Indulgent Parenting and Adolescents' Maladjustments: The Roles of Cultural Context and Parental Gender.

Background/Objectives. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage marked by the exploration of independence and self-identity. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between indulgent parenting (characterized by high responsiveness and low demandingness) and adolescents' maladjustments across emotional, behavioral, and social domains. Methods. Using a cross-cultural sample of high school students from the U.S. (n = 268) and China (n = 189), we tested the hypotheses that indulgent parenting was associated with adolescents' maladjustments, and that such association varied by cultural context (U.S. vs. China) and parental gender. Results. The results from Bayesian structural equation modeling supported the hypotheses, showing significant associations between indulgent parenting and adolescents' maladjustments and differences in the associations across cultures and parental gender. Conclusions. The findings highlighted the need for culturally informed parenting programs to foster healthy adolescent development.

Luciferase-Loaded Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for Persistent Bioluminescence Imaging of Orthotopic Breast Tumors.

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is an important noninvasive optical imaging technique that has been widely used to monitor many biological processes due to its high sensitivity, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio. However, the BLI technique based on the firefly luciferin-luciferase system is limited by the expression of exogenous luciferase and the short half-life of firefly luciferin, which pose challenges for long-term tracking in vivo. To solve the problems, here we rationally designed an intelligent strategy for persistent BLI in tumors by combining luciferase-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles (Luc@CaP NPs) to provide luciferase and the probe Cys(SEt)-Lys-CBT (CKCBT) to slowly produce the luciferase substrate amino luciferin (Am-luciferin). Luc@CaP NPs constructed with CaP as a carrier could enable luciferase activity to be maintained in vivo for at least 12 h. And compared to the conventional substrate luciferin, CKCBT apparently prolonged the BL time by up to 2 h through GSH-induced intracellular self-assembly and subsequent protease degradation-induced release of Am-luciferin. We anticipate that this strategy could be applied for clinical translation in more disease diagnosis and treatment in the near future.

The complete chloroplast genome of Blechnopsis orientalis (Linnaeus) C. Presl 1753 (Blechnaceae).

Blechnopsis orientalis (Linnaeus) C. Presl (1753) is a fern used both as food and medicine. It is found primarily in southern China and Southeast Asia, thriving in warm, humid shrublands or sparse forest. The total length of the chloroplast genome is 155,211 bp, including a large single-copy region (LSC, 81,877 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 21,500 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (IRs, 25,917 bp). The GC content is 41.3%. A total of 131 genes were annotated, including 88 protein-coding genes, eight rRNA genes, and 35 tRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis using the maximum-likelihood method showed that B. orientalis and Oceaniopteris gibba were closely related. This study provides genomic resources for phylogenetic genetics and resource exploitation of B. orientalis.

The complete chloroplast genome of Leonurus sibiricus Linnaeus (Labiatae, Leonurus Miller).

Leonurus sibiricus Linnaeus 1753, an annual or biennial herb found in northern China, Mongolia, and Russia, typically grows in stony, sandy grasslands, and pine forests. This study sequenced and reported the complete chloroplast genome of L. sibiricus for the first time. The entire circular genome measures 151,689 bp in length, with a GC content of 38.4%. A total of 133 genes were annotated, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs. The genome exhibits a typical quadripartite structure, comprising a large single-copy (LSC 82,820 bp) region, a small single-copy (SSC 17,619 bp) region, and a pair of inverted repeat (IR 25,625 bp each) regions. Phylogenetic analysis using the maximum-likelihood method indicates that L. sibiricus is most closely related to L. japonicus Houttuyn. This study provides valuable genomic resources for further research on the phylogenetics and biodiversity of the genus Leonurus.

Amino-Acid-Encoded Supramolecular Nanostructures for Persistent Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor.

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful technique for noninvasive monitoring of biological processes and cell transplantation. Nonetheless, the application of D-luciferin, which is widely employed as a bioluminescent probe, is restricted in long-term in vivo tracking due to its short half-life. This study presents a novel approach using amino acid-encoded building blocks to accumulate and preserve luciferin within tumor cells, through a supramolecular self-assembly strategy. The building block platform called Cys(SEt)-X-CBT (CXCBT, with X representing any amino acid) utilizes a covalent-noncovalent hybrid self-assembly mechanism to generate diverse luciferin-containing nanostructures in tumor cells after glutathione reduction. These nanostructures exhibit efficient tumor-targeted delivery as well as sequence-dependent well-designed morphologies and prolonged bioluminescence performance. Among the selected amino acids (X = Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe), Cys(SEt)-Lys-CBT (CKCBT) exhibits the superior long-lasting bioluminescence signal (up to 72 h) and good biocompatibility. This study demonstrates the potential of amino-acid-encoded supramolecular self-assembly as a convenient and effective method for developing BLI probes for long-term biological tracking and disease imaging.

Exploring the diversity and potential functional characteristics of microbiota associated with different compartments of Schisandra chinensis.

Introduction: Symbiotic microbial have a significant impact on the growth and metabolism of medicinal plants. Schisandra chinensis is a very functionally rich medicinal herb; however, its microbial composition and diversity have been poorly studied. Methods: In the present study, the core microbiomes associated with the rhizospheric soil, roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of S. chinensis from six geographic locations were analyzed by a macro-genomics approach. Results: Alpha and beta diversity analyses showed that the diversity of microbial composition of S. chinensis fruits did not differ significantly among the geographic locations as compared to that in different plant compartments. Principal coordinate analysis showed that the microbial communities of S. chinensis fruits from the different ecological locations were both similar and independent. In all S. chinensis samples, Proteobacteria was the most dominant bacterial phylum, and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most dominant fungal phyla. Nitrospira, Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas, and Pseudomonas were the marker bacterial populations in rhizospheric soils, roots, stems and leaves, and fruits, respectively, and Penicillium, Golubevia, and Cladosporium were the marker fungal populations in the rhizospheric soil and roots, stems and leaves, and fruits, respectively. Functional analyses showed a high abundance of the microbiota mainly in biosynthesis. Discussion: The present study determined the fungal structure of the symbiotic microbiome of S. chinensis, which is crucial for improving the yield and quality of S. chinensis.

Individual and contextual-level predictors of progression in the bystander intervention model.

The situational model of bystander behavior is a validated 5-step process for understanding intervention in bullying and sexual harassment, yet the individual-level and contextual-level factors that facilitate the progression from one step to the next are not well understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether individual characteristics (social-emotional skills, affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and personal attitudes toward bullying and sexual harassment) and contextual-level factors (school climate and perceived peer attitudes toward bullying and sexual harassment) explained the association between subsequent steps of the bystander intervention model. A sample of 788 high school students completed several validated measures of these constructs. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that each step significantly and positively predicted the next step, and the addition of a direct path from accepting responsibility to helping improved model fit. The mediational model indicated that individual-level characteristics had significant direct effects on interpreting bullying and sexual harassment as problems, accepting responsibility, and helping, and indirect effects from noticing the bullying and sexual harassment to all subsequent steps except knowing. In contrast, contextual-level effects contributed to accepting responsibility in an inverse direction.

Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes of Pulsatilla species reveals evolutionary and taxonomic status of newly discovered endangered species Pulsatilla saxatilis.

BACKGROUND: Pulsatilla saxatilis, a new species of the genus Pulsatilla has been discovered. The morphological information of this species has been well described, but its chloroplast genome characteristics and comparison with species of the same genus remain to be reported. RESULTS: Our results showed that the total length of chloroplast (cp.) genome of P. saxatilis is 162,659 bp, with a GC content of 37.5%. The cp. genome contains 134 genes, including 90 known protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. P. saxatilis demonstrated similar characteristics to other species of genus Pulsatilla. Herein, we compared cp. genomes of 10 species, including P. saxatilis, and found that the cp. genomes of the genus Pulsatilla are extremely similar, with a length of 162,322-163,851 bp. Furthermore, The SSRs of Pulsatilla ranged from 10 to 22 bp in length. Among the four structural regions of the cp. genome, most long repeats and SSRs were detected in the LSC region, followed by that in the SSC region, and least in IRA/ IRB regions. The most common types of long repeats were forward and palindromic repeats, followed by reverse repeats, and only a few complementary repeats were found in 10 cp. genomes. We also analyzed nucleotide diversity and identified ccsA_ndhD, rps16_trnK-UUU, ccsA, and rbcL, which could be used as potential molecular markers for identification of Pulsatilla species. The results of the phylogenetic tree constructed by connecting the sequences of high variation regions were consistent with those of the cp. gene phylogenetic tree, and the species more closely related to P. saxatilis was identified as the P. campanella. CONCLUSION: It was determined that the closest species to P. saxatilis is P. campanella, which is the same as the conclusion based on pollen grain characteristics, but different from the P. chinensis determined based on morphological characteristics. By revealing information on the chloroplast characteristics, development, and evolution of the cp. genome and the potential molecular markers, this study provides effective molecular data regarding the evolution, genetic diversity, and species identification of the genus Pulsatilla.

The complete chloroplast genome of Lagochilus ilicifolius Bunge ex Bentham, Labiat. Gen. 1834 (Lamiaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis.

Lagochilus ilicifolius Bunge ex Bentham, Labiat. Gen is a perennial herb with much-branched stems native to Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Gansu, N Shaanxi. It can be used clinically as a hemostatic agent. The chloroplast genome length is 151,466 bp. It contained two inverted repeat regions of 25,660 bp each, a large single-copy region of length 82,504 bp, and a small single-copy region of length 17,642 bp. Also, the GC content is 38.6%. There were 133 genes annotated, including 88 known protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using Bayesian method for plastome data of 29 species. The entire chloroplast genome of L. ilicifolius within the Lamiaceae is the first to reveal genetic taxonomy at the molecular level, and the new phylogenetic tree data can be used for future evolutionary studies.

Psychometric properties of the Youth Self-rated Insomnia Scale (YSIS) in adolescent psychiatric patients.

The 8-item Youth Self-rated Insomnia Scale (YSIS) was developed to assess insomnia severity in the past month among youths. The YSIS has satisfactory psychometric properties in the general adolescent population. This study examined psychometric properties of the YSIS in a large sample of adolescent psychiatric patients. A total of 536 patients aged 10-19 years were consecutively recruited from the outpatient department of Shandong Mental Health Center between December 2021 and March 2022. Patients completed a structured questionnaire consisting of the YSIS scale and questions about sleep duration, nightmares, psychiatric history, depression, psychiatric and sleep medications, and demographics. Patients were diagnosed following the ICD-10 criteria. Of the participants, the mean age was 15.30 years (SD = 1.95), 61.0% were female, 60.9% were diagnosed with mood disorders, 65.7% were on antidepressants, and 49.0% were on anxiolytics or hypnotics. The mean YSIS score was 22.6 (SD = 8.07). Coefficient omega was 0.84. Exploratory factor analysis revealed one factor and two correlated residuals. The YSIS scores were significantly correlated with depression scores (r = 0.68) and significantly increased with sleep onset latency, short sleep duration, nightmare frequency, and sleep medication use. The YSIS demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criteria-related validity in adolescent psychiatric patients. The YSIS appears to be a reliable and valid scale for measuring insomnia severity in adolescent psychiatric patients.

The complete chloroplast genome of Pulsatilla chinensis f. alba D. K. Zang (Ranunculaceae, Pulsatilla Miller).

Pulsatilla chinensis f. alba D. K. Zang 1993 is a forma of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel, the root of P. chinensis is traditional Chinese medicine called Pulsatillae radix. The biggest difference between P. chinensis f. alba and P. chinensis is that P. chinensis f. alba sepals is white. The complete chloroplast genome of P. chinensis f. alba was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq platform for the first time. The lengths of the genome, large single-copy (LSC), small single-copy (SSC), two inverted repeats (IRs), and GC content were 163,654 bp, 82,355 bp, 19,069 bp, 31,115 bp, and 37.2%, respectively. It had 134 genes, including 90 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The maximum-likelihood tree indicated that P. chinensis f. alba had a closer relationship with P. chinensis. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the further study of Pulsatilla plants genetics phylogenetic research.

Bidirectional associations between sleep problems and suicidal thought/attempt in adolescents: A 3-wave data path analysis.

PURPOSE: This longitudinal data analysis examined the bidirectional relationships between sleep problems and suicidal thought (ST)/attempt (SA) in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A total of 6995 adolescents (mean age = 14.86 years and 51.4% males) participated in a 3-wave longitudinal study of behavior and health in Shandong, China. A self-administered questionnaire and standardized scales were used to assess ST, SA, sleep duration, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and behavioral/emotional problems in 2015 (T1), 1 year later (T2), and 2 years later (T3). Path analyses were performed without and with adjustment for covariates, including gender, grade level, chronic diseases, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, anxiety/depressive symptoms, paternal education, and family economic status. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of short sleep (<7 h/night), insomnia symptoms, and daytime sleepiness were 46.9-58.8%, 16.0-19.4%, and 25.1-25.3% at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The rates of past-year ST and SA were 9.1-12.4% and 1.6-2.4% at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Path analyses showed that short sleep, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness predicted subsequent ST, and vice versa. Daytime sleepiness and SA predicted each other 1 year later. Sleep problems and ST/SA in the previous year significantly predicted themselves in the follow-up year. STUDY LIMITATION: All data were based on self-report. CONCLUSION: Short sleep, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness all had bidirectional relationships with ST. Daytime sleepiness and SA were bidirectionally linked. Our findings suggest that interventions should be taken for both night sleep disturbances and daytime sleepiness to prevent suicide. Adverse sleep outcomes in suicidal adolescents should be assessed, which can in turn increase suicide risk.

Life stress and suicidality mediated by insomnia and depressive symptoms in adolescents: a three-wave longitudinal study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Little empirical work has investigated the associations between life stress (LS), insomnia, depression, and suicidality in multi-wave longitudinal studies. With three waves of data collection 1-year apart, this longitudinal study with a large sample of adolescents examined the predicting effects of LS on suicidality 1-year later and 2 years later and the mediating roles of insomnia and depression in the LS-suicidality link. METHODS: A total of 6995 adolescents (mean age = 14.86 years, 51.4% male) participated in a three-wave longitudinal study of behavior and health in Shandong, China. A self-administered structured questionnaire and standardized scales were used to assess suicidality (including suicidal thought [ST], suicide plan [SP], and suicide attempt [SA]), LS, insomnia, and depression in 2015 (T1), 1-year later (T2), and 2 years later (T3). Mediation effects were examined with path models. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rates of past-year suicidality were 13.4% at T1, 10.0% at T2, and 9.5% at T3, respectively. The prevalence rates of suicidality across T1-T3 significantly increased with elevated levels of baseline LS, insomnia, and depression (p < .001). Path models indicated that the relationship between baseline LS and suicidal ideation (i.e., ST/SP) 2 years later was significantly mediated by both insomnia and depression. Depression was also a significant mediator between LS and SA. CONCLUSIONS: LS is a significant predictor of suicidality 1-2 years later in adolescents. Depression mediates the association between LS and suicidal ideation and suicide attempt while insomnia appears to be a mediator for suicidal ideation rather than suicide attempt.

Starting a Romantic Relationship, Breakups, and Sleep: A Longitudinal Study of Chinese Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data on the association between romantic experiences and sleep in adolescents are limited. This study examined the associations of starting a romantic relationship (SRR) and romantic breakups with insomnia symptoms and sleep duration in adolescents. METHODS: A total of 7,072 Chinese adolescents were surveyed in November-December 2015 and 1 year later. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess SRR, romantic breakups, sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, depressive symptoms, substance use, and demographics. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 14.58 (SD = 1.46) years and half were female. SRR only, breakups only, and both (SRR + breakups) in the past year were reported by 7.0%, 8.4%, and 15.4% of the sample, respectively. At the baseline and 1-year follow-up, 15.2% and 14.7% of the sample had insomnia symptoms and 47.7% and 42.1% reported short sleep duration (<7 h/night), respectively. After adjusting for depressive symptoms, substance use, and demographics, SRR and breakups were significantly associated with 35-45% increased odds of insomnia symptoms at baseline. SRR + breakups were significantly associated with short sleep duration (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.05-1.56). SRR (OR = 1.61, 95%CI = 1.16-2.23) and breakups (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.04-1.96) were significantly associated with increased odds of incident insomnia symptoms at 1-year follow-up. These associations were stronger in younger adolescents (<15 years) than in older adolescents (≥15 years), especially in girls. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that SRR and breakups are associated with insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration, underscoring the importance of romantic relationships education and management of romantic stress for healthy sleep especially in early adolescent girls.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Premenstrual Syndrome in Chinese Adolescent Girls.

Epidemiological data on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in Chinese adolescents are limited. This study reported the prevalence and associated factors of PMS in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. A total of 5099 adolescent girls who had menarche participated in the baseline survey of Shandong Adolescent Behavior and Health Cohort study in Shandong, China. A self-administered questionnaire was used to ask about PMS, age at menarche, menstrual cycle interval, menstrual flow length, menstrual regularity, period pain, body weight and height, trait anger, stressful life events, and demographics. The mean age of the sample was 15.19 years (SD = 1.32). The overall prevalence of PMS was 24.6%. The prevalence rates of PMS-anxiety, PMS-water retention, PMS-craving, and PMS-depression were 18.9%, 4.0%, 7.9%, and 11.5%, respectively. The most common symptoms were premenstrual irritability (54%) and fatigue (52.5%). Stepwise logistic regression showed that high levels of life stress (OR 2.26), high levels of trait anger (OR 4.65), alcohol consumption (OR 1.28), menstrual cycle interval ≤ 24 days (OR 1.45), and mild (OR 1.50), moderate (OR 2.57) or severe period pain (OR 4.84) were all significantly associated with increased likelihood of PMS. In conclusion, approximately 1 in 4 Chinese adolescent girls suffered from PMS. Multiple psychosocial and menstrual factors were associated with PMS. Further research is needed to understand developmental changes of PMS and its long-term impacts on psychosocial wellbeing in Chinese adolescent girls.

The complete chloroplast genome of Grewia biloba var. parviflora (Bunge) Hand.-Mazz. (Malvaceae).

Grewia biloba var. parviflora (Bunge) Hand.-Mazz. (1933), a shrub or small tree, is native to northern and southern China. It is an excellent relief and medicinal plant. The complete chloroplast genome is 158,043 bp in length, with a large single-copy region of 86,957 bp, a small single-copy region of 20,138 bp, two inverted repeat regions of 25,474 bp each, and a GC content of 37.4%. There were 129 genes annotated, including 84 known protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs. The phylogenetic trees are constructed using plastome data from 38 species and the maximum-likelihood method. The results of the chloroplast genome-wide analysis and the phylogenetic tree show the taxonomic phylogeny of the G. biloba var. parviflora in relation to other species, increasing the accuracy of the phylogenetic classification of the plant.

The effect of plant compartment and geographical location on shaping microbiome of Pulsatilla chinensis.

The plant-associated microbiome has an effect on plant growth. Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel is an important Chinese medicinal plant. Currently, there is little understanding of the P. chinensis-associated microbiome and its diversity and composition. Here, the core microbiome associated with the root, leaf, and rhizospheric soil compartments of P. chinensis from five geographical locations was analyzed by the metagenomics approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis showed that the microbiome associated with P. chinensis was shaped by the compartment, especially in the bacterial community. The geographical location had little influence on microbial community diversity associated with root and leaf. Hierarchical clustering distinguished the microbial communities of rhizospheric soil based on their geographical location and among the soil properties, pH was showed the more stronger effect on the diversity of rhizospheric soil microbial communities. Proteobacteria was the most dominant bacterial phylum in the root, leaf, and rhizospheric soil. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most dominant fungal phyla in different compartments. Rhizobacter, Anoxybacillus, and IMCC26256 were the most important marker bacterial species for root, leaf, and rhizospheric soil screened by random forest, respectively. The fungal marker species for root, leaf, and rhizospheric soil were not only different across the compartments but also the geographical locations. Functional analysis showed that P. chinensis-associated microbiome had the similar function which had no obvious relationship with geographical location and compartment. The associated microbiome indicated in this study can be used for identifying microorganisms related to the quality and growth of P. chinensis. KEY POINTS: • Microbiome associated with P. chinensis was shaped by the compartment • Microbiome composition and abundance associated with rhizospheric soil were affected by the geographical location • Compared with fungi, bacterial associated with P. chinensis composition and diversity were more stable in different geographical locations and compartments.

The burdock database: a multi-omic database for Arctium lappa, a food and medicinal plant.

BACKGROUND: Burdock is a biennial herb of Asteraceae found in Northern Europe, Eurasia, Siberia, and China. Its mature dry fruits, called Niu Bang Zi, are recorded in various traditional Chinese medicine books. With the development of sequencing technology, the mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes, transcriptome, and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) fingerprints of burdock have all been reported. To make better use of this data for further research and analysis, a burdock database was constructed. RESULTS: This burdock multi-omics database contains two burdock genome datasets, two transcriptome datasets, eight burdock chloroplast genomes, one burdock mitochondrial genome, one A. tomentosum chloroplast genome, one A. tomentosum mitochondrial genome, 26 phenotypes of burdock varieties, burdock rhizosphere-associated microorganisms, and chemical constituents of burdock fruit, pericarp, and kernel at different growth stages (using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The wild and cultivation distribution of burdock in China was summarized, and the main active components and pharmacological effects of burdock currently reported were concluded. The database contains ten central functional modules: Home, Genome, Transcriptome, Jbrowse, Search, Tools, SRAP fingerprints, Associated microorganisms, Chemical, and Publications. Among these, the "Tools" module can be used to perform sequence homology alignment (Blast), multiple sequence alignment analysis (Muscle), homologous protein prediction (Genewise), primer design (Primer), large-scale genome analysis (Lastz), and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses (GO Enrichment and KEGG Enrichment). CONCLUSIONS: The database URL is http://210.22.121.250:41352/ . This burdock database integrates molecular and chemical data to provide a comprehensive information and analysis platform for interested researchers and can be of immense help to the cultivation, breeding, and molecular pharmacognosy research of burdock.

Assessing Essential Unidimensionality of Scales and Structural Coefficient Bias.

Percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC), explained common variance (ECV), and omega hierarchical (ωH) have been used to assess the degree to which a scale is essentially unidimensional and to predict structural coefficient bias when a unidimensional measurement model is fit to multidimensional data. The usefulness of these indices has been investigated in the context of bifactor models with balanced structures. This study extends the examination by focusing on bifactor models with unbalanced structures. The maximum and minimum PUC values given the total number of items and factors were derived. The usefulness of PUC, ECV, and ωH in predicting structural coefficient bias was examined under a variety of structural regression models with bifactor measurement components. Results indicated that the performance of these indices in predicting structural coefficient bias depended on whether the bifactor measurement model had a balanced or unbalanced structure. PUC failed to predict structural coefficient bias when the bifactor model had an unbalanced structure. ECV performed reasonably well, but worse than ωH.