Shortened Cerebral Circulation Time Predicts Resistance to Obliteration in High-Flow Brain Arteriovenous Malformations After Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment selection for brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) is complicated by BAVM size, location, and hemodynamics. Quantitative digital subtraction angiography is used to quantify the hemodynamic impact of BAVMs on cerebral circulation. This study investigated the association between cerebral circulation time and the complete obliteration (CO) rate of BAVMs after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). METHODS: We analyzed the data of 143 patients who underwent SRS for BAVMs between January 2011 and December 2019 in our institute. Their pre-SRS magnetic resonance imaging and angiography images were analyzed to acquire BAVM characteristics and quantitative digital subtraction angiography parameters. Modified cerebral circulation time (mCCT) was defined as the time difference between the bolus arrival time of the ipsilateral cavernous internal carotid artery and that of the parietal vein, as determined from the lateral view of images obtained using digital subtraction angiography. Cox regression with hazard ratios and Kaplan-Meier analyses were conducted to determine the associations between the parameters and BAVM CO after SRS. RESULTS: Of the 143 patients, 101 (70.6%) achieved BAVM CO. According to the multivariate analyses, an increased mCCT (hazard ratio: 1.24, P = .041) was the independent factor associated with BAVM CO after adjustment for age, sex, hemorrhagic presentation, a BAVM volume of >5 cm3, and a margin dose of >18 Gy. Individuals with an mCCT of ≤2.32 s had a lower 36-month probability of BAVM CO than did those with an mCCT of >2.32 s (44.1% ± 6.8% vs 63.3% ± 5.6%, P = .034). CONCLUSION: The hemodynamic impact of high-flow BAVM demonstrated by a shortened mCCT is associated with a lower BAVM CO rate after SRS.

Simultaneously Strengthening and Toughening All-Natural Structural Materials via 3D Nanofiber Network Interfacial Design.

Constructing structural materials from sustainable raw materials is considered an efficient way to reduce the potential threat posed by plastics. Nevertheless, challenges remain regarding combining excellent mechanical and thermal properties, especially the balance of strength and toughness. Here, we report a 3D nanofiber network interfacial design strategy to strengthen and toughen all-natural structural materials simultaneously. The introduced protonated chitosan at the interface between the surface oxidized 3D nanonetwork of bacterial cellulose forms the interfacial interlocking structure of nanonetworks, achieving a robust physical connection and providing enough physical contact sites for chemical crosslinking. The obtained sustainable structural material successfully integrates excellent mechanical and thermal properties on the nanoscale of cellulose nanofibers, such as light weight, high strength, and superior thermal expansion coefficient. The relationship between structural design and comprehensive mechanical property improvement is analyzed in detail, providing a universal perspective to design sustainable high-performance structural materials from nanoscale building blocks.

In Situ Fabrication of Electrospun Magnetic Film Under Laparoscopic Guidance for Preventing Postoperative Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Despite laparoscopic-guided minimally invasive hepatectomy emerging as the primary approach for resecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there's still a significant gap in suitable biomaterials that seamlessly integrate with these techniques to achieve effective hemostasis and suppress residual tumors at the surgical margin. Electrospun films are increasingly used for wound closure, yet the employment of prefabricated electrospun films for hemostasis during minimally invasive HCC resection is hindered by prolonged operation times, complexity in implementation, limited visibility during surgery, and inadequate postoperative prevention of HCC recurrence. In this study, we integrated montmorillonite-iron oxide sheets into the PVP polymer framework, enhancing the resulting electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) /montmorillonite-iron oxide (MI) film (abbreviated as PMI) with robustness, hemostatic capability, and magnetocaloric properties. In contrast to the in vitro prefabricated electrospun films, the electrospun PMI film is designed to be formed in situ on liver wounds under laparoscopic guidance during hepatectomy. This design affords superior wound adaptability, facilitating meticulous wound closure and expeditious hemostasis, thereby simplifying the operative process and ultimately alleviating the workload of healthcare professionals. Moreover, when exposed to an alternating magnetic field, the film can efficiently ablate residual tumors, significantly augmenting the treatment efficacy of HCC. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis from cholangiocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Accounting for approximately 15% of primary liver cancers and 3% of gastrointestinal malignancies, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) poses a serious health concern given its high mortality rate. Managing brain metastases (BMs) from CCA is challenging because of their rarity and poor prognosis, with little guidance on treatment from the literature. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in managing BMs from CCA. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study included 13 CCA patients with 41 BMs treated with SRS from October 2006 to April 2022 at eight institutions affiliated with the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation. Inclusion criteria were a CCA diagnosis, an age over 18 years, no other malignancies, single-fraction SRS treatment for BMs, and at least one follow-up image. Data on demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment details, and outcomes were collected. The primary endpoints were local control (LC), intracranial progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoint was the development of adverse radiation effects (AREs). RESULTS: The median radiological follow-up was 5 months (range 1-18 months). At the last follow-up, LC was achieved in 39 (95.1%) of 41 BMs. New distant metastases were observed in 3 patients (23.1%), and the mean intracranial PFS was 9.4 months (95% CI 6.5-12.3 months). Six-month and 1-year OS rates were 38.5% and 11.5%, respectively, and the median OS was 6 months (95% CI 4.9-7.2 months). Concurrent immunotherapy was associated with a high risk of local failure (HR 29.665, 95% CI 1.799-489.206, p = 0.018), and the absence of systemic chemotherapy before SRS was linked to reduced OS (HR 6.658, 95% CI 1.173-37.776, p = 0.032). Regarding AREs, only 1 patient (7.7%) experienced right hemiparesis and was treated with corticosteroid therapy. CONCLUSIONS: SRS is an effective option for managing BMs in CCA patients, showing promise in LC and a high safety profile.

A Smart Window with Passive Radiative Cooling and Switchable Near-Infrared Light Transmittance via Molecular Engineering.

Smart windows with synergetic light modulation have heightened demands for applications in smart cars and novel buildings. However, improving the on-demand energy-saving efficiency is quite challenging due to the difficulty of modulating sunlight with a broad bandwidth in an energy-saving way. Herein, a smart window with switchable near-infrared light transmittance and passive radiative cooling is prepared via a monomer design strategy and photoinduced polymerization. The effects of hydrogen bonds and fluorine groups in acrylate monomers on the electro-optical properties as well as microstructures of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films have been systematically studied. Some films show a high contrast ratio of 90.4 or a low threshold voltage (Vth) of 2.0 V, which can be roll-to-roll processed in a large area. Besides, the film has a superior indoor temperature regulation ability due to its passive radiative cooling and controllable near-infrared light transmittance properties. Its radiative cooling efficiency is calculated to be 142.69 W/m2 and NIR transmittance could be switched to below 10%. The introduction of a carboxylic monomer and fluorinated monomer into the system endows the film with a highly efficient temperature management capability. The film has great potential for applications in fields such as flexible smart windows, camouflage materials, and so on.

Bioinspired Mechanochromic Liquid Crystal Materials: from Fundamentals to Functionalities and Applications.

Inspired by intriguing color changeable ability of natural animals, the design and fabrication of artificial mechanochromic materials capable of changing colors upon stretching or pressing have attracted intense scientific interest. Liquid crystal (LC) is a self-organized soft matter with anisotropic molecular alignment. Due to the sensitivity to various external stimulations, LC has been considered as an emerging and appealing responsive building block to construct intelligent materials and advanced devices. Recently, mechanochromic LC materials have becoming a hot topic in multi fields from flexible artificial skins to visualized sensors and smart biomimetic devices. In this review, the recent progress of mechanochromic LCs is comprehensively summarized. Firstly, the mechanism and functionalities of mechanochromic LC is introduced, followed by preparation of various functional materials based on mechanochromic LCs. Then the applications of mechanochromic LCs are provided. Finally, the conclusion and outlooks of this field is given. This overview is hoped to provide inspiration in fabrication of advanced functional soft materials for scientists and engineers from multidisciplines including materials science, elastomers, chemistry and physical science. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Cultivating High-Performance Flexible All-in-One Supercapacitors With 3D Network Through Continuous Biosynthesis.

Flexible supercapacitors can potentially power next-generation flexible electronics. However, the mechanical and electrochemical stability of flexible supercapacitors under different flexible conditions is limited by the weak bonding between adjacent layers, posing a significant hindrance to their practical applicability. Herein, based on the uninterrupted 3D network during the growth of bacterial cellulose (BC), a flexible all-in-one supercapacitor is cultivated through a continuous biosynthesis process. This strategy ensures the continuity of the 3D network of BC throughout the material, thereby forming a continuous electrode-separator-electrode structure. Benefitting from this bioinspired structure, the all-in-one supercapacitor not only achieves a high areal capacitance (3.79 F cm-2) of electrodes but also demonstrates the integration of high tensile strength (2.15 MPa), high shear strength (more than 54.6 kPa), and high bending resistance, indicating a novel pathway toward high-performance flexible power sources.

Characterization of Pediatric Infratentorial Arteriovenous Malformations: A Retrospective, Multicenter Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Infratentorial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) harbor different characteristics compared with supratentorial AVMs. This study aims to explore the unique characteristics of pediatric infratentorial AVMs and their response to single session stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). METHODS: The International Radiosurgery Research Foundation database of pediatric patients with AVM (age <18 years) who underwent SRS was retrospectively reviewed. Baseline demographics, AVM characteristics, outcomes, and complications post-SRS were compared between infratentorial and supratentorial pediatric AVMs. Unfavorable outcome was defined as the absence of AVM obliteration, post-SRS hemorrhage, or permanent radiation-induced changes at last follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 535 pediatric AVMs managed with SRS with a median follow-up of 67 months (IQR 29.0-130.6) were included, with 69 being infratentorial and 466 supratentorial. The infratentorial group had a higher proportion of deep location (58.4% vs 30.3%, P = <.001), deep venous drainage (79.8% vs 61.8%, P = .004), and prior embolization (26.1% vs 15.7%, P = .032). There was a higher proportion of hemorrhagic presentation in the infratentorial group (79.7% vs 71.3%, P = .146). There was no statistically significant difference in the odds of an unfavorable outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36 [0.82-2.28]), AVM obliteration (OR = 0.85 [0.5-1.43]), post-SRS hemorrhage (OR = 0.83 [0.31-2.18]), or radiologic radiation-induced changes (OR = 1.08 [0.63-1.84]) between both cohorts. No statistically significant difference on the rates of outcomes of interest and complications were found in the adjusted model. CONCLUSION: Despite baseline differences between infratentorial and supratentorial pediatric AVMs, SRS outcomes, including AVM obliteration and post-SRS hemorrhage rates, were comparable amongst both groups. SRS appears to have a similar risk profile and therapeutic benefit to infratentorial pediatric AVMs as it does for those with a supratentorial location.

Knotted Artificial Muscles for Bio-Mimetic Actuation under Deepwater.

Muscles featuring high frequency and high stroke linear actuation are essential for animals to achieve superior maneuverability, agility, and environmental adaptability. Artificial muscles are yet to match their biological counterparts, due to inferior actuation speed, magnitude, mode, or adaptability. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of natural muscles, artificial muscles are created that are powerful, responsive, robust, and adaptable. The artificial muscles consist of knots braided from 3D printed liquid crystal elastomer fibers and thin heating threads. The unique hierarchical, braided knot structure offers amplified linear stroke, force rate, and damage-tolerance, as verified by both numerical simulations and experiments. In particular, the square knotted artificial muscle shows reliable cycles of actuation at 1Hz in 3000m depth underwater. Potential application is demonstrated by propelling a model boat. Looking ahead, the knotted artificial muscles can empower novel biomedical devices and soft robots to explore various environments, from inside human body to the mysterious deep sea.

Conserved DNA sequence analysis reveals the phylogeography and evolutionary events of Akebia trifoliata in the region across the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and subtropical China.

BACKGROUND: The eastern edge of the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau (QTP) and subtropical China have various regions where plant species originate and thrive, but these regions have been the focus of very few integrative studies. Here, we elucidated the phylogeographic structure of a continuous and widespread Akebia trifoliata population across these two regions. RESULTS: Sixty-one populations consisting of 391 genotypes were examined to assess population diversity and structure via network distribution analysis, maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstruction, divergence time estimation, demographic history inference, and ancestral area reconstruction of both conserved internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast (rps16) DNA sequences. The results showed that the ITS region was more variable than the rps16 region and could be suitable for studying intraspecific phylogeography. The A. trifoliata population displayed high genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and obvious phylogeographical structure, possibly originating on the eastern QTP, expanding during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, diverging in the early Pleistocene and middle Pleistocene, and extensively migrating thereafter. The migration route from west to east along rivers could be largely responsible for the long-distance dispersal of this species, while three main refuges (Qinba Mountains, Nanling Mountains and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau) with multiple ice shelters facilitated its wide distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that the from west to east long migration accompanying with the minor short reciprocal migration in the south-north direction, and the three main refuges (the Qinba Mountains, Nanling Mountains and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau) contributed to the extant geographical distribution of A. trifoliata. In addition, this finding also strongly reduced the discrepancy between glacial contraction and postglacial expansion and the in situ survival hypothesis by simultaneously considering the existence of many similar climate-related ecological niches and migration influences.

Annual Energy-Saving Smart Windows with Actively Controllable Passive Radiative Cooling and Multimode Heating Regulation.

Smart windows with radiative heat management capability using the sun and outer space as zero-energy thermodynamic resources have gained prominence, demonstrating a minimum carbon footprint. However, realizing on-demand thermal management throughout all seasons while reducing fossil energy consumption remains a formidable challenge. Herein, an energy-efficient smart window that enables actively tunable passive radiative cooling (PRC) and multimode heating regulation is demonstrated by integrating the emission-enhanced polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (SiO2@PRC PDLC) film and a low-emission layer deposited with carbon nanotubes. Specifically, this device can achieve a temperature close to the chamber interior ambient under solar irradiance of 700 W m-2, as well as a temperature drop of 2.3 °C at sunlight of 500 W m-2, whose multistage PRC efficiency can be rapidly adjusted by a moderate voltage. Meanwhile, synchronous cooperation of passive radiative heating (PRH), solar heating (SH), and electric heating (EH) endows this smart window with the capability to handle complicated heating situations during cold weather. Energy simulation reveals the substantial superiority of this device in energy savings compared with single-layer SiO2@PRC PDLC, normal glass, and commercial low-E glass when applied in different climate zones. This work provides a feasible pathway for year-round thermal management, presenting a huge potential in energy-saving applications.

Vascular compactness of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation predicts risk of hemorrhage after stereotactic radiosurgery.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether morphology (i.e. compact/diffuse) of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) correlates with the incidence of hemorrhagic events in patients receiving Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) for unruptured bAVMs. This retrospective study included 262 adult patients with unruptured bAVMs who underwent upfront SRS. Hemorrhagic events were defined as evidence of blood on CT or MRI. The morphology of bAVMs was evaluated using automated segmentation which calculated the proportion of vessel, brain tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid in bAVMs on T2-weighted MRI. Compactness index, defined as the ratio of vessel to brain tissue, categorized bAVMs into compact and diffuse types based on the optimal cutoff. Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the independent factors for post-SRS hemorrhage. The median clinical follow-ups was 62.1 months. Post-SRS hemorrhage occurred in 13 (5.0%) patients and one of them had two bleeds, resulting in an annual bleeding rate of 0.8%. Multivariable analysis revealed bAVM morphology (compact versus diffuse), bAVM volume, and prescribed margin dose were significant predictors. The post-SRS hemorrhage rate increased with larger bAVM volume only among the diffuse nidi (1.7 versus 14.9 versus 30.6 hemorrhage per 1000 person-years in bAVM volume < 20 cm3 versus 20-40 cm3 versus > 40 cm3; p = 0.022). The significantly higher post-SRS hemorrhage rate of Spetzler-Martin grade IV-V compared with grade I-III bAVMs (20.0 versus 3.3 hemorrhages per 1000 person-years; p = 0.001) mainly originated from the diffuse bAVMs rather than the compact subgroup (30.9 versus 4.8 hemorrhages per 1000 person-years; p = 0.035). Compact and smaller bAVMs, with higher prescribed margin dose harbor lower risks of post-SRS hemorrhage. The post-SRS hemorrhage rate exceeded 2.2% annually within the diffuse and large (> 40 cm3) bAVMs and the diffuse Spetzler-Martin IV-V bAVMs. These findings may help guide patient selection of SRS for the unruptured bAVMs.

Impact of crosslinking agents with steric cyclic groups on the properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals.

As a type of intelligent dimming film, polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) have been widely applied in various fields, such as smart windows, light shutters and displays. The properties of PDLCs are greatly influenced by the structure of the raw materials. In this work, the impact of crosslinking agents with different cyclic or chain groups was investigated by comparing the electro-optical performance and the morphology of the polymer matrix in the as-made PDLC films. It was found that the incorporation of large steric groups into the crosslinking agents can alter the morphology of the polymer matrix and thus affect the electro-optical properties. However, the impact is distinct when the spatial structure or rigidity is different. Besides, a combination of crosslinking agents with flexible alkyl-chain structures and steric structures can further reduce the threshold voltage while keeping the high contrast ratio. After detailed comparison, an optimized combination of BDDA/TCDDA in a weight ratio of 1/1 is selected to demonstrate the enhanced properties of the as-constructed film with a thickness of 20 µm. It exhibits low threshold voltage (8.2 V), low saturation voltage (21.2 V) and a high contrast ratio (203) simultaneously. This research offers an optimizing method from the crosslinking agent perspective and is anticipated to promote the further improvement of the PDLC's performance.

Repeat stereotactic radiosurgery for persistent cerebral arteriovenous malformations in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the long-term outcomes and associated risks related to repeat stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for persistent arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in pediatric patients. METHODS: Under the auspices of the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation, this retrospective multicenter study analyzed pediatric patients who underwent repeat, single-session SRS between 1987 and 2022. The primary outcome variable was a favorable outcome, defined as nidus obliteration without hemorrhage or neurological deterioration. Secondary outcomes included rates and probabilities of hemorrhage, radiation-induced changes (RICs), and cyst or tumor formation. RESULTS: The cohort included 83 pediatric patients. The median patient age was 11 years at initial SRS and 15 years at repeat SRS. Fifty-seven children (68.7%) were managed exclusively using SRS, and 42 (50.6%) experienced hemorrhage prior to SRS. Median AVM diameter and volume were substantially different between the first (25 mm and 4.5 cm3, respectively) and second (16.5 mm and 1.6 cm3, respectively) SRS, while prescription dose and isodose line remained similar. At the 5-year follow-up evaluation from the second SRS, nidus obliteration was achieved in 42 patients (50.6%), with favorable outcome in 37 (44.6%). The median time to nidus obliteration and hemorrhage was 35.5 and 38.5 months, respectively. The yearly cumulative probability of favorable outcome increased from 2.5% (95% CI 0.5%-7.8%) at 1 year to 44% (95% CI 32%-55%) at 5 years. The probability of achieving obliteration followed a similar pattern and reached 51% (95% CI 38%-62%) at 5 years. The 5-year risk of hemorrhage during the latency period after the second SRS reached 8% (95% CI 3.2%-16%). Radiographically, 25 children (30.1%) had RICs, but only 5 (6%) were symptomatic. Delayed cyst formation occurred in 7.2% of patients, with a median onset of 47 months. No radiation-induced neoplasia was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed nidus obliteration in most pediatric patients who underwent repeat SRS for persistent AVMs. The risks of symptomatic RICs and latency period hemorrhage were quite low. These findings suggest that repeat radiosurgery should be considered when treating pediatric patients with residual AVM after prior SRS. Further study is needed to define the role of repeat SRS more fully in this population.

Dynamically Modulating the Dissymmetry Factor of Circularly Polarized Organic Ultralong Room-Temperature Phosphorescence from Soft Helical Superstructures.

Achieving circularly polarized organic ultralong room-temperature phosphorescence (CP-OURTP) with a high luminescent dissymmetry factor (glum ) is crucial for diverse optoelectronic applications. In particular, dynamically controlling the dissymmetry factor of CP-OURTP can profoundly advance these applications, but it is still unprecedented. This study introduces an effective strategy to achieve photoirradiation-driven chirality regulation in a bilayered structure film, which consists of a layer of soft helical superstructure incorporated with a light-driven molecular motor and a layer of room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) polymer. The prepared bilayered film exhibits CP-OURTP with an emission lifetime of 805 ms and a glum value up to 1.38. Remarkably, the glum value of the resulting CP-OURTP film can be reversibly controlled between 0.6 and 1.38 over 20 cycles by light irradiation, representing the first example of dynamically controlling the glum in CP-OURTP.

A Bioinspired Gradient Design Strategy for Cellulose-Based Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Structural Materials.

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) possesses excellent intrinsic properties, and many CNF-based high-performance structural and functional materials have been developed recently. However, the coordination of the mechanical properties and functionality is still a considerable challenge. Here, a CNF-based structural material is developed by a bioinspired gradient structure design using hollow magnetite nanoparticles and the phosphorylation-modified CNF as building blocks, which simultaneously achieves a superior mechanical performance and electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) ability. Benefiting from the gradient design, the flexural strength of the structural material reached ∼205 MPa. Meanwhile, gradient design improves impedance matching, contributing to the high EMA ability (-59.5 dB) and wide effective absorption width (5.20 GHz). Besides, a low coefficient of thermal expansion and stable storage modulus was demonstrated as the temperature changes. The excellent mechanical, thermal, and EMA performance exhibited great potential for application in stealth equipment and electromagnetic interference protecting electronic packaging materials.

Simulation and attribution analysis of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage of Hainan Island from 2015 to 2050.

Terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage (TECS) could significantly affect the concentration of atmospheric CO2, which is critical for climate change prediction. Along these lines, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model was employed to determine the TECS of Hainan Island (HN) from 2015 to 2050 accurately. Besides, the Future Land-use Simulation model combined with natural and anthropogenic factors was used to forecast the land-use types from 2025 to 2050 in HN by considering different Shared-socioeconomic pathway-Rrepresentative concentration pathway (SSP-RCP) scenarios. Finally, the geographical detector explored the influence mechanism concerning the TECS. Under the SSP1-RCP1.9 scenario, the TECS of HN will be gradually increased to 388.10 million tons in 2050, mainly due to the increase in forest areas and the fact that the majority of grassland in the western part of HN is being converted into forest. Under different SSP-RCP scenarios except for SSP1-RCP1.9, HN's TECS is expected to gradually decrease from 2015 to 2050, mainly due to the loss of grassland and forest in coastal low-altitude areas. From the single/pair factor perspective influenced mechanism concerning the TECS, the elevation (DEM) and DEM∩Slope were found to be the dominant single/pair factor under the SSP1-RCP1.9, SSP1-RCP2.6 and SSP2-RCP4.5 scenarios. The least distance to residential area (LDP) and LDP∩LDR (i.e. LDP and least distance to roads or railways) were found to be the dominant factors under the SSP3-RCP7.0, SSP4-RCP3.4, SSP4-RCP6.0, SSP5-RCP3.4 and SSP5-RCP8.5 scenarios. Besides, the pair factors provided a higher determinant power for TECS than a single factor. Given the results of the TECS and the influence mechanism concerning the TECS under different SSP-RCP scenarios, we suggest reasonably planning the transportation network and limiting the disorderly expansion of construction land.

High-Performance Organic Narrow Dual-Band Circular Polarized Light Detection for Encrypted Communications and Color Imaging.

Conventional circularly polarized light (CPL) detectors necessitate several optical elements, posing difficulties in achieving miniature and integrated devices. Recently developed organic CPL detectors require no additional optical elements but usually suffer from low detectivity or low asymmetry factor (g-factor). Here, an organic CPL detector with excellent detectivity and a high g-factor is fabricated. By employing an inverted quasi-planar heterojunction (IPHJ) structure and incorporating an additional liquid crystal film, a CPL detector with an outstanding g-factor of 1.62 is developed. Unfavorable charge injection is effectively suppressed by the IPHJ structure, which reduces the dark current of the organic photodetector. Consequently, a left CPL detectivity of 6.16 × 1014 Jones at 640 nm is realized, surpassing all of the latest photodiode-type CPL detectors. Adopting a liquid crystal film with adjustable wavelengths of selectively reflected light, the hybrid device achieves narrow dual-band CPL detection, varying from 530 to 640 nm, with a half-maximum full width below 90 nm. Notably, the device achieves excellent stability of 260 000 on/off cycles without attenuation. To the best of the authors' knowledge, all these features have rarely been reported in previous work. The CPL detector arrays are also demonstrated for encrypted communications and color imaging.

Clinical and Imaging Outcomes After Trigeminal Schwannoma Radiosurgery: Results From a Multicenter, International Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An international, multicenter, retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes and tumor control rates after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for trigeminal schwannoma. METHODS: Patient data (N = 309) were collected from 14 international radiosurgery centers. The median patient age was 50 years (range 11-87 years). Sixty patients (19%) had prior resections. Abnormal facial sensation was the commonest complaint (49%). The anatomic locations were root (N = 40), ganglion (N = 141), or dumbbell type (N = 128). The median tumor volume was 4 cc (range, 0.2-30.1 cc), and median margin dose was 13 Gy (range, 10-20 Gy). Factors associated with tumor control, symptom improvement, and adverse radiation events were assessed. RESULTS: The median and mean time to last follow-up was 49 and 65 months (range 6-242 months). Greater than 5-year follow-up was available for 139 patients (45%), and 50 patients (16%) had longer than 10-year follow-up. The overall tumor control rate was 94.5%. Tumors regressed in 146 patients (47.2%), remained unchanged in 128 patients (41.4%), and stabilized after initial expansion in 20 patients (6.5%). Progression-free survival rates at 3 years, 5 years, and 10 years were 91%, 86%, and 80 %. Smaller tumor volume (less than 8 cc) was associated with significantly better progression-free survival ( P = .02). Seventeen patients with sustained growth underwent further intervention at a median of 27 months (3-144 months). Symptom improvement was noted in 140 patients (45%) at a median of 7 months. In multivariate analysis primary, SRS ( P = .003) and smaller tumor volume ( P = .01) were associated with better symptom improvement. Adverse radiation events were documented in 29 patients (9%). CONCLUSION: SRS was associated with long-term freedom (10 year) from additional management in 80% of patients. SRS proved to be a valuable salvage option after resection. When used as a primary management for smaller volume tumors, both clinical improvement and prevention of new deficits were optimized.

Intratumoral Hemorrhage in Vestibular Schwannomas After Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Multi-Institutional Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intratumoral hemorrhage (ITH) in vestibular schwannoma (VS) after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is exceedingly rare. The aim of this study was to define its incidence and describe its management and outcomes in this subset of patients. METHODS: A retrospective multi-institutional study was conducted, screening 9565 patients with VS managed with SRS at 10 centers affiliated with the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients developed ITH (cumulative incidence of 0.26%) after SRS management, with a median ITH size of 1.2 cm 3 . Most of the patients had Koos grade II-IV VS, and the median age was 62 years. After ITH development, 21 patients were observed, 2 had urgent surgical intervention, and 2 were initially observed and had late resection because of delayed hemorrhagic expansion and/or clinical deterioration. The histopathology of the resected tumors showed typical, benign VS histology without sclerosis, along with chronic inflammatory cells and multiple fragments of hemorrhage. At the last follow-up, 17 patients improved and 8 remained clinically stable. CONCLUSION: ITH after SRS for VS is extremely rare but has various clinical manifestations and severity. The management paradigm should be individualized based on patient-specific factors, rapidity of clinical and/or radiographic progression, ITH expansion, and overall patient condition.