Unilateral Compressive Peroneal Neuropathy in Intensive Care Settings During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Series of Three Cases.

Peroneal nerve entrapment, typically associated with behaviors like cross-legged sitting or squatting, can also occur from extended periods of lying down where the lower limbs usually assume a position of hip external rotation and knee flexion. In such positions, the fibular head's prominence can exert sustained pressure on the peroneal nerve. We report three cases of unilateral peroneal neuropathy in intensive care unit (ICU) patients during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, highlighting the possible role of prolonged supine or lateral decubitus positions in the development of this condition. Electrophysiological studies confirmed peroneal nerve palsy in all cases, with two patients achieving full recovery, while the third required a permanent ankle foot orthosis for mobility due to a lack of neurological recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged ideal nursing care, including in ICU settings, leading to suboptimal nursing care standards and compromised frequent positioning regimes.

Morbid hunger and hyperphagia post-traumatic brain injury in a young male: good prognosis with escitalopram and multidisciplinary rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: Morbid hunger and hyperphagia (MHH) is a rare neurological disorder that can manifest following damage to the right frontal and temporal lobes. It can lead to detrimental short and long-term complications such as electrolyte imbalances, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. This report details the case of a young male patient who developed MHH five months post-traumatic brain injury. METHOD: Single-case report. The patient exhibited colossal appetite, overeating, food-demanding behavior, and rapid weight gain. The prescription of quetiapine to manage his visual and auditory hallucinations was suspected of exacerbating the hyperphagia. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach was implemented, encompassing a meticulous dietary regime, environmental modifications, behavioral management, physical activities, therapeutic exercises, and pharmacological interventions, which included switching the anti-psychotics and introducing low-dose escitalopram. RESULTS: Over the course of 6 months, the MHH gradually subsided, and the patient achieved the target bodyweight. The Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended improved from 3 to 5. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on the use of escitalopram to manage secondary eating disorders. Our findings underscore the necessity to formally catalog and recognize disorders like MHH in diagnostic classifications to facilitate the systematic study of their pathophysiology, natural history, prognosis, and management strategies.

Pectoralis Major Tendon Rupture in a Spastic Hemiplegic Shoulder: A Complication of Home Stretching Pulley System.

ABSTRACT: Pectoralis major injuries are uncommon, typically affecting young male athletes engaging in high-intensity activities like weightlifting. A 62-yr-old man, who previously suffered a stroke leading to left hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, and spasticity, exhibited a left chest swelling during a rehabilitation clinic visit. Subsequent inquiries revealed his recent incorporation of a home-based pulley system for stretching exercises. On examination, the swelling was diffuse, firm, and nontender, located at the midclavicular line of his left chest, with a positive dropped nipple sign and loss of the left anterior axillary fold sign. An ultrasound confirmed a low-grade injury to the left pectoralis major tendon. Spastic muscle ruptures are extremely rare, with only three published reports linked to traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Spasticity increases muscle vulnerability due to structural and mechanical changes to the skeletal muscles. This is the first report of a spastic pectoralis major tendon rupture and the first after a stroke. This case highlights the need for optimized multimodal spasticity management and reinforces the importance of comprehensive patient education on the safe execution of home-based stretching exercises.

Facilitation of neurological recovery in a complete spinal cord injury with NeuroAiD: case report.

INTRODUCTION: NeuroAiD (MLC601 & MLC901)'s neuroprotective capabilities include limiting exaggerated calcium influx, decreasing excitotoxicity, reducing oxidative stress, and preventing glutamate-induced cell death. It has also been shown to facilitate synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity. However, its clinical efficacy has primarily been studied in the context of brain injuries, particularly stroke. NeuroAiD's potential application in SCI remains largely untapped. CASE PRESENTATION: A 34-year-old male presented with C4 complete tetraplegia. Following surgical decompression and initial inpatient rehabilitation, he started consuming MLC901 two capsules three times daily at month 4 post injury for 6 months. He regained considerable neurological recovery following the supplementation. Apart from the improvement in the neurological level of injury, the patient exhibited motor recovery beyond the initial zone of partial preservation up to 24 months post injury. DISCUSSION: Our findings align with a recent animal study demonstrating MLC901's potential to downregulate Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), a molecule known to increase vascular permeability and exacerbate tissue edema and infarction. In another animal study involving stroke-affected mice, MLC901 demonstrates the ability to promote neurological recovery by regulating the expression of proteins mediating angiogenesis, such as hypoxic inducible factor 1α, erythropoietin, angiopoietins 1 and 2, as well as VEGF. The anecdotal findings from this case report offer preliminary insights into NeuroAiD's potential in facilitating recovery during post-acute and chronic phases of severe SCI, necessitating further exploration.

A report on neurogenic bladder in COVID-19 vaccine-associated acute transverse myelitis.

INTRODUCTION: Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a rare neurological complication of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines. Various vaccines have been linked to ATM, such as non-replicating viral vectors, ribonucleic acid, and inactivated vaccines. An ATM case is presented here involving the BNT162b2 vaccine leading to asymmetrical incomplete paraplegia and neurogenic bladder. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old male developed urinary retention one day after his second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, followed by rapidly progressing lower limb weakness. Clinical examination showed asymmetrical paraparesis, reduced sensation below the T8 level, including perianal sensation, and loss of ankle and anal reflexes. Laboratory tests were largely unremarkable, while the spine MRI revealed thickened conus medullaris with a mild increase in T2/STIR signal intensity and subtle enhancement post gadolinium. Following treatment with methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, and immunoglobulin, and a rehabilitation program, the patient achieved good motor and sensory recovery, but the bladder dysfunction persisted. Single-channel cystometry indicated neurogenic detrusor underactivity and reduced bladder sensation, as evidenced by low-pressure and compliant bladder. The urethral sphincter appeared intact or overactive. The post-void residual urine was significant, necessitating prolonged intermittent catheterisation. DISCUSSION: Bladder dysfunction due to the COVID-19 vaccine-associated ATM is not as commonly reported as motor or sensory deficits. To our knowledge, this is the first case to highlight a neurogenic bladder that necessitates prolonged intermittent catheterisation as a consequence of COVID-19 vaccine-associated ATM. This report highlights the rare complication of the neurogenic bladder resulting from the BNT162b2 vaccine. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications.

Clinical presentation of post-COVID pain and its impact on quality of life in long COVID patients: a cross-sectional household survey of SARS-CoV-2 cases in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Pain is one of the prevalent Long COVID Symptoms (LCS). Pain interferes with the quality of life (QoL) and induces disease burden. PURPOSE: The study aimed to elicit the clinical presentation of pain and determine the relationships between QoL and pain in LCS. METHODS: This household cross-sectional study of 12,925 SARS-CoV-2 cases between July and December 2021 was carried out in eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Stratified random sampling from the cases retrieved from the Ministry of Health was employed. Symptom screening was performed through COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale, and long COVID was diagnosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS (Version 20.00). RESULTS: The prevalence of pain in long COVID was between 01 and 3.1% in the studied population. The study also found five categories of pain symptoms as LCS in Bangladesh: muscle pain 3.1% (95% CI; 2.4-3.8), chest pain 2.4% (95% CI; 1.8-3.1), joint pain 2.8% (95% CI; 2.2-2.3), headache 3.1% (95% CI; 2.4-3.8), and abdominal pain 0.3% (95% CI; 0.01-0.5). People with LCS as pain, multiple LCS, and longer duration of LCS had significantly lower quality of life across all domains of the WHOQOL-BREF (P < 0.001) compared to asymptomatic cases. CONCLUSION: Three out of ten people with long COVID experience painful symptoms, which can significantly reduce their quality of life. Comprehensive rehabilitation can improve the symptoms and reduce the burden of the disease.

Factors associated with sports participation amongst people with spinal cord injury in a Malaysian tertiary hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that are associated with sports participation following spinal cord injury (SCI). STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Spinal Rehabilitation outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one sports participants (SP) and thirty-four non-sports participants (NSP) (N = 65) met the following inclusion criteria; chronic SCI more than one year, age between 18 and 50 years, both traumatic and non-traumatic SCI at C5 level and below, complete or incomplete SCI (AIS A-D) and mobilizing with either manual or motorized wheelchair independently. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were performed with a 22-item self-constructed questionnaire which contained four domains of variables; socio-demographic, SCI-related, environmental and sports-related factors. Data collection was done between June 2017 and May 2018. RESULTS: Traumatic SCI, pre-injury interest in sports, pre-injury sports participation, ability to drive own vehicles, and being employed were significantly associated with sports participation post-SCI (p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression revealed traumatic SCI (p = 0.012, OR 34.70, CI 2.21-545.90) and pre-injury interest in sports (p = 0.046, OR 29.10, CI 1.06-798.95) to be independent predictors of sports participation post-SCI. CONCLUSION: Traumatic SCI and pre-injury interest in sports were predictors of sports participation post-SCI. Pre-injury sports participation, being employed, and the ability to drive own vehicles were positively associated with sports participation. Findings from this study suggest a few crucial differences in facilitators and barriers to sports participation in Malaysia compared to other countries.

Case Report: Callosal disconnection syndrome manifesting as mixed frontal-callosal-posterior alien hand syndrome following extensive corpus callosum infarct.

Alien hand syndrome (AHS) is a rare neurological phenomenon first described by Van Vleuten over a century ago. The most widely recognized variants in literature are frontal, callosal, and posterior AHS. AHS due to the corpus callosum lesion can occur alone or as part of callosal disconnection syndrome (CDS). This report presents a unique CDS case manifesting clinical features from all three AHS variants, resulting from an extensive corpus callosum infarct. Our patient exhibited various clinical features from the three AHS variants, which include grasping, groping, and difficulty releasing objects from the hand (anterior); intermanual conflict (callosal); arm levitation, mild hemiparesis, and hemisensory loss (posterior). Additionally, the extensive disruption of the corpus callosal fibers produced neurological manifestations of CDS, such as cognitive impairment, ideomotor and constructional apraxia, behavioral disorder, and transcortical motor aphasia. We employed a range of rehabilitation interventions, such as mirror box therapy, limb restraint strategy, verbal cue training, cognitive behavioral therapy, bimanual hand training, speech and language therapy, and pharmacological treatment with clonazepam. The patient showed almost complete resolution of CDS and AHS features by nine months post-stroke Our case report highlights distinctive clinical variations of AHS and the challenging correlation between clinical manifestations and neuroanatomical substrates. Future studies are necessary to explore the intricate neural connections and the precise function of the corpus callosum. This can be achieved by combining comprehensive neuropsychological testing with diffusion tensor tractography studies. It is also essential to develop a validated tool to standardize AHS assessment. Finally, the scarcity of evidence in rehabilitation interventions necessitates further studies to address the wide knowledge gap in AHS and CDS management.