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BACKGROUND: The burden of MASLD is growing across the globe. This study explores association of food insecurity with MASLD prevalence and liver-related mortality (LRM) across the globe. METHODS: The study combines United Nations' country-level food security data with the MASLD data from Global Burden of Disease-2021. Mixed-effects linear regression (MELR) models, accounting for country-level random effects, were used to assess associations of food security indicators with MASLD prevalence and LRM. The analyses were performed according to each country's Socioeconomic Development Index (SDI) status. RESULTS: In 2021, the median prevalence and LRM of MASLD across 204 countries was 21.77% (14.14%-48.18%) and 2.92 per 100,000 (0.42-10.79) with the highest MASLD prevalence located in North Africa & Middle East (41.70%) and the lowest prevalence in high-income countries (17.31%). After adjustments for age, gender and SDI, higher MASLD prevalence was associated with increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and low physical activity (p<0.001). When analyses were performed based on SDI status, divergent patterns of MASLD prevalence were observed. In high SDI countries (socioeconomically more developed), MASLD prevalence was significantly higher in those in the top tertile of food insecurity as compared to the bottom tertile (mean, 26.73% vs. 18.87%, p=0.0001). In contrast, in low SDI countries (socioeconomically less developed), the opposite was true (19.45% vs. 24.96%, p=0.0008). MASLD-LRM was associated with older age, obesity, and metabolic risks (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: And Relevance: MASLD prevalence and LRM exhibit significant geographical variability across the globe which can be influenced by clinic-demographic, and food insecurity. Targeted public health strategies which considers socio-economic realities of each region are essential for mitigating the global burden of MASLD.
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BACKGROUND: We assessed the relationship of liver fibrosis score with incident dementia in a large, national sample. METHODS: For this retrospective cohort study, data of dementia-free individuals aged 40-69 years were derived from electronic records of the largest healthcare provider in Israel. The association between liver fibrosis score (FIB-4), assessed from routine laboratory measurements, and incident dementia was explored through multivariate cox regression models. RESULTS: Of the total sample (N = 826,578, mean age 55 ± 8 years at baseline), 636,967 (77%) had no fibrosis, 180,114 (21.8%) had inconclusive fibrosis status and 9497 (1.2%) had high risk for advanced fibrosis. Over a median follow-up of 17 years, 41,089 dementia cases were recorded. Inconclusive liver fibrosis and advanced fibrosis were associated with increased dementia risk (HR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.07-1.11 and HR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.10-1.27, respectively). This association remained robust through seven sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Liver fibrosis assessed through a serum-based algorithm may serve as a risk factor for dementia in the general population. HIGHLIGHTS: Liver fibrosis may predict dementia diagnosis in the general population. Inconclusive liver fibrosis was associated with 9% increased dementia risk. Advanced liver fibrosis was associated with 18% increased dementia risk. Findings remained robust in sensitivity analyses and after adjustments.
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Demencia , Cirrosis Hepática , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Demencia/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Cirrosis Hepática/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Israel/epidemiología , Anciano , Adulto , Incidencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Liver disease prevalence, severity, outcomes and hepatic risk factors (for example, unhealthy diet) are heavily affected by socioeconomic status and food insecurity. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent liver disease globally and is likely to co-occur with other liver diseases associated with food insecurity. Though weight reduction and adopting a healthy diet can reverse the course of MASLD, gaps between recommendations and practice transcend individual responsibility and preference. Broader sociocultural determinants of food choices (social nutrition) include food insecurity, community and social norms and the local environment, including commercial pressures that target people experiencing poverty, ethnic minorities and children. Food insecurity is a barrier to a healthy diet, as a low-quality diet is often less expensive than a healthy one. Consequently, food insecurity is an 'upstream' risk factor for MASLD, advanced fibrosis and greater all-cause mortality among patients with liver disease. Intervening on food insecurity at four major levels (environment, policy, community and health care) can reduce the burden of liver disease, thereby reducing social and health inequities. In this Review, we report on the current research in the field, the need for implementing proven interventions, and the role liver specialists can have.
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Background & Aims: Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) face a multifaceted disease burden which includes impaired health-related quality of life (HRQL) and potential stigmatization. We aimed to assess the burden of liver disease in patients with NAFLD and the relationship between experience of stigma and HRQL. Methods: Members of the Global NASH Council created a survey about disease burden in NAFLD. Participants completed a 35-item questionnaire to assess liver disease burden (LDB) (seven domains), the 36-item CLDQ-NASH (six domains) survey to assess HRQL and reported their experience with stigmatization and discrimination. Results: A total of 2,117 patients with NAFLD from 24 countries completed the LDB survey (48% Middle East and North Africa, 18% Europe, 16% USA, 18% Asia) and 778 competed CLDQ-NASH. Of the study group, 9% reported stigma due to NAFLD and 26% due to obesity. Participants who reported stigmatization due to NAFLD had substantially lower CLDQ-NASH scores (all p <0.0001). In multivariate analyses, experience with stigmatization or discrimination due to NAFLD was the strongest independent predictor of lower HRQL scores (beta from -5% to -8% of score range size, p <0.02). Experience with stigmatization due to obesity was associated with lower Activity, Emotional Health, Fatigue, and Worry domain scores, and being uncomfortable with the term "fatty liver disease" with lower Emotional Health scores (all p <0.05). In addition to stigma, the greatest disease burden as assessed by LDB was related to patients' self-blame for their liver disease. Conclusions: Stigmatization of patients with NAFLD, whether it is caused by obesity or NAFLD, is strongly and independently associated with a substantial impairment of their HRQL. Self-blame is an important part of disease burden among patients with NAFLD. Impact and implications: Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), may experience impaired health-related quality of life and stigmatization. Using a specifically designed survey, we found that stigmatization of patients with NAFLD, whether it is caused by obesity or the liver disease per se, is strongly and independently associated with a substantial impairment of their quality of life. Physicians treating patients with NAFLD should be aware of the profound implications of stigma, the high prevalence of self-blame in the context of this disease burden, and that providers' perception may not adequately reflect patients' perspective and experience with the disease.
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This joint ASGE-ESGE guideline provides an evidence-based summary and recommendations regarding the role of endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMTs) in the management of obesity. The document was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. It evaluates the efficacy and safety of EBMT devices and procedures that currently have CE mark or FDA-clearance/approval, or that had been approved within five years of document development. The guideline suggests the use of EBMTs plus lifestyle modification in patients with a BMI of ≥30âkg/m2, or with a BMI of 27.0-29.9âkg/m2 with at least 1 obesity-related comorbidity. Furthermore, it suggests the utilization of intragastric balloons and devices for endoscopic gastric remodeling (EGR) in conjunction with lifestyle modification for this patient population.
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Cirugía Bariátrica , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal , Obesidad , Humanos , Cirugía Bariátrica/efectos adversos , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal/normas , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal/métodos , Obesidad/complicaciones , Adulto , Balón Gástrico/efectos adversosRESUMEN
This joint ASGE-ESGE guideline provides an evidence-based summary and recommendations regarding the role of endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMTs) in the management of obesity. The document was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. It evaluates the efficacy and safety of EBMT devices and procedures that currently have CE mark or FDA-clearance/approval, or that had been approved within five years of document development. The guideline suggests the use of EBMTs plus lifestyle modification in patients with a BMI of ≥ 30 kg/m2, or with a BMI of 27.0-29.9 kg/m2 with at least 1 obesity-related comorbidity. Furthermore, it suggests the utilization of intragastric balloons and devices for endoscopic gastric remodeling (EGR) in conjunction with lifestyle modification for this patient population.
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Cirugía Bariátrica , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal , Balón Gástrico , Obesidad , Humanos , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal/métodos , Obesidad/complicaciones , Adulto , Índice de Masa CorporalRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In the United States, 10.2% households (HH) report child food insecurity. We assessed associations between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) and food insecurity among the adolescents in the United States. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018. Food insecurity was assessed by the US Department of Agriculture Child Food Security Survey Module. MASLD was defined by transient elastography. RESULTS: Among 771 adolescents (aged 12-18 years) (mean age 14.7 years; 52.5% male; 50.9% White, 12.7% Black, 24.4% Hispanic, and 12.1% other), 9.8% reported food insecurity; MASLD prevalence of 10.12% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.13%-13.20%) affecting 4.27 million adolescents; and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence of 10.77% (95% CI 7.76-13.78) affecting 4.52 million adolescents. There was near-perfect concordance between MASLD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (Cohen's κ coefficient of 0.971, 95% CI 0.946-0.996). The prevalence of MASLD was greater among food-insecure adolescents vs food-secure ones (17.4% vs 9.4%) and adolescents living with a low HH income vs those with a higher HH income (15.0% vs 7.2%) and living with a head of HH with a lower education level vs one with a higher education level (18.0% vs 8.2%) ( P < 0.05). The fully adjusted model showed that compared with adolescents living in a higher HH income, food-insecure adolescents living in low income HH had a 3-fold greater risk (odds ratio [OR] 3.25, 1.31-8.08) of having MASLD, while food-secure adolescents living in low-income HH had no increased risk (OR 1.58, 0.85-2.93, P = 0.139). The fully adjusted odds of having MASLD was elevated by +163% with the presence of HTN (OR 2.63, 1.02-6.78), +241% with being Hispanic (OR 3.41, 1.36-8.56), and +138% with being male (OR 2.38, 1.20-4.75). In addition, a 1-unit increase in BMI was associated with 25% increase in the odds of having MASLD (OR 1.25, 1.17-1.33) among US adolescents. DISCUSSION: Food insecurity is associated with MASLD among US low-income adolescents especially Hispanic male individuals with obesity and hypertension. Policies addressing inequities are needed.
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Inseguridad Alimentaria , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Encuestas Nutricionales , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Femenino , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/epidemiología , Niño , Prevalencia , Pobreza/estadística & datos numéricos , Escolaridad , Factores de Riesgo , Renta/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Following the adoption of new nomenclature for steatotic liver disease, we aimed to build consensus on the use of International Classification of Diseases codes and recommendations for future research and advocacy. METHODS: Through a two-stage Delphi process, a core group (n = 20) reviewed draft statements and recommendations (n = 6), indicating levels of agreement. Following revisions, this process was repeated with a large expert panel (n = 243) from 73 countries. RESULTS: Consensus ranged from 88.8% to 96.9% (mean = 92.3%). CONCLUSIONS: This global consensus statement provides guidance on harmonizing the International Classification of Diseases coding for steatotic liver disease and future directions to advance the field.
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Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades , Hepatopatías , Humanos , Técnica Delphi , ConsensoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIM: Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) polymorphism has been implicated in susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with evidence for potential interaction with nutrition. However, the combination of meat consumption with genetic polymorphism has not been tested. Therefore, this study aims to test the association between the joint presence of PNPLA3 rs738409 G-allele with high meat consumption and NAFLD in populations with diverse meat consumption. METHODS: A cross-sectional study among Israeli screening and Brazilian primary healthcare populations. Food consumption was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. PNPLA3 polymorphism was defined as homozygous (GG) or heterozygous (GC). Inconclusive/probable NAFLD was defined as a fatty liver index (FLI) ≥ 30 and probable NAFLD as FLI ≥ 60. RESULTS: The sample included 511 subjects from the screening and primary healthcare populations (n = 213 and n = 298, respectively). Genetic polymorphism (homozygous GG or heterozygous GC) combined with high consumption of total meat, red and/or processed meat, unprocessed red meat, and processed meat was associated with the highest odds for inconclusive/probable NAFLD (OR = 2.75, 95%CI 1.27-5.97, p = 0.011; OR = 3.24, 1.43-7.34, p = 0.005; OR = 2.92, 1.32-6.47, p = 0.008; OR = 3.16, 1.46-6.83, p = 0.003, respectively), adjusting for age, gender, BMI, alcohol consumption, carbohydrate, and saturated fat intake. In addition, genetic polymorphism combined with high processed meat consumption was associated with the highest odds for probable NAFLD (OR = 2.40, 95%CI 1.04-5.56, p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: High red meat intake may confer a greater risk for NAFLD among PNPLA3 polymorphism carriers. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and consider minimizing red and processed meat consumption among PNPLA3 polymorphism carriers.
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Lipasa , Proteínas de la Membrana , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Carne Roja , Humanos , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/genética , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Masculino , Femenino , Lipasa/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Carne Roja/efectos adversos , Brasil/epidemiología , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Adulto , Israel/epidemiología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Dieta/efectos adversos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Alelos , Polimorfismo Genético , Aciltransferasas , Fosfolipasas A2 Calcio-IndependienteRESUMEN
Weight loss achieved through a combination of healthy eating patterns that encompass the principles of the Mediterranean diet and regular physical activity is the most evidence-based treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although other types of diets have demonstrated efficacy in liver fat reduction, the Mediterranean diet confers additional cardiometabolic benefits. Macronutrient composition, food choices, and timing of eating can be tailored to individual preferences, culture, and financial circumstances; however, recommended healthy eating patterns are characterized by minimally processed or unprocessed foods (vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds, fruits, whole grains, and unprocessed meats and fish) that are low in sugar, refined carbohydrates, and saturated fat and high in fiber, polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats. Physical activity can independently improve steatosis, prevent fibrosis and cirrhosis, and reduce mortality.
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Background: High ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is associated with the development of various diet-related non-communicable diseases, especially obesity and type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to systematically review the association between UPF consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its leading risk factors; metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR). Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane (March 2023), and references of the identified articles were checked. The search keywords were defined through an exploratory investigation in addition to MeSH and similarly controlled vocabulary thesauruses. Observational and interventional studies were included. Studies that focused only on specific groups of processed foods or overlapping dietary patterns were excluded. The quality assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tools for observational studies and Cochrane's risk of bias 2 tool for randomized-control trials. A narrative synthesis was employed to report the results. Results: Fifteen studies were included, with a total of 52,885 participants, one randomized-controlled trial, and fourteen observational studies (nine cross-sectional and five prospective). The review has shown a significant association between UPF consumption and NAFLD in three studies out of six, MetS in five out of eight, and IR in one out of three. All large-scale prospective cohorts that studied NAFLD or MetS outcomes demonstrated a positive association. In contrast, studies that did not demonstrate significant associations were mostly cross-sectional and small. The evidence for an association with IR was insufficient and conflicting. Conclusion: The included studies are few, observational, and based upon self-reported dietary assessment tools. However, current evidence indicates that UPF is not only associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes but may also be a risk factor for NAFLD and MetS. UPF is a worldwide concern deserving further longitudinal research. Impact and implications: Overconsumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) may lead to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, but the association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not well established. The present systematic review shows that UPF may be associated with NAFLD, although more large prospective studies are needed. These findings emphasize the importance of minimizing the consumption of UPF to prevent NAFLD and other metabolic diseases among the general adult population. This systematic review and further prospective studies, epidemiological or interventional, can help physicians provide patients with evidence-based nutritional recommendations and will support policymakers in restricting the marketing of UPF as well as promoting affordable, healthy, and minimally processed foods.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fatty liver disease is a major public health threat due to its very high prevalence and related morbidity and mortality. Focused and dedicated interventions are urgently needed to target disease prevention, treatment, and care. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We developed an aligned, prioritized action agenda for the global fatty liver disease community of practice. Following a Delphi methodology over 2 rounds, a large panel (R1 n = 344, R2 n = 288) reviewed the action priorities using Qualtrics XM, indicating agreement using a 4-point Likert-scale and providing written feedback. Priorities were revised between rounds, and in R2, panelists also ranked the priorities within 6 domains: epidemiology, treatment and care, models of care, education and awareness, patient and community perspectives, and leadership and public health policy. The consensus fatty liver disease action agenda encompasses 29 priorities. In R2, the mean percentage of "agree" responses was 82.4%, with all individual priorities having at least a super-majority of agreement (> 66.7% "agree"). The highest-ranked action priorities included collaboration between liver specialists and primary care doctors on early diagnosis, action to address the needs of people living with multiple morbidities, and the incorporation of fatty liver disease into relevant non-communicable disease strategies and guidance. CONCLUSIONS: This consensus-driven multidisciplinary fatty liver disease action agenda developed by care providers, clinical researchers, and public health and policy experts provides a path to reduce the prevalence of fatty liver disease and improve health outcomes. To implement this agenda, concerted efforts will be needed at the global, regional, and national levels.
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Atención a la Salud , Hepatopatías , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with fatty liver disease may experience stigma from the disease or comorbidities. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to understand stigma among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and healthcare providers. METHODS: Members of the Global NASH Council created two surveys about experiences/attitudes toward NAFLD and related diagnostic terms: a 68-item patient and a 41-item provider survey. RESULTS: Surveys were completed by 1,976 patients with NAFLD across 23 countries (51% Middle East/North Africa [MENA], 19% Europe, 17% USA, 8% Southeast Asia, 5% South Asia) and 825 healthcare providers (67% gastroenterologists/hepatologists) across 25 countries (39% MENA, 28% Southeast Asia, 22% USA, 6% South Asia, 3% Europe). Of all patients, 48% ever disclosed having NAFLD/NASH to family/friends; the most commonly used term was "fatty liver" (88% at least sometimes); "metabolic disease" or "MAFLD" were rarely used (never by >84%). Regarding various perceptions of diagnostic terms by patients, there were no substantial differences between "NAFLD", "fatty liver disease (FLD)", "NASH", or "MAFLD". The most popular response was being neither comfortable nor uncomfortable with either term (56%-71%), with slightly greater discomfort with "FLD" among the US and South Asian patients (47-52% uncomfortable). Although 26% of patients reported stigma related to overweight/obesity, only 8% reported a history of stigmatization or discrimination due to NAFLD. Among providers, 38% believed that the term "fatty" was stigmatizing, while 34% believed that "nonalcoholic" was stigmatizing, more commonly in MENA (43%); 42% providers (gastroenterologists/hepatologists 45% vs. 37% other specialties, p = 0.03) believed that the name change to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (or MASLD) might reduce stigma. Regarding the new nomenclature, the percentage of providers reporting "steatotic liver disease" as stigmatizing was low (14%). CONCLUSIONS: The perception of NAFLD stigma varies among patients, providers, geographic locations and sub-specialties. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Over the past decades, efforts have been made to change the nomenclature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to better align with its underlying pathogenetic pathways and remove any potential stigma associated with the name. Given the paucity of data related to stigma in NAFLD, we undertook this global comprehensive survey to assess stigma in NAFLD among patients and providers from around the world. We found there is a disconnect between physicians and patients related to stigma and related nomenclature. With this knowledge, educational programs can be developed to better target stigma in NAFLD among all stakeholders and to provide a better opportunity for the new nomenclature to address the issues of stigma.
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Gastroenterólogos , Enfermedades Metabólicas , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Humanos , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/complicaciones , Estudios Transversales , Comorbilidad , Obesidad/metabolismo , Enfermedades Metabólicas/complicacionesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fatty liver disease is highly prevalent, resulting in overarching wellbeing and economic costs. Addressing it requires comprehensive and coordinated multisectoral action. We developed a fatty liver disease Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) country score to provide insights into country-level preparedness to address fatty liver disease through a whole-of-society lens. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We developed 2 fatty liver disease-SDG score sets. The first included 6 indicators (child wasting, child overweight, noncommunicable disease mortality, a universal health coverage service coverage index, health worker density, and education attainment), covering 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. The second included the aforementioned indicators plus an urban green space indicator, covering 60 countries and territories for which 2017 data were available. To develop the fatty liver disease-SDG score, indicators were categorized as "positive" or "negative" and scaled from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better preparedness levels. Fatty liver disease-SDG scores varied between countries and territories (n = 195), from 14.6 (95% uncertainty interval: 8.9 to 19.4) in Niger to 93.5 (91.6 to 95.3) in Japan; 18 countries and territories scored > 85. Regionally, the high-income super-region had the highest score at 88.8 (87.3 to 90.1) in 2017, whereas south Asia had the lowest score at 44.1 (42.4 to 45.8). Between 1990 and 2017, the fatty liver disease-SDG score increased in all super-regions, with the greatest increase in south Asia, but decreased in 8 countries and territories. CONCLUSIONS: The fatty liver disease-SDG score provides a strategic advocacy tool at the national and global levels for the liver health field and noncommunicable disease advocates, highlighting the multisectoral collaborations needed to address fatty liver disease, and noncommunicable diseases overall.