Antoni Christian Bryk (1820-1881) - professor of forensic medicine at Jagiellonian University (1852-1860), and director of the surgical clinic of Jagiellonian University in Cracow (1860-1881).

scientific discipline. In the 19th century two milestones revolutionised surgery: the development of narcosis, which enabled painless surgery, and the introduction of antisepsis and asepsis. The author presents the beginnings of academic surgery in Cracow. Its pioneer surgeons are presented. Extensive research was undertaken to collect the literature and documents in Polish, Austrian and German archives and libraries in order to prepare this study. Biographical details of the director of the Surgical Clinic, Prof. Antoni Bryk, are provided. He was the first person in Poland to introduce antisepsis and galvanocautery as routine procedures in the Cracow Clinic. The introduction of antisepsis contributed to a reduction in infection during surgery, and a reduction in postoperative mortality in Cracow Surgical Clinic. In this way Professor Bryk became the first Polish surgeon to apply Lister's antiseptic method in the treatment of wounds. Thus enlarged, the scope of surgery for intracranial, bone and other procedures became routine. Surgery is the oldest discipline in medicine. Poland's first university chair of surgery was established in the 18th century. Surgery, which until then had been the domain of barbers and bath house attendants, became a clinical,

History of education in medicine and surgery, first hospitals development of urology in danzig/Gdansk.

The aim of the study is to present the development of hospital services and the teaching of medicine, and the development of urology in Danzig (Gdanisk). Well known Danzig surgeons who were interested in surgery of the genitourinary system are also presented. The beginning of urological surgery and its development within the framework of the department of surgery and as an independent facility at the Medical Academy of Gdafisk in the post-war period is also described. Extensive research was undertaken for the collection of literature and documents in German and Polish archives and libraries in order to prepare this study. The history of hospitals in Danzig goes back to the arrival of the Teutonic Knights in 1308. The earliest institution, according to historical sources, was the Hospital of the Holy Spirit, built in the years 1310-1311. It was run by the Hospitalet Order until 1382, and was intended for the sick, elderly and disabled people, orphans and needy pilgrim, and the poor. Later centuries saw the further development of hospital services in Danzig. In the 19th century, the city's increas ing population, the development of the sciences, and rapid advances in medicine subsequently led to the establishment of three more hospitals in Gdafisk: The Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynaecological Disease (1819), the Holy Virgin Hospital (1852), and the Evangelical Hospital of Deaconess Sisters (1857), in addition to the old Municipal Hospital. In 1911, new modern buildings of Municipal Hospital in Danzig were finished. On the basis of the Municipal Hospi- tal, the Academy of Practical Medicine was established in 1935. It was known under the name Staatliche Akademie fiir Praktische Medizin in the Free City of Danzig. Five years later (in 1940) the Academy was developed and changed to the Medical Academy of Danzig (Medizinische Akad- emie Danzig - MAD). The beginning of medical teaching at the middle level in Danzig (Gdafsk) dates back to the 16th century. It had its origins in the Chair of Anatomy and Medicine at Danzig Academic Gymnasium (GA; Sive Illustre), an establishment which lasted for 239 years, from 1584 to 1812. The history of surgery in Danzig has its roots in the centuries-old tradition of the medical practice of surgeons who were associated in the Surgeons Guild, teaching, as well medical and scientific research. The Surgeons Guild existed in Danzig from 1454 to 1820. Over the centuries manual intervention was also in the hands of academically uneducated persons such as bath house attendants, barbers, and wandering surgeons. Until the end of 1946 there was no separate urology department in Danzig. Urological surgery was in the hands of surgeons. Interventions and operations on genitourinary organs were carried out, more or less, in all surgical departments. The end of World War II created a new political situation in Europe. Danzig (now Gdafisk) and Pomerania became part of Poland. In 1945, on the basis of the former MAD, the Polish Government established the Polish Academy of Physicians, later renamed the Medical Academy in Gdafisk (Gdafiska Akademia Medyczna - GAM). In 2009, GAM was again renamed, as the Medical University of Gdafisk (Gdaiski Uniwersytet Medyczny). The political changes after World War II accelerated the process of the separation of urology from surgery. In May 1947, a 30-bed Urological Ward was opened in Gdanisk, in Debinki Street, forming part of the First Surgical Clinic of the Academy of Physicians (headed by Prof. Kornel Michejda, 1887-1960, later by Prof. Stanislaw Nowicki, 1893-1972, and lastly by Prof. Zdzislaw Kieturakis, 1904-1971). The first head doctor of the new urological ward was Dr. Tadeusz L$renz (1906-1986), a urologist from Lvov (Lemberg). After the departure of Professor Lorenz to Wrodclaw (Breslau) in 1958, Dr. Jan Renkielski was acting as Head of the Urological Ward until 1971. In 1971 the ward was transformed to the separate Department of Urology. Docent ("lecturer"), and later Professor, Kazimierz Adamkiewicz from Zabrze (Hindenburg) became its Head. Professor Adamkiewicz organized and equipped the Department, leading it quickly to the level of modern departments in the areas of research, teaching, and therapy. During Professor Adamkiewicz's ill- ness, and after his retirement in 1988, Docent Kazimierz Krajka, Later Professor) headed the urological department until his retirement in 2012. Since 1 October 2012, Associate Professor (Docent) Marcin Matuszewski (*1965) has been the head of the Department of Urology in Gdanisk.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE, SURGERY AND UROLOGY IN BRESLAU/WROCLAW.

The development of medicine in Breslau from the 14th century has been described and its famous physicians, above all Silesians, are introduced. The aim of the study is to present the development history of hospital services and the teaching of medicine, and also the development of urology in Breslau. Well known Breslau surgeons who were interested in surgery of the genitourinary system are also presented. The aim of the study is to present a brief history of Breslau medicine and surgery from its beginning to the end of World War II. The development of urology and its separation from surgery after World War II is also briefly described. Professor Florian Nowacki, Breslaus's first urologist, is also introduced. Extensive research was undertaken for the collection of literature and documents in German and Polish archives and libraries to prepare this study.

History of urology in Iwów (Lemberg, Lviv). the impact of political changes on progress in urology and medicine.

Innovations in diagnostic techniques due to the introduction of endoscopy, and the development in X-ray technology were fundamental in lessening dependence on surgery, and for urology to be recognised as a new discipline. Afterwards, endoscopic surgery came to the fore. Urology in Lemberg, The aim of the study is to present the development of urology in Lemberg as an independent speciality, and its separation from surgery. Well-known Lemberg surgeons who were interested in surgery of the genitourinary system are discussed. The beginning of urology and its development within the framework of surgical departments, and as an independent facility in the interwar period is described. The fate of the Polish department of urology during the interwar period and the World War II is also presented. The development of Ukrainian urology after the World War II is also described. Extensive research was undertaken to collect the literature and documents in Polish and German archives and libraries in order to prepare this study. The author also presents the leading Ukrainian urologists who contributed from the post war period to the last 22 years of free Ukraine (from December 1991), and discusses the development of modern urology in Lviv today.

The tuberculosis hospital in Hohenkrug, Stettin. Department of Genitourinary Tuberculosis.

Towards the end of the 19th century, Europe turned particular attention to the problem of tuberculosis, at that time the most serious social disease. In the majority of cases, pulmonary tuberculosis had a fatal outcome owing to the lack of effective drugs and methods of treatment. Due to poor sanitary conditions, particularly as regards dwellings, pulmonary tuberculosis was able to spread rapidly. Hospital departments were reluctant to admit patients suffering from tuberculosis. It was only after the discoveries of Robert Koch (bacillus tubercle in 1882) that the cause of the disease became understood and methods of treatment began to be developed. A modern sanatorium and hospital with 270 beds was erected in Hohenkrug (today Szczecin-Zdunowo) between 1915 and 1930. Patients could now be treated with modern methods, surgically in most cases. After the Second World War, pulmonary tuberculosis was still an enormous epidemiologic problem. In 1949, the Polish authorities opened a 400-bed sanatoriumin Zdunowo. The methods of treatment were not much different from pre-war practice and it was only the routine introduction of antituberculotic drugs during the fifties of the past century that brought about a radical change in the fight against tuberculosis. The growing numbers of patients with tuberculosis of the genitourinary system led to the opening in 1958 of a 40-bed specialist ward at the Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Zdunowo. It should be emphasized that the Department of Genitourinary Tuberculosis in Szczecin-Zdunowo was a historical necessity and a salvation for thousands of patients from Northern Poland. The Department totally fulfilled its social duties thanks to the commitment of many outstanding persons dedicated to helping the patients. This unit was finally closed in 1987 because the demand for surgical treatment of tuberculosis was declining concurrently with the advent of new and potent antituberculotics and falling number of new cases of genitourinary tuberculosis. Today, the decision to close the Department of Genitourinary Tuberculosis is deeply regretted by urologists in Stettin.

Urology in Stettin (Szczecin). The impact of political changes on progress in urology and medicine.

The history of modern hospitals in Stettin is about 280 years long. The history of urology in Stettin (Szczecin), like in Europe, is closely associated with the construction of the useful cystoscope, discovery of X-rays, and progress in radiology and endoscopy. In Stettin, like in many other cities, patients with urological diseases were treated at departments of surgery or departments of internal medicine. On March 1It, 1919, a specialized urology ward with 27 beds was opened in the Municipal Hospital in Stettin. Dr. Felix Hagen from Berlin was the first head of this ward. The main duty of the urology ward at that time was to conduct differential diagnosis and to offer conservative treatment to patients not needing surgery. Cystoscopy, chromocystoscopy, and radiographs were done in the beginning. Later on, retroperitoneal pneumography, pneumopyelography, and retrograde pyelography were added. Urography in the final period enabled a more precise assessment of the kidney prior to surgery. The preparation of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia for surgery was an important element. Therapeutic activities of the urology ward included transurethral procedures such as lithotripsy of bladder stones and treatment of bladder cancer. Urological surgery was done at the surgery ward. Patients with tuberculosis were usually referred to the Tuberculosis Hospital in Hohenkrug (Zdunowo). In 1935, the urology ward in Stettin was closed and incorporated into the surgery ward. During the World War II, just as during the World War I, the Municipal Hospital in Stettin was transformed into a field hospital. The end of the World War II created a new political situation in Europe. Stettin (Szczecin) and West Pomerania became part of Poland. In 1948, the Polish government established the Pomeranian Medical Academy (PAM) in Stettin. During the first 10 years of its existence all urological operations were performed at surgery wards. In August 1955, a 30-bed urology ward affiliated with the Second Department of Surgery was opened in the district of Pomorzany. The head of the new ward was Dr. Alfons Wojewski (1912-1992), surgeon and urologist from Gdansk (Danzig). In 1962, the ward was transformed into a separate Department of Urology with 62 beds. Prof. Wojewski organized the Department from its foundations, leading it quickly to the level of modern departments in the area of research, teaching, and therapy. After the retirement of Prof. Wojewski, the acting head of the department was Dr. Stanislaw Krason until his death in 1986. He was followed for almost one year by Dr. Stanislawa Spoz. Since May 1987, the head of the Department is Prof. Andrzej Sikorski from Lódz.

[The beginnings of antituberculosis service in Stettin. Hermann Braeuning--the first director of the Tuberculosis Hospital in Stettin-Hohenkrug (Szczecin-Zdunowo)]. / Poczatki lecznictwa przeciwgruzliczego w Szczecinie. Hermann Braeuning (1880-1946)--pierwszy dyrektor Szpitala Przeciwgruzliczego w Szczecinie-Zdunowie (Hohenkrug).

The beginnings of organized treatment for patients with tuberculosis (TB) in Stettin date back to the last decade of the nineteenth century and are traced to the Municipal Hospital in Stettin-Pommerensdorf (Szczecin-Pomorzany). Treatment of patients with TB in Pomerania improved with the opening of the Tuberculosis Hospital in Hohenkrug (Szczecin-Zdunowo). The author presents the history of the leading German Tuberculosis Hospital in Hohenkrug from its opening in 1915 till 1945 highlighting its important role in the health care system of the entire Pomerania. Biographical details of the first director of the Hospital, Professor Hermann Braeuning, are provided. The Tuberculosis Hospital in Hohenkrug (Szczecin-Zdunowo) quickly emerged as a modern research, educational, and therapeutic facility.

[Beginning of urology in Szczecin. Felix Hagen (1880-1962)--the first head of the Department of Urology in Stettin]. / Poczatki urologii w szczecinie. Felix Hagen (1880-1962)--pierwszy ordynator oddzialu urologicznego w Szczecinie.

The history of the hospitals in Stettin goes back over 200 years. Urology has now existed in Szczecin, with interruptions, for 91 years. The first Department of Urology was set up in 1919 and existed till 1935. The chief of the department was Dr. Felix Hagen. The present, academicals Urology Clinic was founded nearly half a century ago. Its founder and first head doctor was Prof. Alfons A. Wojewski. Felix Hagen, the first chief of urology in Stettin, was born one hundred and thirty years ago on 27 May 1880 in Berlin. The aims of this publication are to present a brief outline of the life and work of this hard working urologist, to show the part he played in the foundation and development of the first ward of urology in Stettin, and to describe his activity in those historically so stormy times. The beginning of urology in Stettin after the World War II is briefly described, as well. The first urological ward of 30 beds in Municipal Hospital of Stettin (today Szczecin) was duly opened in 1919. Its head became a 39-years-old Dr. Felix Hagen a "specialist in urinary, bladder and kidney diseases"--from Berlin. In addition to his clinical activity, Dr. Hagen worked in his own urological practise in Stettin. In October 1935, the position of the head of the urological department was terminated, and urology was incorporated in the department of surgery. Thereafter Dr. Hagen was engaged exclusively in his private practice. After 26 years working in Stettin, in February 1945, Dr. Hagen and his wife left Stettin just before invading soviet army for Erfurt. Birth of urology, its slow beginnings, and its struggle for full autonomy and separation from surgery were laborious and difficult. It was only the combination of the political changes in Europe, due to the second World War and changes of Polish boundaries and the personality engagement of Prof. Alfons Wojewski, and the helpful attitude of the Prof. Wladyslaw Heftmann and authorities of the Pomeranian Medical Academy (PAM) that finally brought about the creation of an independent Urology Clinic in Szczecin, in 1962.