Enhancing enzymatic catalysis efficiency: Immobilizing laccase on HHSS for synergistic bisphenol A adsorption and biodegradation through optimized external surface utilization.

Laccase, a prominent enzyme biomacromolecule, exhibits promising catalytic efficiency in degrading phenolic compounds like bisphenol A (BPA). The laccase immobilized on conventional materials frequently demonstrates restricted loading and suboptimal catalytic performance. Hence, there is a pressing need to optimized external surface utilization to enhance catalytic performance. Herein, we synthesized amino-functionalized modified silica particles with a hierarchical hollow silica spherical (HHSS) structure for laccase immobilization via crosslinking, resulting in HHSS-LE biocatalysts. Through Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM), we achieved a remarkably high enzyme loading of up to 213.102 mg/g. The synergistic effect of adsorption by HHSS and degradation by laccase facilitated efficient removal of BPA. The HHSS-LE demonstrated superior BPA removal capabilities, with efficiencies exceeding 100 % in the 50-200 mg/L BPA concentration range. Compared to MCM-41 and solid silica spheres (SSS), HHSS showed the highest enzyme loading capacity and catalytic activity, underscoring its superior external surface utilization rate per unit mass. Remarkably, the HHSS-LE biocatalyst exhibited remarkable recyclability even after 11 successive cycles of reuse. By preparing high immobilization rate with efficient external surface utilization, this study lays the foundation for the design of universally applicable and efficient enzyme immobilization catalysts.

Innovative Bi5O7I/MIL-101(Cr) Compounds: A Leap Forward in Photocatalytic Tetracycline Removal.

In environmental chemistry, photocatalysts for eliminating organic contaminants in water have gained significant interest. Our study introduces a unique heterostructure combining MIL-101(Cr) and bismuth oxyiodide (Bi5O7I). We evaluated this nanostructure's efficiency in adsorbing and degrading tetracycline (TC) under visible light. The Bi5O7I@MIL-101(Cr) composite, with a surface area of 637 m2/g, prevents self-aggregation seen in its components, enhancing visible light absorption. Its photocatalytic efficiency surpassed Bi5O7I and MIL-101(Cr) by 33.4 and 9.2 times, respectively. Comprehensive analyses, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confirmed the successful formation of the heterostructure with defined morphological characteristics. BET analysis demonstrated its high surface area, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed its crystallinity. Electron spin resonance (ESR) tests showed significant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like h+ and·â€¢O2- under light, crucial for TC degradation. The material maintained exceptional durability over five cycles. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations and empirical investigations revealed a type I heterojunction between Bi5O7I and MIL-101(Cr), facilitating efficient electron-hole pair separation. This study underscores the superior photocatalytic activity and stability of Bi5O7I@MIL-101(Cr), offering insights into designing innovative photocatalysts for water purification.

Htr2b Promotes M1 Microglia Polarization and Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury via Inhibition of Neuregulin-1/ErbB Signaling.

The secondary injury of spinal cord injury (SCI) is dominated by neuroinflammation, which was caused by microglia M1 polarization. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of Htr2b on neuroinflammation of SCI. The BV2 and HMC3 microglia were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon (IFN)-γ to simulate in vitro models of SCI. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the T10 laminectomy to induce animal model of SCI. Htr2b mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR. The expression of Htr2b and Iba-1 was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo was also measured. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was employed to analyze Htr2b-regulated signaling pathways. Rat behavior was analyzed by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and inclined plane test. Rat dorsal horn tissues were stained by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Nissl to measure neuron loss. Htr2b was highly expressed in LPS- and IFN-γ-treated microglia and SCI rats. SCI modeling promoted M1 microglia polarization and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of Htr2b by Htr2b shRNA or RS-127445 reduced the expression of Htr2b, Iba-1, and iNOS and suppressed cytokine levels. KEGG showed that Htr2b inhibited ErbB signaling pathway. Inhibition of Htr2b increased protein expression of neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) and p-ErbB4. Inhibition of the ErbB signaling pathway markedly reversed the effect of Htr2b shRNA on M1 microglia polarization and inflammatory cytokines. Htr2b promotes M1 microglia polarization and neuroinflammation after SCI by inhibiting Nrg-1/ErbB signaling pathway.

Polymeric Surfactant (PIBSA-X) Facilitates the Formation of a Water-in-Oil Emulsion Reactor for the Preparation of Ultrasmall Nanosilica.

Despite the widespread application of ultrasmall nanosilica, solving its aggregation problem during the preparation process remains a challenge. In this paper, ultrasmall nanosilica with a controllable size and aggregates were prepared through the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion method by using polyisobutylene succinic anhydride-type polymeric surfactants (PIBSA-X) as an isolating agent. PIBSA-X polymeric surfactants with different hydrophilic groups were prepared using industrial-grade PIBSA, which can form stable W/O-type emulsions well. Subsequently, the W/O-type emulsion droplets were used as reactors and tetraethyl orthosilicate was hydrolyzed under ammonia alkaline conditions to synthesize ultrasmall nanosilica (10 nm). Furthermore, the morphological evolution of nanosilica aggregates can be tuned by varying the oil/water ratio, which controls the emulsion droplets. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain why the emulsion method approach affords nanosilica aggregates with various morphologies and pellet size in water-in-oil (W/O-type) emulsion droplets. This study provides a precise and simple synthetic method for the development of ultrasmall nanosilica, which has good potential to be industrialized.

LaVO4: Eu3+ nano-islands onto silica for achieving fluorescence enhancement and their detection of Fe3+ ions and anti-counterfeiting applications.

Rare earth (RE) composite fluorescent materials are favored by researchers in the field of anti-counterfeiting and ion sensing due to their fascinating optical properties. Ultra-small RE fluorescent nanoparticles are anchored on inorganic carriers by a simple preparation method to improve luminous intensity and hydrophilicity, which has not been explored yet. Herein, LaVO4: Eu3+ nano-islands anchored on silica with high fluorescence intensity and easy formation of stable colloidal solution is designed. Through a simple and mild hydrothermal approach, ultra-small LaVO4: Eu3+ nano-islands are highly dispersed on the surface of hierarchical hollow silica sphere (HHSS) to expose more luminescent centers. Remarkably, the stable HHSS@LaVO4: Eu3+ colloidal solution displayed highly sensitive and selective sensor for Fe3+ ions. The "island-sea synergy" structure formed by the LaVO4: Eu3+ nano-islands and the surrounding silica surface makes HHSS@LaVO4: Eu3+ to be an outstanding sensor for the effective detection of iron ions in water. In addition, HHSS@LaVO4: Eu3+ phosphor exhibit unique properties for anti-counterfeiting and encryption applications. These findings provide a promising strategy for the carrierisation of RE luminescent materials to improve optical properties and enable broader applications.

Anterior cervical tunnectomy and fusion (ACTF): a novel technique for cervical canal decompression.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel surgical technique note coined as anterior cervical tunnectomy and fusion (ACTF) which applying on removal of posterior vertebral bony protrusions or soft extrusions. METHODS: Total twenty-three patients from January 2016 to January 2021 who experienced with spinal cord compression and performed by ACTF were retrospectively reviewed. Herein, relevant information including patient's gender, age, BMI, intraoperative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications and postoperative hospitalized stay were collected. Furthermore, JOA and VAS score were both collected. Moreover, imaging parameters were measured and calculated on radiographs. Correlated data were analyzed by t test. Significance was considered when P < 0.05. RESULTS: All patients in this study were validated with favorable outcomes and none of postoperative complications. The Nurick grade of patients dramatically deceased postoperation (P < 0.001). And postoperative VAS score of patients (P < 0.001), as well as JOA score (P < 0.001), was given dramatical significance comparing to preoperation. Furthermore, occupying rate (OR) (P < 0.001) was obviously reduced while space available cord (SAC) (P < 0.001) and diameter of spinal cord (P < 0.001) was significantly increased postoperation. Meanwhile, disc height of involved segment, C2-7 SVA, and C2-C7 Cobb angle were measured on sagittal plane of lateral radiograph. Postoperative disc height of involved segment (P < 0.001) significantly elevated comparing to preoperation. However, there were no significance on C2-7 SVA (P = 0.460) and C2-C7 Cobb angle (P = 0.097). CONCLUSIONS: The novel surgical technique coined by ACTF is a practicable approach during taking charge of bony and soft narrowing behind vertebral space.

Comparative Meta-Analysis of the Effects of OLIF and TLIF in Lumbar Spondylolisthesis Central Nerve Injury.

Objective: The main objective is to explore the efficacy of oblique anterior lumbar fusion (OLIF) and transforaminal lumbar fusion (TLIF) in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis central nerve injury. Methods: The perioperative indexes, pain score (VAS), Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI), vertebral slip degree, slip angle, intervertebral space height, and quality of life score of the two groups were compared by meta-analysis. Results: According to the observation indexes, the perioperative indexes of patients in the OLIF group were better than those in the TLIF group, which showed that the effect of OLIF treatment was better than of TLIF. The pain score and ODI score of the two groups can be obtained. The one-week postoperative pain degree and ODI of patients in the OLIF group are lower than those in the TLIF group, indicating that OLIF treatment will reduce the pain of patients to a greater extent and is more conducive to the recovery of patients. There was no significant difference in vertebral slip, slip angle, and intervertebral space height between the OLIF group and TLIF group. After treatment, the quality-of-life scores of patients in the OLIF group were significantly higher than those in the TLIF group. Conclusion: The treatment of lumbar fusion through OLIF has irreplaceable perioperative advantages of TLIF, such as less bleeding, shorter operation time, less drainage and shorter hospital stay, less postoperative complications, less surgical wound, indirect decompression, no destruction of lumbar posterior stable structure, and maximum preservation of tissue structure. It has the advantages of reducing the intraoperative dural sac injury and nerve root traction injury and shortening the rehabilitation time of patients. It has the prospect of clinical application and can be popularized.

Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Effect of MIS-TLF Surgery in the Treatment of Minimally Invasive Surgery of the Orthopaedic Spine.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has already had a significant impact on surgical treatment (spine). Because they are less invasive, minimally invasive treatments are often preferred over open spine surgery. MIS and open spine surgery in terms of posterior lumbar fusion (PLF), lumbar disc herniation (LDH), and cervical disc herniation (CDH) were all observational studies based on randomized controlled trials. Seventeen RCTs and six observational studies were conducted. Chemotherapy had no effect on the long-term alleviation of the neck or arm pain in patients with CDH. In LDH, MIS was superior in terms of pain relief, rehospitalization rates, and improvement in quality of life. At the expense of increased perioperative endoscopic, readmission, and revision rates, MIS achieved a significant reduction in 2-year expenditures, fewer medical problems, and improved Oswestry score ratings. There is no evidence to support the use of MIS over open surgery for lumbar or cervical process disc herniation. In comparison, MIS-TLIF has several advantages, in addition to lower revision/readmission rates. However, MIS significantly increases the surgeon's radiation exposure, regardless of the patient's sign. However, the effect on patients is unknown. These findings could help patients make better decisions when comparing open spine surgery to minimally invasive spine surgery, especially given how much advertising is out there for MIS.

Nootkatone protects cartilage against degeneration in mice by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.

Osteoarthritis is a common chronic disease associated with chondrocyte inflammation and cartilage matrix hydrolyzation. Studies report that IL-1ß plays a critical role in osteoarthritis. Anti-inflammatory effect of nootkatone has been explored in acute and chronic inflammatory disease, thus the current study sought to explore its therapeutic effect in osteoarthritis. Notably, the effect of nootkatone in osteoarthritis has not been elucidated. Therefore, murine primary chondrocytes were extracted and ACLT induced OA mouse model was established in the current study to explore the therapeutic effect of nootkatone in OA both in vitro and in vivo. The findings showed that nootkatone inhibited inflammatory response and protected cartilage balance in murine primary chondrocyte. Further analysis showed that nootkatone suppressed inflammation and protected cartilage against degeneration induced by ACLT surgery in mice. The cellular mechanism of the protective effect of nootkatone in osteoarthritis and associated signaling pathway was identified as the NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, the findings of the current study indicated that nootkatone is a potential therapeutic agent for OA.

Ag-Modified g-C3N4 Prepared by a One-Step Calcination Method for Enhanced Catalytic Efficiency and Stability.

Ag-decorated g-C3N4 (denoted as Ag/CN-x) was prepared by a one-step calcination method, and the influences of calcination time on structure, morphology, surface composition, photocatalytic performance, and catalytic reduction activity of the prepared Ag/CN-x samples were investigated. The tests showed that the Ag/CN-8 prepared through by calcination for 8 h exhibited the best photocatalytic degradation efficiency of methyl orange (98.7% within 2 h) and the best catalytic reduction property of 4-nitrophenol (100% within 70 s). Meanwhile, these Ag/CN-x samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), photocurrent response, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots. It was found that the Ag/CN-8 prepared through calcination for 8 h had a higher specific surface area, higher dispersibility of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), the widest range of visible light response, and the lowest photogenerated electron-hole recombination rate. The results of the trapping experiments indicated that a superoxide radical plays a major role. Moreover, a possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation in methyl orange and catalytic reduction 4-nitrophenol was proposed.

Solar Hydrogen Production from Cost Effective Stannic Oxide Under Visible Light Irradiation.

Visible-light-driven stannic oxide was synthesized by facile one-pot solvothermal method from SnCl2·2H2O and methanol. The as-prepared powder was identified by XRD as the low crystalline phase of SnO2, and its absorption edge reached about 530 nm, presenting good potential to respond to visible light. Under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), the as-prepared tin oxide showed good anodic photocurrent effects on FTO photoelectrode, and showed hydrogen and oxygen evolution activities under electron donor (methanol) and acceptor (AgNO3), respectively, even without any co-catalyst loading. The visible-light-driven mechanism for this SnO2-x maybe ascribed to Sn2+ self-doped into Sn4+ and formed an energy gap between the band gap of SnO2.

Facile controlled synthesis of Ag3PO4 with various morphologies for enhanced photocatalytic oxygen evolution from water splitting.

A facile and green hydrothermal method has been developed for the synthesis of Ag3PO4 with a variety of morphologies, including cubic, rhombic dodecahedral, spherical and roughly spherical, by using Ag4P2O7 as a sacrificial precursor. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by carrying out X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphology of Ag3PO4 was controlled by simply adjusting the hydrothermal reaction temperature and time, without adding any templates and organic additives. Kinetics studies and characterization results revealed that the transformation from P2O7 4- to a PO4 3- radical was a rate-determining step, and influenced the morphology of Ag3PO4. Different oxygen evolution rates were observed for samples subjected to different hydrothermal reaction times, and the highest initial rate of O2 evolution achieved was 582.55 µmol h-1 g-1. Furthermore, for the samples prepared using a hydrothermal reaction time of 96 h, as the hydrothermal reaction temperature was increased, the oxygen evolution rate of the resulting sample decreased first and then increased, and the highest initial rate of O2 evolution was 856.06 µmol h-1 g-1, about twice the 418.34 µmol h-1 g-1 value for the sample prepared using the coprecipitation method. A possible mechanism has been proposed to explain how the hydrothermal reaction temperature and time influenced the Ag3PO4 morphology. Our method provides a guiding hydrothermal strategy for the synthesis of insoluble electrolytes with various morphologies from relatively soluble electrolytes without the need to use templates and organic additives.

Facile synthesis of palladium nanoparticles on hierarchical hollow silica spheres and its catalytic properties in Suzuki-reaction.

A novel well-dispersed Pd@HHSS catalyst was synthesized by reduction of Pd(OAc)2 immobilized on HHSS we reported. When the ratios of Pd/SiO2 were 5 : 100 and 10 : 100, the Pd nanoparticles size was about 5-10 nm. The Pd@HHSS catalyst (Pd/SiO2 = 10 : 100) showed high catalytic activity in Suzuki-reaction with yields of 91-99% and the catalyst is reusable after four successive cycles without obvious loss of catalytic activity.

A novel liquid template corrosion approach for layered silica with various morphologies and different nanolayer thicknesses.

A novel liquid template corrosion (LTC) method has been developed for the synthesis of layered silica materials with a variety of morphologies, including hollow nanospheres, trilobite-like nanoparticles, spherical particles and a film resembling the van Gogh painting 'Starry Night'. Lamellar micelles and microemulsion droplets are first formed in an oil-water (O/W) mixture of ethyl acetate (EA), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and water. After adding aqueous ammonia the EA becomes hydrolyzed, which results in corrosion of microemulsion droplets. These droplets subsequently act as templates for the synthesis of silica formed by hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate. The morphological evolution of silica can be tuned by varying the concentration of aqueous ammonia which controls the degree of corrosion of the microemulsion droplet templates. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain why the LTC approach affords layered silica nanostructured materials with various morphologies and nanolayer thickness (2.6-4.5 nm), rather than the usual ordered mesostructures formed in the absence of EA. Our method provides a simple way to fabricate a variety of building blocks for assembling nanomaterials with novel structures and functionality, which are not available using conventional template methods.

Facile fabrication of hollow silica nanospheres and their hierarchical self-assemblies as drug delivery carriers through a new single-micelle-template approach.

Hollow silica nanospheres (HSNS) with ultrasmall size distribution (∼20 nm) and hierarchical hollow silica spheres (HHSS) with shells composed of self-assembled HSNS have been successfully synthesized through a novel single-micelle-template approach by using CTAB as the template and octane as a swelling agent. The effect of the volume ratio of octane/water on the preparation of the hollow silica particles was investigated and the prepared samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nitrogen sorption analysis. The results demonstrated that the organic solvent octane can lead to the particles changing from conventional ordered mesostructures to individual HSNS (∼20 nm) and an increase in the octane/water ratio will bring about the self-assembly of the HSNS to form HHSS (90-150 nm). The HHSS can effectively load drug molecules for delivery.