression in patients with NIHF and promoted early TCR signaling. PTPN22 silencing induced Treg differentiation in CD4+ T cells from patients with CHF, which might account for the reduced frequency of peripheral Tregs in these patients. PTPN22 is a potent immunomodulator in CHF and might play an essential role in the development of CHF by promoting early TCR signaling and impairing Treg differentiation from CD4+ T cells.
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Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T , Humanos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Volumen Sistólico , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Función Ventricular Izquierda , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas , Linfocitos T Reguladores , Tirosina , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatasa no Receptora Tipo 22/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chronic orofacial pain (COP) therapy is challenging, as current medical treatments are extremely lacking. Moutan Cortex (MC) is a traditional Chinese medicine herb widely used for chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanism behind MC in COP therapy has not been well-established. The purpose of this study was to identify the active ingredients of MC and their specific underlying mechanisms in COP treatment. METHODS: In this study, the main active ingredients and compound-target network of MC in COP therapy were identified through network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received oral mucosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to induce COP. Pain behaviors were evaluated by orofacial mechanical nociceptive assessment after intraganglionar injection. In vitro inflammatory cytokines in LPS-pretreated human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and rat primary cultural trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Schrödinger software was used to verify the molecular docking of quercetin and critical targets. Whole-cell recording electrophysiology was used to evaluate the effect of quercetin on voltage-gated sodium (Na v ) channel in rat TG neurons. RESULTS: The assembled compound-target network consisted of 4 compounds and 46 targets. As 1 of the active components of MC correlated with most related targets, quercetin alleviated mechanical allodynia in LPS-induced rat model of COP (mechanical allodynia threshold median [interquartile range (IQR) 0.5 hours after drug administration: vehicle 1.3 [0.6-2.0] g vs quercetin 7.0 [6.0-8.5] g, P = .002). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that immune response and membrane functions play essential roles in MC-COP therapy. Five of the related targets were identified as core targets by protein-protein interaction analysis. Quercetin exerted an analgesic effect, possibly through blocking Na v channel in TG sensory neurons (peak current density median [IQR]: LPS -850.2 [-983.6 to -660.7] mV vs LPS + quercetin -589.6 [-711.0 to -147.8] mV, P = .006) while downregulating the expression level of proinflammatory cytokines-FOS (normalized messenger RNA [mRNA] level mean ± standard error of mean [SEM]: LPS [2. 22 ± 0.33] vs LPS + quercetin [1. 33 ± 0.14], P = .034) and TNF-α (normalized mRNA level mean ± SEM: LPS [8. 93 ± 0.78] vs LPS + quercetin [3. 77 ± 0.49], P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Identifying Na v as the molecular target of quercetin clarifies the analgesic mechanism of MC, and provides ideas for the development of novel selective and efficient chronic pain relievers.
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Biofilm formation in industrial potable water systems, encompassing applications such as drinking, emergency showers, firefighting and sanitary appliances, presents a multifaceted challenge that has significant implications for both equipment efficiency and human health. These microbial communities, comprised of bacteria, fungi and protozoa, adhere to surfaces and are embedded within an extracellular matrix, primarily of polysaccharide origin. The formation and persistence of these biofilms can lead to reduced system efficiency and potential health risks due to microbial-induced corrosion, contamination and waterborne pathogens. This review delves into the physicochemical and microbial factors promoting biofilm growth in these systems and elucidates contemporary strategies for their control and eradication. By harnessing advanced methodologies, including state-of-the-art filtration, disinfection techniques and predictive monitoring, stakeholders can proactively address biofilm-related challenges. The emphasis of this comprehensive overview is on the interdisciplinary nature of biofilm growth, combining insights from microbiology, engineering and water chemistry to pave the way for an integrative approach to ensuring consistent industrial water quality.
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Agua Potable , Humanos , Microbiología del Agua , Bacterias/genética , Desinfección/métodos , BiopelículasRESUMEN
Astaxanthin has high utilization value in functional food because of its strong antioxidant capacity. However, the astaxanthin content of Phaffia rhodozyma is relatively low. Adaptive laboratory evolution is an excellent method to obtain high-yield strains. TiO2 is a good inducer of oxidative stress. In this study, different concentrations of TiO2 were used to domesticate P. rhodozyma, and at a concentration of 1000 mg/L of TiO2 for 105 days, the optimal strain JMU-ALE105 for astaxanthin production was obtained. After fermentation, the astaxanthin content reached 6.50 mg/g, which was 41.61% higher than that of the original strain. The ALE105 strain was fermented by batch and fed-batch, and the astaxanthin content reached 6.81 mg/g. Transcriptomics analysis showed that the astaxanthin synthesis pathway, and fatty acid, pyruvate, and nitrogen metabolism pathway of the ALE105 strain were significantly upregulated. Based on the nitrogen metabolism pathway, the nitrogen source was adjusted by ammonium sulphate fed-batch fermentation, which increased the astaxanthin content, reaching 8.36 mg/g. This study provides a technical basis and theoretical research for promoting industrialization of astaxanthin production of P. rhodozyma. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: A high-yield astaxanthin strain (ALE105) was obtained through TiO2 domestication, and its metabolic mechanism was analysed by transcriptomics, which combined with nitrogen source regulation to further improve astaxanthin yield.
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Xantófilas , Evolución Molecular Dirigida , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Basidiomycota/química , Basidiomycota/clasificación , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/crecimiento & desarrollo , Biomasa , Glucosa/análisis , Carotenoides/análisis , Fermentación , Técnicas de Cultivo Celular por Lotes , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Xantófilas/química , Xantófilas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The development of self-healing materials has gained significance in the medical field to enhance the longevity and reliability of medical devices and implants. Material degradation caused by mechanical stress, environmental factors, and damage during use can lead to failure and necessitate manual inspection and maintenance. Self-healing materials, including polymers and elastomers, offer a promising solution by activating microdamage repair mechanisms. Polyurea coatings, known for their durability, flexibility, and versatility, have found widespread applications in various industries to prevent corrosion and abrasion and impact damage. This review focuses on the self-healing capability of polyurethane coatings and the efficacy of fabricated microcapsules. Experimental results elucidate the necessary conditions for achieving self-healing in polyurethane coatings encapsulated with suitable healing agents. These factors directly impact the self-healing potential of polyurea coatings and provide insights for medical device manufacturers seeking optimal coatings. The report also discusses challenges in fabrication and sample preparation, along with limitations of the project and recommendations for future research.
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Biofilm formation and growth is a significant concern for water treatment professionals, as it can lead to the contamination of water systems and pose a threat to public health. Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are embedded in an extracellular matrix of polysaccharides and proteins. They are notoriously difficult to control, as they provide a protective environment for bacteria, viruses, and other harmful organisms to grow and proliferate. This review article highlights some of the factors that favor biofilm growth, as well as various strategies for controlling biofilm in water systems. Adopting the best available technologies, such as wellhead protection programs, proper industrial cooling water system maintenance, and filtration and disinfection, can prevent the formation and growth of biofilms in water systems. A comprehensive and multifaceted approach to biofilm control can reduce the occurrence of biofilms and ensure the delivery of high-quality water to the industrial process.
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Biopelículas , Purificación del Agua , Bacterias , DesinfecciónRESUMEN
Astaxanthin is a valuable carotenoid and is used as antioxidant and health care. Phaffia rhodozyma is a potential strain for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin. The unclear metabolic characteristics of P. rhodozyma at different metabolic stages hinder astaxanthin's promotion. This study is conducted to investigate metabolite changes based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolomics method. The results showed that the downregulation of purine, pyrimidine, amino acid synthesis, and glycolytic pathways contributed to astaxanthin biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the upregulation of lipid metabolites contributed to astaxanthin accumulation. Therefore, the regulation strategies were proposed based on this. The addition of sodium orthovanadate inhibited the amino acid pathway to increase astaxanthin concentration by 19.2%. And the addition of melatonin promoted lipid metabolism to increase the astaxanthin concentration by 30.3%. It further confirmed that inhibition of amino acid metabolism and promotion of lipid metabolism were beneficial for astaxanthin biosynthesis of P. rhodozyma. It is helpful in understanding metabolic pathways affecting astaxanthin of P. rhodozyma and provides regulatory strategies for metabolism.
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Basidiomycota , Carotenoides , Xantófilas/metabolismo , Basidiomycota/química , MetabolómicaRESUMEN
The growth of biofilm, which is caused by microorganism accumulation and growth on wetted surfaces, may damage industrial piping systems, increase maintenance and cleaning costs for the system sterilization, and even divulge the immune system into high risk. This article systematically analyzes the biofilm interactions with piping surface materials from the perspectives of physical convection, and biological and chemical adhesion. The thermodynamics of the flow, bacterial surface sensing, and bio-communication are the most critical factors for biofilm attachment. Furthermore, experimental analysis methods as well as biofilm control and removal approaches, are also included in this study. Finally, the resistance and growth of biofilm, as well as the practical and advanced methodology to control the biofilm and challenges associated with technology, are also discussed. Moreover, this paper may also offer a significant reference for the practice and strategic applications to address the biofilm resistance issues in industrial piping.
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BACKGROUND: A rectal neuroendocrine tumor (rNET) is a malignant tumor originating from neuroendocrine cells. Currently, tumor size is the primary basis for assessing tumor risk. CASE SUMMARY: This article reports the case of a 46-year-old male patient who underwent a colonoscopy that found a 3 mm rectal polypoid bulge. The pathological examination of a sample collected with biopsy forceps revealed a neuroendocrine tumor. Further endoscopic submucosal dissection rescue therapy was used. The presence of lymphatic vessels indicated that the tumor had infiltrated the negative resection margin. The lesion was located in the distal rectum near the anal canal. Therefore, to ensure the patient's quality of life, follow-up observation was conducted after full communication with the patient. No tumor recurrence or distant metastasis has been found during the 13-mo follow-up after surgery. CONCLUSION: Despite the presence of lymphatic invasion and extremely small diameter rNETs in our case, this phenomenon may not imply a higher risk of distant lymph node and organ metastasis.
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The ever-growing demand for portable electronic devices has put forward higher requirements on the energy density of layered LiCoO2 (LCO). The unstable surface structure and side reactions with electrolytes at high voltages (>4.5 V) however hinder its practical applications. Here, considering the high-voltage stability and three-dimensional lithium-ion transport channel of the high-voltage Li-containing spinel (M = Ni and Co) LiMxMn2-xO4, we design a conformal and integral LiNixCoyMn2-x-yO4 spinel coating on the surface of LCO via a sol-gel method. The accurate structure of the coating layer is identified to be a spinel solid solution with gradient element distribution, which compactly covers the LCO particle. The coated LCO exhibits significantly improved cycle performance (86% capacity remained after 100 cycles at 0.5C in 3-4.6 V) and rate performance (150 mAh/g at a high rate of 5C). The characterizations of the electrodes from the bulk to surface suggest that the conformal spinel coating acts as a physical barrier to inhibit the side reactions and stabilize the cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI). In addition, the artificially designed spinel coating layer is well preserved on the surface of LCO after prolonged cycling, preventing the formation of an electrochemically inert Co3O4 phase and ensuring fast lithium transport kinetics. This work provides a facile and effective method for solving the surface problems of LCO operated at high voltages.