A new modified MR dual precision positioning of thin-slice oblique sagittal fat suppression proton density weighted imaging: its diagnostic accuracy in anterior cruciate ligament injury.

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a new modified MR dual precision positioning of thin-slice oblique sagittal fat suppression proton density-weighted imaging (DPP-TSO-Sag-FS-PDWI) sequence in detecting ACL injuries and its grades compared to standard sequences using arthroscopy as the standard reference. 42 patients enrolled in this retrospective study received the 1.5-T MRI with standard sequences and the new modified DPP-TSO-Sag-FS-PDWI sequence, and their arthroscopy results was recorded. The Mc Nemer-Bowker and weighted Kappa was performed to compare the consistency of MRI diagnosis with arthroscopic results. Finally, the diagnostic accuracy was calculated based on the true positive, true negative, false negative and false positive values. The diagnostic consistency of the DPP-TSO-Sag-FS-PDWI were higher than standard sequences for both reader 1 (K = 0.876 vs. 0.620) and reader 2 (K = 0.833 vs. 0.683) with good diagnostic repeatability (K = 0.794 vs. 0.598). Furthermore, the DPP-TSO-Sag-FS-PDWI can classify and diagnose three grades of ACL injury [the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value were more than 84%], especially for grade II injury as the PPV was superior for reader 1 (92.3% vs. 53.9%) and reader 2 (84.6% vs. 69.2%). The new modified DPP-TSO-Sag-FS-PDWI sequence can display the ACL injury on one or continuous levels by maximizing the acquisition of complete ligament shape and true anatomical images, and excluding the influence of anatomical differences between individuals. It can improve the diagnostic accuracy with good repeatability and classify three grades of the ACL injury.

Correlation of MLH1 and MSH2 levels with clinicopathologic characteristics in colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation of MLH1 and MSH2 expressions with clinicopathologic characteristics in colorectal cancer (CC). METHODS: Clinical data, CC tissue, and paracancerous tissue from 88 patients treated in Baoji City People's Hospital from February 2015 to February 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. The relative expression levels of MLH1 and MSH2 in the tissues were measured with qRT-PCR, and the relationship of MLH1 and MSH2 with the pathological data of patients was analyzed. The value of MLH1 and MSH2 in the diagnosis of clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and degree of differentiation in CC patients was analyzed by receiver operating curve (ROC). Cox regression analysis was applied to identify factors affecting prognosis. RESULTS: The relative expression levels of MLH1 and MSH2 in CC tissue were lower than those in paracancerous tissue (P < 0.001). Tumor node metastasis stage (III + IV), poor differentiation, and lymph node metastasis were significantly increased in patients with low MLH1 and MSH2 expressions (P < 0.05). The levels of MLH1 and MSH2 in CC tissue of patients at stage I with moderately- or well-differentiated non-metastatic disease were higher than those in patients at stage II-IV with poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis, showing a good predictive ability. The 5-year survival rate of patients with low MLH1 and MSH2 expressions was lower as compared to its counterpart (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The low expressions of MSH2 and MLH1 in CC tissue have a correlation with pathological characteristics and survival, so they can be used as auxiliary references for the prognosis in CC patients.

Complete genomic sequences and comparative analysis of two Orf virus isolates from Guizhou Province and Jilin Province, China.

Orf virus (ORFV, species Orf virus) belongs to the typical species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae, which infects sheep, goats, and humans with worldwide distribution. Although outbreaks of Orf have been reported sequentially in several Chinese provinces, the epidemiology of Orf and genetic diversity of ORFV strains still needs to be further characterized. To further reveal the genomic organization of the ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 isolates, the complete genome sequences of two recently obtained ORFV isolates were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing technology and analyzed, which had been deposited in the GenBank database under accession number MN648218 and MN648219, respectively. The complete genomic sequence of ORFV-CL18 was 138,495 bp in length, including 131 potential open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3481 bp at both ends, which has genomic structure typical Parapoxviruses. The overall genomic organization of the fully sequenced genome of ORFV-GZ18 was consistent with ORFV-CL18 genome, with a complete genome size of 138,446 nucleotides, containing 131 ORFs flanked by ITRs of 3469 bp. Additionally, the overall G + C contents of ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 genome sequences were about 63.9% and 63.8%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis showed that both ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 were genetically closely related to ORFV-SY17 derived from sheep. In summary, the complete genomic sequences of ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 are reported, with the hope it will be useful to investigate the host range, geographic distribution, and genetic evolution of the virus in Southern West and Northern East China.

Back-Contact Ionic Compound Engineering Boosting the Efficiency and Stability of Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells.

Surface defect passivation, which plays a vital role in achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in a spin-coating process, is rarely compatible with a printing process. Currently, printing PSCs with high efficiency remains a challenge, as only a few laboratories realized an efficiency of over 20%. In this work, zwitterionic compounds 2-hydroxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (HETACl) and butyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTACl) were introduced, both of which can spontaneously adsorb on the surface perovskite and form an ultrathin passivation layer by a dip coating method. The complex formed by the strong interaction of HETACl with MAI on the surface of the perovskite film leads to the formation of a rough perovskite surface, which affects the enhancement of device performance. BTACl with a chemically inert side chain induces a weak interaction with the perovskite. It is demonstrated that BTACl not only passivates surface defects of the perovskite but also heals the grain boundaries and results in more uniform crystallizations. Finally, PSCs upon BTACl treatment were blade-coated in an ambient environment with a relative humidity of <50%, which produced a champion efficiency of 20.5% with negligible hysteresis, and the active area of the cell device was 0.095 cm2. After being stored in air for 30 days, unencapsulated PSCs treated with BTACl retained 95% of their initial efficiency, which is far superior to that of the control and those treated with HETACl.

Superhydrophilic three-dimensional porous spent coffee ground reduced palladium nanoparticles for efficient catalytic reduction.

The use of functional biodegradable wastes to treat environmental problems would create minimal extra burden to our environment. In this paper, we propose a sustainable and practical strategy to turn spent coffee ground (SCG) into a multifunctional palladium-loaded catalyst for water treatment instead of going into landfill as solid waste. Bleached delignified coffee ground (D-SCG) has a porous structure and a good capability to reduce Pd (II) to Pd (0). A large amount of nanocellulose is formed on the surface of SCG after bleaching by H2O2, which anchors and disperses the palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs). The D-SCG loaded with Pd NPs (Pd-D-SCG) is superhydrophilic, which facilitates water transport and thus promotes efficient removal of organic pollutants dissolved in water. Pd-D-SCG exhibits excellent room temperature catalytic activity for the removal of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methylene blue (MB) in water and shows good chemical stability and recyclability in water, with no obvious decrease even after five repeated cycles.

Effect of the ACY-1 gene on HER2 and TRAIL expression in rectal carcinoma.

The incidence of rectal carcinoma (RC) is increasing and the age at onset of the disease is reducing. Therefore, elucidating the pathogenesis of RC is beneficial for early diagnosis and improving the prognosis. Aminoacylase-1 (ACY-1) is abnormally expressed in various malignant tumor tissues. Furthermore, the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) gene is involved in tumor metastasis and invasion, while tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces tumor cell apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the ACY-1 gene on the expression of HER2 and TRAIL in RC. Cancerous and adjacent tissues from RC patients were collected. ACY-1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The rectal cancer cell lines HT29 and SW620, and normal colorectal mucosal epithelial fetal human cells were cultured in vitro. ACY-1 gene and protein expression levels were tested by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. ACY-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into HT29 and SW620 cells. Cell proliferation was detected by thiazolyl blue MTT assay. Caspase-3 activity was assessed using a commercial kit. HER2 and TRAIL expression levels were determined by western blotting. ACY-1 expression was significantly increased in cancer tissue compared with adjacent tissue (P<0.05). ACY-1 expression was elevated in HT29 and SW620 cells compared with normal colorectal mucosal epithelial cells (P<0.05). ACY-1 siRNA transfected into HT29 cells downregulated its expression, inhibited cell proliferation, enhanced caspase-3 activity, reduced HER2 expression and upregulated TRAIL expression (P<0.05). ACY-1 expression was found to be increased in rectal cancer tissue. Therefore, targeting the ACY-1 gene may regulate HER2 and TRAIL expression levels, and may reduce the occurrence and inhibit the development of rectal cancer.

Stiffness of the extracellular matrix affects apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by regulating the cytoskeleton and activating the TRPV2 channel protein.

It is known that nucleus pulposus cells (NPs) play an important role in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), and a previous study indicated that the stiffness of NP tissue changes during the degeneration process. However, the mechanism underlying the cellular response to ECM stiffness is still unclear. To analyze the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) with different degrees of stiffness on NPs, we prepared polyacrylamide (PA) gels with different elastic moduli, and cells grown under different stiffness conditions were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that the spreading morphology of NPs changed significantly under increased ECM elastic modulus conditions and that TRPV2 and the PI3K / AKT signaling pathway were activated by stiffer ECM. At the same time, mitochondria released cytochrome c (Cyt c) and activated caspase proteins to promote the apoptosis of NPs. After TRPV2 was specifically knocked out, the activation of the PI3K / AKT signaling pathway decreased, and the release of Cyt c and NP apoptosis were reduced. These results indicate that TRPV2 is closely linked to the detection of extracellular mechanical signals, and that conversion of mechanical and biological signals plays an important role in regulating the biological behavior of cells. This study offers a new perspective on the cellular and biochemical events underlying IVDD which could result in novel treatments.

Bone Mineral Density and Related Scores in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common degenerative neurologic disorder in older adults, and increasing attention has been paid to bone health in PD. Although several studies have shown that patients with PD have a lower bone mineral density (BMD) than do non-PD controls, there have been no systematic reviews in recent years. METHODS: PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science were used to search relevant studies up to May 2020. BMD, BMD T score, and BMD Z score of patients with and without PD were statistically analyzed. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager version 5.3. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 17 studies comprising 10,289 individuals. In the meta-analysis, adults with PD had lower total body, total hip, total radius, lumbar spine, total femur, femur neck, right-hand, and left-hand BMD than did non-PD controls. The T score of total body BMD, total hip BMD, total radius BMD, lumbar spine BMD, L1-L4 spine BMD, total femur BMD, and femur neck BMD in adults with PD were lower than those in non-PD controls. Futhermore, the Z score of total body BMD, total hip BMD, total radius BMD, lumbar spine BMD, L1-L4 spine BMD, and femur neck BMD was lower in adults with PD than in non-PD controls. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PD had a lower BMD, BMD T score, and BMD Z score compared with non-PD controls. Therefore, clinicians should routinely monitor BMD of patients with PD to prevent falling and fragility fractures in older adults and optimize BMD before surgical treatment of severe spinal deformity caused by PD.

Facile Approach to Develop Hierarchical Roughness fiber@SiO2 Blocks for Superhydrophobic Paper.

Papers with nanoscaled surface roughness and hydrophobically modification have been widely used in daily life. However, the relatively complex preparation process, high costs and harmful compounds have largely limited their applications. This research aims to fabricate superhydrophobic papers with low cost and nontoxic materials. The surface of cellulose fibers was initially coated with a film of SiO2 nanoparticles via sol-gel process. After papermaking and subsequent modification with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane through a simple solution-immersion process, the paper showed excellent superhydrophobic properties, with water contact angles (WCA) larger than 150°. Moreover, the prepared paper also showed superior mechanical durability against 10 times of deformation. The whole preparation process was carried out in a mild environment, with no intricate instruments or toxic chemicals, which has the potential of large-scale industrial production and application.

Correction to: Sam68 Promotes Invasion, Migration, and Proliferation of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes by Enhancing the NF-κB/P65 Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Unfortunately the author name, Rongqing Qin, was wrongly spelt as Rongqin Qin in the original version. It has been updated and the complete corrected author group is given below.

Runx2 was Correlated with Neurite Outgrowth and Schwann Cell Differentiation, Migration After Sciatic Nerve Crush.

Runx2, also known as Cbfa1, is a multifunctional transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation. It also plays major roles in chondrocyte maturation, mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, cleidocranial dysplasia, and the growth and metastasis of tumors. The present study was performed to investigate the functions of Runx2 in the differentiation and migration of Schwann cells and outgrowth of neurites after peripheral nervous system injury. In a model of sciatic nerve crush (SNC) injury, we found a gradual increase in the expression of Runx2, which reached a peak after 1 week. Immunofluorescence revealed increased expression of Runx2 in Schwann cells and axons after SNC injury. Runx2 and Oct-6 expression trends were consistent with each other in western blotting, and colocalization of Runx2 and Oct-6 was observed in immunofluorescence. In vitro, Runx2 promoted Schwann cell differentiation by activation of the Akt-GSK3ß signaling pathway. In addition, Runx2 promoted the migration of Schwann cells and outgrowth of neurites. These findings suggest that Runx2 may be involved in neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell differentiation and migration after sciatic nerve injury.

Foxc1 promotes the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis via PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.

Forkhead box c1 (Foxc1) is a vital member of the Fox family of transcription factors which play important roles in numerous biological processes including metabolism, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and longevity. However, up to date, the role of Foxc1 in the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the markedly higher expression of Foxc1 was observed in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) of RA compared to control. Besides, we found that Foxc1 had a co-localization with THY1 (a marker for fibroblast-like synoviocytes). Moreover, during the process of TNF-α-induced inflammatory response model, Foxc1 was progressively accumulated in FLSs which was in parallel with MMP-1, MMP-13. Consistently, cell inflammatory response was distinctly hindered by small interfering RNA. Even more importantly, we discovered that Foxc1 promoted cell proliferation by upregulation PI3K/AKT signaling, which was inflammation-dependent. In summary, these data implied that Foxc1 might regulates fibroblast-like synoviocytes proliferation by reducing PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and all above findings provide novel therapeutic effects in the treatment for RA patients.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF146 promotes colorectal cancer by activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway via ubiquitination of Axin1.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase ring finger protein 146 (RNF146) has been implicated in tumor development. However, the role and clinical significance of RNF146 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. In this study, we reported for the first time that RNF146 was upregulated in CRC tissues as well as in cell lines. Further, RNF146 expression was independent prognostic factor for poor outcome of CRC patients. RNF146 knockdown in cell lines inhibited cell growth, promoted cell apoptosis in vitro and suppressed colorectal tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that RNF146 exerted oncogenic role through ubiquitination of Axin1 to activate ß-catenin signaling. In addition, RNF146 expression was positively correlated with ß-catenin expression in CRC tissues. Collectively, our data suggest that RNF146 might function as a oncogene in human CRC, and represent a promising prognostic factor and a valuable therapeutic target for CRC.

Sam68 Promotes Invasion, Migration, and Proliferation of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes by Enhancing the NF-κB/P65 Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Src-associated substrate during mitosis of 68 KDa (Sam68), also known as KH domain containing, RNA binding, signal transduction associated 1 (KHDRBS1), is the prototypic member of the signal transduction activator of RNA (STAR) family of RNA-binding proteins. Previous studies have indicated that Sam68 regulates nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) to mediate inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the effect and possible mechanisms of Sam68 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). By western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, we found that the expression of Sam68 in synovial tissue of RA patients was increased compared with the control group. Immunoflourescent staining demonstrated that Sam68 co-localized with fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) of RA patients. Additionally, the expression of Sam68 in FLS was increased by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation, in a time-dependent manner. Upon TNF-α treatment, Sam68 translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it interacted with the p65 subunit of NF-κB, as examined by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining assay. Furthermore, inhibiting the expression of Sam68 by siRNA significantly suppressed the TNF-α-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion, and markedly decreased the phosphorylation of P65 and IκBα in FLS. Collectively, our findings suggested that Sam68 contributed to the production of inflammatory cytokines, proliferation, migration, and invasion of RA FLS through the NF-κB P65 signal transduction pathway and underscored the importance of Sam68 in the inflammation process of RA.

Up-Regulation of Cdc37 Contributes to Schwann Cell Proliferation and Migration After Sciatic Nerve Crush.

Cell division cycle protein 37 (Cdc37), a molecular chaperone takes part in a series of cellular processes including cell signal transduction, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, cell motility, oncogenesis and malignant progression. It can not only recruit immature protein kinases to HSP90 but also work alone. Cdc37 was reported to be associated with neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, axon guidance and myelination. However, the roles of Cdc37 on Schwann cells (SC) after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) remain unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of Cdc37 increased and reached the peak at 1 week after sciatic nerve crush (SNC), which was consistent with that of proliferation cell nuclear antigen. Immunofluorescence verified that Cdc37 co-localized with SC in vivo and in vitro. Intriguingly, Cdc37 protein level was potentiated in the model of TNF-α-induced SC proliferation. Moreover, we found that Cdc37 silencing impaired proliferation of SC in vitro. Moreover, Cdc37 suppression attenuated kinase signaling pathways of Raf-ERK and PI3K/AKT which are crucial cell signaling for SC proliferation. Finally, we found that Cdc37 silencing inhibited SC migration in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the way Cdc37 contributed to SC proliferation is likely via activating kinase signaling pathways of Raf-ERK and PI3K/AKT, and CDC37 was also involved in SC migration after SNC.

Upregulated Expression of TRIM32 Is Involved in Schwann Cell Differentiation, Migration and Neurite Outgrowth After Sciatic Nerve Crush.

Tripartite motif containing 32 (TRIM32), a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family, plays an indispensable role in myoblast proliferation. It also regulates neuron and skeletal muscle stem cell differentiation. Although it is of great importance, we know little about the roles of TRIM32 during peripheral nervous system injury. Here, we examined the dynamic changes of TRIM32 in acute sciatic nerve crush (SNC) model. After crush, TRIM32 rapidly increased and reached the climax at 1 week but then gradually declined to the normal level at 4 weeks post-injury. Meanwhile, we observed similar changes of Oct-6. What is more, we found co-localization of TRIM32 with S100 and Oct-6 in 1-week-injured tissues using double immunofluorescent staining. In further vitro experiments, enhancive expression of TRIM32 was detected during the process of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-induced Schwann cell differentiation and nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced PC12 cell neurite outgrowth. More interestingly, specific si-TRIM32-transfected RSC96 cells exhibited obvious reduction in the ability of migration. Taken together, we inferred that upregulated TRIM32 was not only involved in the differentiation and migration of Schwann cells but the neurite elongation after SNC.

Dixdc1 targets CyclinD1 and p21 via PI3K pathway activation to promote Schwann cell proliferation after sciatic nerve crush.

Dixdc1 (DIX domain containing-1), the mammalian homolog of Ccd1 (Coiled-coil-Dishevelled-Axin1), is a protein containing a coiled-coil domain and a Dishevelled-Axin (DIX) domain. As a novel component of the Wnt pathway, Dixdc1 has been reported to be able to promote neural progenitor proliferation and neuronal differentiation via Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. But there still remains something unknown about Dixdc1 distribution and functions in the lesion and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), so we tried to investigate dynamic changes of Dixdc1 expression in a rat sciatic nerve crush (SNC) model in this study. First of all, we detected SNC-induced increased levels of Dixdc1 in Schwann cells and interestingly identified parallel expression of PCNA (proliferation cell nuclear antigen) with Dixdc1. Besides, we observed up-regulated Dixdc1 during the process of TNF-α-induced Schwann cell proliferation. Also, we discovered that Dixdc1 could promote G1-S phase transition accompanied with the up-regulation of CyclinD1 and down-regulation of p21. More importantly, enhanced effects of Dixdc1 on cell proliferation were confirmed to be associated with PI3K activation. Not only blocking of the PI3K but Dixdc1 knockdown led to significantly decreased ability for proliferation, as well as down-regulation of CyclinD1 and up-regulation of p21. In summary, these data demonstrated that Dixdc1 might participate in Schwann cell proliferation by targeting CyclinD1 and p21 at least partially through the PI3K/AKT activation.

The importin protein karyopherin-ß1 regulates the mice fibroblast-like synoviocytes inflammation via facilitating nucleus transportation of STAT3 transcription factor.

Karyopherin-ß1 (KPNB1) which is an adaptor protein which transports several proteins to the nucleus. We study the functions and possible mechanisms of KPNB1 in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Western blotting and immunohistochemistry shows the protein expression of KPNB1 is increased in synovial tissue of CIA mice compared with the controls. Double immunofluorescent staining suggests that KPNB1 is expressed in CIA mice fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Moreover, the expression of KPNB1 in FLS is upregulated in time-dependent manner by IL-1ß stimulation. Both immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining assay reveals the interaction between KPNB1 and STAT3 and their translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus in IL-1ß-treated FLS. Furthermore, suppression of KPNB1 inhibits IL-1ß-induced the nucleus expression of STAT3 in FLS and decreases the expression of IL-6 and MMP-1, leading to attenuation of FLS invasion. Finally, the transport function of KPNB1 is depended on KPNA2. Therefore, we infer that KPNB1 may play a key role in the inflammation process of RA via STAT3 signal transduction pathway.

[Ultrasound assisted the enzymolysis of ginsenosides to prepare pare ginseng saponin Compound K].

To prepare ginseng saponin Compound K with ultrasound-assisted total zymolytic ginseng saponins. The conversion rate was taken as the index to detect the pre-treatment factors such as ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time, as well as the impact of enzymatic factors, such as pH value, temperature, concentration of substrate, dosage of enzyme and reaction time, on the conversion rate. The response surface method was used to optimize the preparation conditions. The enzymolytic products were identified with MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The results showed that the optimum conditions of the ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis were 250 W for ultrasonic power, 15 min for ultrasonic time, 5.5 for enzymolytic pH, 50 degrees C for enzymolytic temperature, 36 h for enzymolytic time, 4:5 for enzymolytic dosage: substrate and 1.0 g x L(-1) for concentration of substrate. The relative molecular mass of reaction products was 622.4. Therefore, the nuclear magnetic map verified that the reaction product was rare ginseng saponin Compound K. Under the above conditions, based on the total zymolytic ginseng saponins, the conversion rate of rare ginseng saponin Compound K was 6.91% in proportion to the total of ginsenosides. The process features gentle reaction conditions, high conversion rate and simple and reliable process, which is suitable for industrial production.

[Study on preparation and in vitro characteristics of ginsenoside Rg3 binary solid dispersion].

With low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 as the joint carriers, ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method for an in vitro dissolution test. Subsequently, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (X-RD) were adopted for a phase analysis. The results showed that the 60 min in vitro cumulative dissolution rate of ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions prepared with low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 at the ratio of 2:1 exceeded 90%, and the drug was dispersed in carriers in an amorphous state. Therefore, ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions prepared with low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 could help significantly improve the drug dissolution, with a practical application value.