Mendelian randomization reveals that abnormal lipid metabolism mediates the causal relationship between body mass index and keratoconus.

Previous studies suggest that a high body mass index (BMI) may be a risk factor for keratoconus (KC), but the causal relationship remains unclear. This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate this connection and explore the mediating role of circulating serum metabolites and inflammatory factors in this association. Two-sample MR analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between BMI and KC. The study employed a two-step MR approach to evaluate the mediating roles of 91 inflammatory markers and 249 serum metabolites in the BMI-KC relationship. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was the primary method, and multiple sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure robustness. IVW analysis revealed a positive causal relationship between BMI and KC (OR IVW = 1.811, 95% CI 1.005-3.262, P = 0.048). Although IL-12ß and IL-4 were causally associated with KC, they did not mediate the BMI-KC relationship. Five serum metabolites were identified as potential mediators, with HDL cholesterol and triglyceride ratios showing significance. This study clarified the causal relationship between high BMI and KC, suggesting that high BMI may induce KC through lipid metabolism abnormalities. These findings underscore the importance of managing BMI for KC prevention.

Engineering the L-tryptophan metabolism for efficient de novo biosynthesis of tryptophol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Tryptophol (IET) is a metabolite derived from L-tryptophan that can be isolated from plants, bacteria, and fungi and has a wide range of biological activities in living systems. Despite the fact that IET biosynthesis pathways exist naturally in living organisms, industrial-scale production of IET and its derivatives is solely based on environmentally unfriendly chemical conversion. With diminishing petroleum reserves and a significant increase in global demand in all major commercial segments, it becomes essential to develop new technologies to produce chemicals from renewable resources and under mild conditions, such as microbial fermentation. Here we characterized and engineered the less-studied L-tryptophan pathway and IET biosynthesis in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the goal of investigating microbial fermentation as an alternative/green strategy to produce IET. In detail, we divided the aromatic amino acids (AAAs) metabolism related to IET synthesis into the shikimate pathway, the L-tryptophan pathway, the competing L-tyrosine/L-phenylalanine pathways, and the Ehrlich pathway based on a modular engineering concept. Through stepwise engineering of these modules, we obtained a yeast mutant capable of producing IET up to 1.04 g/L through fed-batch fermentation, a ~ 650-fold improvement over the wild-type strain. Besides, our engineering process also revealed many insights about the regulation of AAAs metabolism in S. cerevisiae. Finally, during our engineering process, we also discovered yeast mutants that accumulate anthranilate and L-tryptophan, both of which are precursors of various valuable secondary metabolites from fungi and plants. These strains could be developed to the chassis for natural product biosynthesis upon introducing heterologous pathways.

Epidemiological characteristics of myopia among school-age children before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a cohort study in Shenzhen, China.

Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of myopia among school-aged children before, during, and after the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: A total of 848,697 students aged 6-15 years from 786 primary and secondary schools in Shenzhen, China, were randomly selected as research subjects. We conducted annual myopia screenings from 2019 to 2022. 2019 was considered before the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 as during the pandemic, and 2021 and 2022 as after the pandemic. Demographic characteristics, visual acuity, and spherical equivalent refraction (SE) were collected. Results: During the 4-year follow-up period, the uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of the study subjects progressed following a trend of -0.18 ± 0.30D (-0.17 ± 0.29D for boys, -0.21 ± 0.32Dfor girls) (p < 0.001). Those students who were in grade 4 aged 9-10 years at the baseline examination showed the greatest decline in visual acuity (0.23). The SE of the study subjects progressed following a trend of -1.00 ± 1.27D (-0.96 ± 1.25D for boys, -1.05 ± 1.31D for girls) (p < 0.001). The students who were in grade 5 aged 10-11 years at the baseline examination showed the greatest decline in SE (1.15D ± 1.22, p < 0.001). The prevalence of myopia (UCVA<5.0 and SE < -0.50D of any eye) increased by 28.2% (27.0% for boys and 29.8% for girls). Those students who were in grade 2 aged 7-8 years at the baseline examination showed the greatest increase in myopia prevalence (37.6%, p < 0.001). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the subjects' visual acuity and SE measurements decreased by -0.05 ± 0.19 (p < 0.001) and - 0.36 ± 0.89D (p < 0.001) respectively, and the prevalence of myopia increased by 11.3% (10.6% for boys and 12.2% for girls) (p < 0.001). The 3-year cumulative incidence of myopia for non-myopic grade 1 aged 6-7 years students with baseline SE of ≥1.00D, ≥ 0.50D and < 1.00D, ≥0D and < 0.50D, and ≥ -0.50D and < 0D were 6.8, 24.8, 39.0, and 48.1%, respectively. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the SE of school-aged children showed myopic drift and decreased visual acuity. Myopia progressed faster among girls than among boys in the same grades. The risk of myopia among school-aged children persisted even after the home quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic was lifted.

Hierarchical structures and magnetism of Co clusters: a perspective from integration of deep learning and a hybrid differential evolution algorithm.

Theoretically determining the lowest-energy structure of a cluster has been a persistent challenge due to the inherent difficulty in accurate description of its potential energy surface (PES) and the exponentially increasing number of local minima on the PES with the cluster size. In this work, density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of Co clusters were performed to construct a dataset for training deep neural networks to deduce a deep potential (DP) model with near-DFT accuracy while significantly reducing computational consumption comparable to classic empirical potentials. Leveraging the DP model, a high-efficiency hybrid differential evolution (HDE) algorithm was employed to search for the lowest-energy structures of CoN (N = 11-50) clusters. Our results revealed 38 of these clusters superior to those recorded in the Cambridge Cluster Database and identified diverse architectures of the clusters, evolving from layered structures for N = 11-27 to Marks decahedron-like structures for N = 28-42 and to icosahedron-like structures for N = 43-50. Subsequent analyses of the atomic arrangement, structural similarity, and growth pattern further verified their hierarchical structures. Meanwhile, several highly stable clusters, i.e., Co13, Co19, Co22, Co39, and Co43, were discovered by the energetic analyses. Furthermore, the magnetic stability of the clusters was verified, and a competition between the coordination number and bond length in affecting the magnetic moment was observed. Our study provides high-accuracy and high-efficiency prediction of the optimal structures of clusters and sheds light on the growth trend of Co clusters containing tens of atoms, contributing to advancing the global optimization algorithms for effective determination of cluster structures.

From inception to innovation: bibliometric analysis of the evolution, hotspots, and trends in implantable collamer lens surgery research.

Background: As one of several refractive surgeries, Implant Collamer Lens (ICL) surgery offers stable biocompatibility and consistent, high-quality visual outcomes. ICL has become an effective complement to corneal refractive surgery, gradually becoming one of the mainstream methods for correcting refractive errors. This study employs bibliometric methods to analyze research on ICL surgery to understand the progress, hotspots, and potential future trends in this field. Methods: This study performed a bibliometric analysis of all ICL-related articles collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database between January 1st, 1996, and December 31st, 2023. The CiteSpace 6.2.R4 tool, Excel and the Web of Science website were used to analyze data by country, institution, keywords, and clusters of keywords. Additionally, an in-depth interpretation and analysis were conducted on the field's high-impact articles. Results: Since the first clinical application report of ICL, there have been a total of 875 studies. The number of papers published annually has shown an overall increasing trend. Studies published from China are the most numerous, accounting for 29.14% (n = 255) of the total. Among the institutions, Fudan University and Kitasato University both have published more than 50 papers, with Kitasato University having the highest H-index of 26. The journals with the top 10 publication volumes are all specialized in ophthalmology. The burst keywords since the introduction of ICL surgery have been "intraocular lens," "refractive surgery," and "cataract surgery." The current burst keywords include "visual quality," "vector analysis," "axial length," etc. The results of keyword clustering included ICL, pIOL, high myopia, axial length, optical quality, refractive surgery, ICL implantation, and pupil size. In the High-impact Articles, it was found that the high-impact articles predominantly focus on the safety, efficacy, and predictability of ICL surgery. Conclusion: Research on ICL has grown since its clinical introduction, with the advent of the central hole ICL sparking a surge in recent hotspots, particularly in China. Current hotpots in the field of ICL surgery are "visual quality," "ICL implantation," "vector analysis," "axial length," "evo ICL," "ICL v4c," and "ICL." ICL surgery research trends have evolved from implantation techniques to biological parameters associated with ICL surgery and the benefits of new ICL designs.

Vessel-promoted OCT to OCTA image translation by heuristic contextual constraints.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) is a crucial tool in the clinical screening of retinal diseases, allowing for accurate 3D imaging of blood vessels through non-invasive scanning. However, the hardware-based approach for acquiring OCTA images presents challenges due to the need for specialized sensors and expensive devices. In this paper, we introduce a novel method called TransPro, which can translate the readily available 3D Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images into 3D OCTA images without requiring any additional hardware modifications. Our TransPro method is primarily driven by two novel ideas that have been overlooked by prior work. The first idea is derived from a critical observation that the OCTA projection map is generated by averaging pixel values from its corresponding B-scans along the Z-axis. Hence, we introduce a hybrid architecture incorporating a 3D adversarial generative network and a novel Heuristic Contextual Guidance (HCG) module, which effectively maintains the consistency of the generated OCTA images between 3D volumes and projection maps. The second idea is to improve the vessel quality in the translated OCTA projection maps. As a result, we propose a novel Vessel Promoted Guidance (VPG) module to enhance the attention of network on retinal vessels. Experimental results on two datasets demonstrate that our TransPro outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, with relative improvements around 11.4% in MAE, 2.7% in PSNR, 2% in SSIM, 40% in VDE, and 9.1% in VDC compared to the baseline method. The code is available at: https://github.com/ustlsh/TransPro.

Total outward leakage of face-worn products used by the general public for source control.

BACKGROUND: During Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the general public used any face-worn products they could get to overcome the shortage of N95 respirators and surgical masks. These products, often not meeting any standards, raised concerns about their effectiveness in reducing the spread of respiratory viruses. METHODS: This study quantified total outward leakage (TOL) of units from 9 face-worn product categories used by members of the general public. A benchtop system was devised to test 2 units from each category on 2 different-sized headforms with silicone elastomer skin. Each unit was donned 5 times per headform. RESULTS: Both face-worn product category and headform size significantly affected TOL (P value < .05). The TOL of tested face-worn products varied from 10% to 58% depending on both model and headform size. Face-worn products donned on the medium headform had a higher mean TOL compared to those donned on the larger headform. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, single-layer cloth masks are the least effective measure for source control due to their highest TOL among the tested face-worn products. Three-layer disposable face masks may be a favorable option for source control among the public. A standard should be developed for face-worn product design and manufacturing to accommodate different facial sizes.

Multi-rater Prism: Learning self-calibrated medical image segmentation from multiple raters.

In medical image segmentation, it is often necessary to collect opinions from multiple experts to make the final decision. This clinical routine helps to mitigate individual bias. However, when data is annotated by multiple experts, standard deep learning models are often not applicable. In this paper, we propose a novel neural network framework called Multi-rater Prism (MrPrism) to learn medical image segmentation from multiple labels. Inspired by iterative half-quadratic optimization, MrPrism combines the task of assigning multi-rater confidences and calibrated segmentation in a recurrent manner. During this process, MrPrism learns inter-observer variability while taking into account the image's semantic properties and finally converges to a self-calibrated segmentation result reflecting inter-observer agreement. Specifically, we propose Converging Prism (ConP) and Diverging Prism (DivP) to iteratively process the two tasks. ConP learns calibrated segmentation based on multi-rater confidence maps estimated by DivP, and DivP generates multi-rater confidence maps based on segmentation masks estimated by ConP. Experimental results show that the two tasks can mutually improve each other through this recurrent process. The final converged segmentation result of MrPrism outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods for a wide range of medical image segmentation tasks. The code is available at https://github.com/WuJunde/MrPrism.

NCME-Net: Nuclear cataract mask encoder network for intelligent grading using self-supervised learning from anterior segment photographs.

Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness worldwide, making accurate diagnosis and effective surgical planning critical. However, grading the severity of the lens nucleus is challenging because deep learning (DL) models pretrained using ImageNet perform poorly when applied directly to medical data due to the limited availability of labeled medical images and high interclass similarity. Self-supervised pretraining offers a solution by circumventing the need for cost-intensive data annotations and bridging domain disparities. In this study, to address the challenges of intelligent grading, we proposed a hybrid model called nuclear cataract mask encoder network (NCME-Net), which utilizes self-supervised pretraining for the four-class analysis of nuclear cataract severity. A total of 792 images of nuclear cataracts were categorized into the training set (533 images), the validation set (139 images), and the test set (100 images). NCME-Net achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 91.0 % on the test set, a 5.0 % improvement over the best-performing DL model (ResNet50). Experimental results demonstrate NCME-Net's ability to distinguish between cataract severities, particularly in scenarios with limited samples, making it a valuable tool for intelligently diagnosing cataracts. In addition, the effect of different self-supervised tasks on the model's ability to capture the intrinsic structure of the data was studied. Findings indicate that image restoration tasks significantly enhance semantic information extraction.

Unveiling the Evolution of Virtual Reality in Medicine: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Hotspots and Trends over the Past 12 Years.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR), widely used in the medical field, may affect future medical training and treatment. Therefore, this study examined VR's potential uses and research directions in medicine. METHODS: Citation data were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection database (WoSCC) to evaluate VR in medicine in articles published between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2023. These data were analyzed using CiteSpace 6.2. R2 software. Present limitations and future opportunities were summarized based on the data. RESULTS: A total of 2143 related publications from 86 countries and regions were analyzed. The country with the highest number of publications is the USA, with 461 articles. The University of London has the most publications among institutions, with 43 articles. The burst keywords represent the research frontier from 2020 to 2023, such as "task analysis", "deep learning", and "machine learning". CONCLUSION: The number of publications on VR applications in the medical field has been steadily increasing year by year. The USA is the leading country in this area, while the University of London stands out as the most published, and most influential institution. Currently, there is a strong focus on integrating VR and AI to address complex issues such as medical education and training, rehabilitation, and surgical navigation. Looking ahead, the future trend involves integrating VR, augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) with the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), big data analysis (BDA), and cloud computing (CC) technologies to develop intelligent healthcare systems within hospitals or medical centers.

Exploring the causal relationship between body mass index and keratoconus: a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Despite reports suggesting a link between obesity and keratoconus, the causal relationship is not fully understood. Methods: We used genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from public databases for a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the causal link between body mass index (BMI) and keratoconus. The primary method was inverse variance weighted (IVW), complemented by different analytical techniques and sensitivity analyses to ensure result robustness. A meta-analysis was also performed to bolster the findings' reliability. Results: Our study identified a significant causal relationship between BMI and keratoconus. Out of 20 Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses conducted, 9 showed heterogeneity or pleiotropy. Among the 11 analyses that met all three MR assumptions, 4 demonstrated a significant causal difference between BMI and keratoconus, while the remaining 7 showed a positive trend but were not statistically significant. Meta-analysis confirmed a significant causal relationship between BMI and keratoconus. Conclusion: There is a significant causal relationship between BMI and keratoconus, suggesting that obesity may be a risk factor for keratoconus.

Diabetic retinopathy identification based on multi-source-free domain adaptation.

AIM: To address the challenges of data labeling difficulties, data privacy, and necessary large amount of labeled data for deep learning methods in diabetic retinopathy (DR) identification, the aim of this study is to develop a source-free domain adaptation (SFDA) method for efficient and effective DR identification from unlabeled data. METHODS: A multi-SFDA method was proposed for DR identification. This method integrates multiple source models, which are trained from the same source domain, to generate synthetic pseudo labels for the unlabeled target domain. Besides, a softmax-consistence minimization term is utilized to minimize the intra-class distances between the source and target domains and maximize the inter-class distances. Validation is performed using three color fundus photograph datasets (APTOS2019, DDR, and EyePACS). RESULTS: The proposed model was evaluated and provided promising results with respectively 0.8917 and 0.9795 F1-scores on referable and normal/abnormal DR identification tasks. It demonstrated effective DR identification through minimizing intra-class distances and maximizing inter-class distances between source and target domains. CONCLUSION: The multi-SFDA method provides an effective approach to overcome the challenges in DR identification. The method not only addresses difficulties in data labeling and privacy issues, but also reduces the need for large amounts of labeled data required by deep learning methods, making it a practical tool for early detection and preservation of vision in diabetic patients.

Inhibition of differentiation of monocyte-derived macrophages toward an M2-Like phenotype May Be a neglected mechanism of ß-AR receptor blocker therapy for atherosclerosis.

The clinical efficacy of adrenergic ß-receptor (ß-AR) blockers in significantly stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques has been extensively supported by evidence-based medical research; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent findings have highlighted the impact of lipid-induced aberrant polarization of macrophages during normal inflammatory-repair and regenerative processes on atherosclerosis formation and progression. In this review, we explore the relationship between macrophage polarization and atherosclerosis, as well as the influence of ß-AR blockers on macrophage polarization. Based on the robust evidence supporting the use of ß-AR blockers for treating atherosclerosis, we propose that their main mechanism involves inhibiting monocyte-derived macrophage differentiation towards an M2-like phenotype.

The optimal atropine concentration for myopia control in Chinese children: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis.

AIM: To figure out whether various atropine dosages may slow the progression of myopia in Chinese kids and teenagers and to determine the optimal atropine concentration for effectively slowing the progression of myopia. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and Wanfang database, encompassing literature on slowing progression of myopia with varying atropine concentrations from database inception to January 17, 2024. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed, and a network Meta-analysis was executed using Stata version 14.0 Software. Results were visually represented through graphs. RESULTS: Fourteen papers comprising 2475 cases were included; five different concentrations of atropine solution were used. The network Meta-analysis, along with the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), showed that 1% atropine (100%)>0.05% atropine (74.9%) >0.025% atropine (51.6%)>0.02% atropine (47.9%)>0.01% atropine (25.6%)>control in refraction change and 1% atropine (98.7%)>0.05% atropine (70.4%)>0.02% atropine (61.4%)>0.025% atropine (42%)>0.01% atropine (27.4%)>control in axial length (AL) change. CONCLUSION: In Chinese children and teenagers, the five various concentrations of atropine can reduce the progression of myopia. Although the network Meta-analysis showed that 1% atropine is the best one for controlling refraction and AL change, there is a high incidence of adverse effects with the use of 1% atropine. Therefore, we suggest that 0.05% atropine is optimal for Chinese children to slow myopia progression.

Analysis of research hotspots and trends in pediatric ophthalmopathy based on 10 years of WoSCC literature.

Background: Ophthalmopathy occurring in childhood can easily lead to irreversible visual impairment, and therefore a great deal of clinical and fundamental researches have been conducted in pediatric ophthalmopathy. However, a few studies have been performed to analyze such large amounts of research using bibliometric methods. This study intended to apply bibliometric methods to analyze the research hotspots and trends in pediatric ophthalmopathy, providing a basis for clinical practice and scientific research to improve children's eye health. Methods: Publications related to pediatric ophthalmopathy were searched and identified in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Bibliometric and visualized analysis was performed using the WoSCC analysis system and CiteSpace.6.2.6 software, and high-impact publications were analyzed. Results: This study included a total of 7,177 publications from 162 countries and regions. Of these, 2,269 from the United States and 1,298 from China. The centrality and H-index were highest in the United States at 0.27 and 66, respectively. The University of London and Harvard University had the highest H-index at 37. Freedman,Sharon F published 55 publications, with the highest H-index at 19. The emerging burst keyword in 2020-2023 was "eye tracking," and the burst keywords in 2021-2023 were "choroidal thickness," "pediatric ophthalmology," "impact" and "childhood glaucoma." Retinopathy of prematurity, myopia, retinoblastoma and uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis were the main topics in the high-impact publications, with clinical studies in the majority, especially in retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusion: Eye health in children is a research hotspot, with the United States publishing the largest number of papers and having the greatest influence in research on pediatric ophthalmopathy, and China coming in second. The University of London and Stanford University had the greatest influence. Freedman, Sharon F was the most influential author. Furthermore, "choroidal thickness," "pediatric ophthalmology," "impact," "childhood glaucoma" and "eye tracking"are the latest hotspots in the field of pediatric ophthalmopathy. These hotspots represent hot diseases, hot technologies and holistic concepts, which are exactly the research trends in the field of pediatric ophthalmopathy, providing guidance and grounds for clinical practice and scientific research on children's eye health.

Neoadjuvant SHR-1701 with or without chemotherapy in unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: A proof-of-concept, phase 2 trial.

We conducted a proof-of-concept, phase 2 trial to assess neoadjuvant SHR-1701 with or without chemotherapy, followed by surgery or radiotherapy, and then consolidation SHR-1701 in unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the primary cohort of patients receiving neoadjuvant combination therapy (n = 97), both primary endpoints were met, with a post-induction objective response rate of 58% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47-68) and an 18-month event-free survival (EFS) rate of 56.6% (95% CI 45.2-66.5). Overall, 27 (25%) patients underwent surgery; all achieved R0 resection. Among them, 12 (44%) major pathological responses and seven (26%) pathological complete responses were recorded. The 18-month EFS rate was 74.1% (95% CI 53.2-86.7) in surgical patients and 57.3% (43.0-69.3) in radiotherapy-treated patients. Neoadjuvant SHR-1701 with chemotherapy, followed by surgery or radiotherapy, showed promising efficacy with a tolerable safety profile in unresectable stage III NSCLC. Surgical conversion was feasible in a notable proportion of patients and associated with better survival outcomes.

Effect of composition and architecture on the thermodynamic behavior of AuCu nanoparticles.

The chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials ultimately rely on their crystal structures, chemical compositions and distributions. In this paper, a series of AuCu bimetallic nanoparticles with well-defined architectures and variable compositions has been addressed to explore their thermal stability and thermally driven behavior by molecular dynamics simulations. By combination of energy and Lindemann criteria, the solid-liquid transition and its critical temperature were accurately identified. Meanwhile, atomic diffusion, bond order, and particle morphology were examined to shed light on thermodynamic evolution of the particles. Our results reveal that composition-dependent melting point of AuCu nanoparticles significantly departs from the Vegard's law prediction. Especially, chemically disordered (ordered) alloy nanoparticles exhibited markedly low (high) melting points in comparison with their unary counterparts, which should be attributed to enhancing (decreasing) atomic diffusivity in alloys. Furthermore, core-shell structures and heterostructures demonstrated a mode transition between the ordinary melting and the two-stage melting with varying Au content. AuCu alloyed nanoparticles presented the evolution tendency of chemical ordering from disorder to order before melting and then to disorder during melting. Additionally, as the temperature increases, the shape transformation was observed in AuCu nanoparticles with heterostructure or L10 structure owing to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of elements and/or of crystalline orientations. Our findings advance the fundamental understanding on thermodynamic behavior and stability of metallic nanoparticles, offering theoretical insights for design and application of nanosized particles with tunable properties.

Application and visualization study of an intelligence-assisted classification model for common eye diseases using B-mode ultrasound images.

Aim: Conventional approaches to diagnosing common eye diseases using B-mode ultrasonography are labor-intensive and time-consuming, must requiring expert intervention for accuracy. This study aims to address these challenges by proposing an intelligence-assisted analysis five-classification model for diagnosing common eye diseases using B-mode ultrasound images. Methods: This research utilizes 2064 B-mode ultrasound images of the eye to train a novel model integrating artificial intelligence technology. Results: The ConvNeXt-L model achieved outstanding performance with an accuracy rate of 84.3% and a Kappa value of 80.3%. Across five classifications (no obvious abnormality, vitreous opacity, posterior vitreous detachment, retinal detachment, and choroidal detachment), the model demonstrated sensitivity values of 93.2%, 67.6%, 86.1%, 89.4%, and 81.4%, respectively, and specificity values ranging from 94.6% to 98.1%. F1 scores ranged from 71% to 92%, while AUC values ranged from 89.7% to 97.8%. Conclusion: Among various models compared, the ConvNeXt-L model exhibited superior performance. It effectively categorizes and visualizes pathological changes, providing essential assisted information for ophthalmologists and enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

Advances in artificial intelligence in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), also referred to as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is a medical condition wherein ocular complications arise due to autoimmune thyroid illness. The diagnosis of TAO, reliant on imaging, typical ocular symptoms, and abnormalities in thyroid function or thyroid-associated antibodies, is generally graded and staged. In recent years, Artificial intelligence(AI), particularly deep learning(DL) technology, has gained widespread use in the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases. This paper presents a discussion on specific studies involving AI, specifically DL, in the context of TAO, highlighting their applications in TAO diagnosis, staging, grading, and treatment decisions. Additionally, it addresses certain limitations in AI research on TAO and potential future directions for the field.

Bibliometric analysis of hotspots and trends of global myopia research.

AIM: To gain insights into the global research hotspots and trends of myopia. METHODS: Articles were downloaded from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022 from the Science Core Database website and were mainly statistically analyzed by bibliometrics software. RESULTS: A total of 444 institutions in 87 countries published 4124 articles. Between 2013 and 2022, China had the highest number of publications (n=1865) and the highest H-index (61). Sun Yat-sen University had the highest number of publications (n=229) and the highest H-index (33). Ophthalmology is the main category in related journals. Citations from 2020 to 2022 highlight keywords of options and reference, child health (pediatrics), myopic traction mechanism, public health, and machine learning, which represent research frontiers. CONCLUSION: Myopia has become a hot research field. China and Chinese institutions have the strongest academic influence in the field from 2013 to 2022. The main driver of myopic research is still medical or ophthalmologists. This study highlights the importance of public health in addressing the global rise in myopia, especially its impact on children's health. At present, a unified theoretical system is still needed. Accurate surgical and therapeutic solutions must be proposed for people with different characteristics to manage and intervene refractive errors. In addition, the benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) models are also reflected in disease monitoring and prediction.