Lignin-Based Composite Film and Its Application for Agricultural Mulching.

Agricultural mulching is an important input for modern agricultural production and plays an important role in guaranteeing food security worldwide. At present, polyethylene (PE) mulching is still commonly used in agricultural production in most countries around the world, which is non-biodegradable, and years of mulching have caused serious agricultural white pollution. Lignin is one of the three major components of plant cell walls, and it is also the main renewable natural aromatic compounds in nature. Lignin-based composite film materials are green, biodegradable, and show good prospects for development in the field of agricultural mulch. This paper introduces the types, structure, and application status of lignin, summarizes the preparation of lignin-based composite film materials and its latest research progress, focuses on the types, preparation methods, and application examples of lignin-based agricultural mulching, and looks forward to the future development prospects of lignin-based agricultural mulching.

Causal association between blood leukocyte counts and vascular dementia: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

While previous observational studies have suggested a link between leukocyte counts and vascular dementia (VD), the causal relationship between leukocyte counts and various subtypes of VD remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between five types of leukocyte counts and VD, with the goal of improving prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, leukocyte counts were used as the exposure variable, with genome-wide association study (GWAS) data sourced from both the UK Biobank and the Blood Cell Consortium. Additionally, GWAS data for five subtypes of vascular dementia were obtained from the FinnGen database. We conducted rigorous statistical analysis and visualization using Mendelian randomization (MR) to elucidate the potential causal relationship between leukocyte counts and vascular dementia. This study, utilizing MR analysis with data from the UK Biobank and Blood Cell Consortium, identified significant causal associations between increased lymphocyte counts and VD. Specifically, lymphocyte counts were found to be causally related to multiple and mixed VD subtypes. Sensitivity analyses, including MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO tests, confirmed the robustness of these findings, with no evidence of reverse causality or significant horizontal pleiotropy detected. The results underscore a potential inflammatory or immunological mechanism in the pathogenesis of VD, highlighting lymphocytes as a key component in their etiology. This investigation establishes a robust association between elevated lymphocyte and leukocyte counts and an increased risk of VD, emphasizing the roles of inflammation, immune activation, and hematological factors in disease pathogenesis.

GJB2 Promotes HCC Progression by Activating Glycolysis Through Cytoplasmic Translocation and Generating a Suppressive Tumor Microenvironment Based on Single Cell RNA Sequencing.

Despite substantial breakthroughs in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in recent years, many patients are diagnosed in the middle or late stages, denying them the option for surgical excision. Therefore, it is of great importance to find effective therapeutic targets of HCC. In this study, it is found that Gap junction protein beta-2 (GJB2) is highly enriched in malignant cells based on single-cell RNA sequencing and higher expression of GJB2 indicates a worse prognosis. The localization of GJB2 in HCC cancer cells is changed compared with normal liver tissue. In cancer cells, GJB2 tends to be located in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while in normal tissues, GJB2 is mainly located on the cell membrane. GJB2 is related to glycolysis, promoting NF-κB pathway via inducing the ubiquitination degradation of IκBa, and activating HIF-1α/GLUT-1/PD-L1 pathway. In addition, GJB2 knockdown reshapes tumor immune microenvironment and Salvianolic acid B inhibits the activity of GJB2. In conclusion, GJB2 promotes HCC progression by activating glycolysis through cytoplasmic translocation and generating a suppressive tumor microenvironment. Salvianolic acid B inhibits the expression of GJB2 and enhances the sensitivity of anti-PD1 therapy, which may provide insights into the development of novel combination therapeutic strategies for HCC.

Arginine-Proline Metabolism as a Mediator in the Association Between Coal Dust Exposure and Lung Function: A Retrospective Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mediating role of the activation degree of arginine-proline metabolism in the association of coal dust and decreased lung function. METHODS: CDE represented coal dust exposure, while the Hyp/Arg in BALF gauged arginine-proline metabolism activation. Pulmonary function indicators, including FVC%pred, FEV1/FVC%, and FEV1%pred, DLCO%pred, P(A-a) O2 and 6MWT, were assessed. RESULTS: Findings revealed a significant association between elevated CDE and increased Hyp/Arg, increased P(A-a) O2, decreased 6MWT, DLCO%pred, and decreased FVC%pred. However, no statistically significant association was found between CDE and FEV1%pred or FEV1/FVC%. The mediating effect of Hyp/Arg was significant for CDE's impact on P(A-a) O2 and DLCO%pred but not on 6MWT and FVC%pred. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the role of Hyp/Arg in mediating the association between CDE and lung function parameters, shedding light on potential therapeutic avenues for mitigating coal dust-induced lung function impairment.

Gibberellin Positively Regulates Tomato Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV).

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a prominent viral pathogen that adversely affects tomato plants. Effective strategies for mitigating the impact of TYLCV include isolating tomato plants from the whitefly, which is the vector of the virus, and utilizing transgenic lines that are resistant to the virus. In our preliminary investigations, we observed that the use of growth retardants increased the rate of TYLCV infection and intensified the damage to the tomato plants, suggesting a potential involvement of gibberellic acid (GA) in the conferring of resistance to TYLCV. In this study, we employed an infectious clone of TYLCV to inoculate tomato plants, which resulted in leaf curling and growth inhibition. Remarkably, this inoculation also led to the accumulation of GA3 and several other phytohormones. Subsequent treatment with GA3 effectively alleviated the TYLCV-induced leaf curling and growth inhibition, reduced TYLCV abundance in the leaves, enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and lowered the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the leaves. Conversely, the treatment with PP333 exacerbated TYLCV-induced leaf curling and growth suppression, increased TYLCV abundance, decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, and elevated ROS levels in the leaves. The analysis of the gene expression profiles revealed that GA3 up-regulated the genes associated with disease resistance, such as WRKYs, NACs, MYBs, Cyt P450s, and ERFs, while it down-regulated the DELLA protein, a key agent in GA signaling. In contrast, PP333 induced gene expression changes that were the opposite of those caused by the GA3 treatment. These findings suggest that GA plays an essential role in the tomato's defense response against TYLCV and acts as a positive regulator of ROS scavenging and the expression of resistance-related genes.

Diffusion models in text generation: a survey.

Diffusion models are a kind of math-based model that were first applied to image generation. Recently, they have drawn wide interest in natural language generation (NLG), a sub-field of natural language processing (NLP), due to their capability to generate varied and high-quality text outputs. In this article, we conduct a comprehensive survey on the application of diffusion models in text generation. We divide text generation into three parts (conditional, unconstrained, and multi-mode text generation, respectively) and provide a detailed introduction. In addition, considering that autoregressive-based pre-training models (PLMs) have recently dominated text generation, we conduct a detailed comparison between diffusion models and PLMs in multiple dimensions, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. We believe that integrating PLMs into diffusion is a valuable research avenue. We also discuss current challenges faced by diffusion models in text generation and propose potential future research directions, such as improving sampling speed to address scalability issues and exploring multi-modal text generation. By providing a comprehensive analysis and outlook, this survey will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners interested in utilizing diffusion models for text generation tasks.

Advanced postoperative tissue antiadhesive membranes enabled with electrospun nanofibers.

Tissue adhesion is one of the most common postoperative complications, which is frequently accompanied by inflammation, pain, and even dyskinesia, significantly reducing the quality of life of patients. Thus, to prevent the formation of tissue adhesions, various strategies have been explored. Among these methods, placing anti-adhesion membranes over the injured site to separate the wound from surrounding tissues is a simple and prominently favored method. Recently, electrospun nanofibers have been the most frequently investigated antiadhesive membranes due to their tunable porous structure and high porosities. They not only can act as an essential barrier and functional carrier system but also allow for high permeability and nutrient transport, showing great potential for preventing tissue adhesion. Herein, we provide a short review of the most recent applications of electrospun nanofibrous antiadhesive membranes in tendons, the abdominal cavity, dural sac, pericardium, and meninges. Firstly, each section highlights the most representative examples and they are sorted based on the latest progress of related research. Moreover, the design principles, preparation strategies, overall performances, and existing problems are highlighted and evaluated. Finally, the current challenges and several future ways to develop electrospun nanofibrous antiadhesive membranes are proposed. The systematic discussion and proposed directions can shed light on ideas and guide the reasonable design of electrospun nanofibrous membranes, contributing to the development of exceptional tissue anti-adhesive materials in the foreseeable future.

Causal effects between gut microbiota and pulmonary arterial hypertension: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have highlighted a potential link between gut microbes and the onset of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). Nonetheless, the precise cause-and-effect relationship remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: In this investigation, we utilized a two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) approach to probe the presence of a causal connection between gut microbiota and PAH. METHODS: Genome-wide association (GWAS) data for gut microbiota and PAH were sourced from MiBioGen and FinnGen research, respectively. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the primary method to explore the causal effect between gut flora and PAH, supplemented by MR-Egger, weighted median (WM). Sensitivity analyses examined the robustness of the MR results. Reverse MR analysis was used to rule out the effect of reverse causality on the results. RESULTS: The results indicate that Genus Ruminococcaceae UCG004 (OR = 0.407, P = 0.031) and Family Alcaligenaceae (OR = 0.244, P = 0.014) were protective factors for PAH. Meanwhile Genus Lactobacillus (OR = 2.446, P = 0.013), Class Melainabacteria (OR = 2.061, P = 0.034), Phylum Actinobacteria (OR = 3.406, P = 0.010), Genus Victivallis (OR = 1.980, P = 0.010), Genus Dorea (OR = 3.834, P = 0.024) and Genus Slackia (OR = 2.622, P = 0.039) were associated with an increased Prevalence of PAH. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy were not detected by sensitivity analyses, while there was no reverse causality for these nine specific gut microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: This study explores the causal effects of eight gut microbial taxa on PAH and provides new ideas for early prevention of PAH.

Genetic association analysis of dietary intake and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: IPF is a complex lung disease whose aetiology is not fully understood, but diet may have an impact on its development and progression. Therefore, we investigated the potential causal connection between dietary intake and IPF through TSMR to offer insights for early disease prevention recommendations. METHODS: The study incorporated 29 dietary exposure factors, oily fish intake, bacon intake, processed meat intake, poultry intake, beef intake, pork intake, lamb/mutton intake, non-oily fish intake, fresh fruit intake, cooked vegetable intake, baked bean intake, fresh tomato intake, tinned tomato intake, salad/raw vegetable intake, Fresh fruit intake, coffee intake, tea intake, water intake, red wine intake, average weekly beer plus cider intake, alcoholic drinks per week, cereal intake, bread intake, whole-wheat intake, whole-wheat cereal intake, cheese intake, yogurt intake, salt added to food and whole egg intake. The study explored the causal link between diet and IPF using TSMR analysis, predominantly the IVW method, and performed sensitivity analyses to validate the results. RESULT: The study revealed that consuming oily fish, yogurt, and dried fruits had a protective effect against IPF, whereas the consumption of alcoholic beverages and beef was linked to an increased risk of IPF. CONCLUSION: In this MR study, it was discovered that the consumption of oily fish, yogurt, and dried fruits exhibited a protective effect against IPF, whereas the intake of alcoholic beverages and beef was associated with an elevated risk of IPF. These findings underscore the significance of making informed and timely dietary decisions in IPF prevention.

Exploring a Potential Causal Link Between Dietary Intake and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), the most prevalent chronic respiratory condition, significantly impairs patients' quality of life. The pivotal element in disease management lies in prevention, underscoring the paramount importance of employing a scientific approach to investigate early prevention strategies for COPD. Methods: This study delved into the causal link between 28 dietary intakes and COPD employing two-sample Mendelian randomization. We primarily utilized the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method as the main outcome, complemented by Weighted Median (WM), MR-Egger method, along with several sensitivity analysis techniques, all accompanied by visual representations. Results: We identified higher odds of COPD following exposure to green beans (OR=1.381, 95% CI=1.119-1.704, P=0.003) and pork intake (OR=2.657, 95% CI=1.203-5.868, P=0.016). In contrast, the odds of developing COPD were lower following exposure to dried fruit (OR=0.481, 95% CI=0.283-0.819, P=0.007), cereal (OR=0.560, 95% CI=0.356-0.880, P=0.012), and whole egg consumption (OR=0.700, 95% CI=0.504-0.972, P=0.033). Conclusion: In light of our study's findings, we anticipate that strategically modifying dietary choices may offer an avenue for early COPD prevention in the future.

WAVE3 Facilitates the Tumorigenesis and Metastasis of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma via EMT.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous domain-containing protein 3 (WAVE3) is reported as an oncogene regulating cell proliferation and motility in multiple malignancies, while its role in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the expression and mechanism of WAVE3 in TSCC. We enrolled 64 TSCC patients admitted between June 2013 and February 2014 and collected their cancerous and adjacent normal tissues to determine WAVE3 expression by immunohistochemistry. The correlation of WAVE3 expression with TSCC patients' pathological characteristics was analyzed. Then, a 7-year follow-up was conducted to observe the value of WAVE3 in evaluating patient outcomes. In addition, human TSCC SCC9, SCC25, and CAL27 cells were purchased and detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, and scratch-wound assays for their proliferation, invasion, and migration capacities, while real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were utilized to quantify WAVE3 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein expression, respectively. The most active cell lines were selected to be infected with lentiviral vectors that silenced WAVE3 (named WAVE3-sh group) and overexpressed WAVE3 cDNA (named WAVE3-OE group) to observe the impacts of interfering WAVE3 expression on TSCC cell biological behavior. The positive expression of WAVE3 in TSCC tissue was found to be obviously enhanced and predominantly located in the cytoplasm. In addition, close correlations were identified between WAVE3 and T staging, clinical staging, lymphatic metastasis, distant metastasis, and differentiation degree (P < 0.05). Increased WAVE3 expression predicted an elevated risk of death, as indicated by the follow-up analysis (P < 0.05). SCC9 was selected for subsequent experiments among various TSCC cell lines studied because it showed the most potent ability to proliferate, invade, and migrate (P < 0.05). Silencing WAVE3 expression in SCC9 cells decreased cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT-related protein expression (P < 0.05), while increasing WAVE3 expression promoted SCC9 viability. WAVE3, which was highly expressed in TSCC, promoted EMT in tumor cells and accelerated their proliferation, invasion, and migration, which might provide a new theoretical basis for molecular targeted therapy of TSCC in the future.

Brucea javanica oil inhibits tongue squamous cell invasion and metastasis by regulating miR-138-EZH2 pathway.

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of head and neck. Its incidence is on the rise, and the proportion of young patients is gradually increasing, which is prone to tumor recurrence and metastasis. At present, there is no effective method to completely treat TSCC. Studies have shown that brucea javanica oil (BJO) has good antitumor activity against lung cancer and gastrointestinal tumors, but its therapeutic effect on TSCC is not clear. We have previously confirmed that oleic acid, the main component of BJO, can induce apoptosis of TSCC and reduce its invasion and metastasis ability. However, the anticancer effect and mechanism of BJO in TSCC remain unclear. In order to further explore the effects of BJO on the biological characteristics of TSCC cells, we studied the effects of different concentrations of BJO on the migration, invasion ability and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression of TSCC cells and the possible mechanisms through in vitro experiments. We found that BJO could inhibit the invasion and metastasis of TSCC and up-regulate miR-138. After BJO treatment, the expression of E-cad was significantly increased, while the expression of EZH2, Slug, p-ERK1/2 and Vimentin was significantly decreased. EZH2 is a miR-138 target gene involved in TSCC. BJO inhibits TSCC invasion and metastasis by regulating the miR-138-EZH2 pathway. In vivo experiments have also well demonstrated the targeting effect of this pathway. This study provides a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of TSCC.

Genetically predicted the causal relationship between gut microbiota and infertility: bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis in the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine.

Objective: Several studies have reported the association between gut microbiota and infertility; however, the causal association between them remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between gut microbiota and infertility and evaluate how specific gut microbiota can support early monitoring and prevention of infertility in the context of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM). Methods: The gut microbiota GWAS data included 18,340 individuals. Female infertility (6481 cases and 68,969 controls) and male infertility data (680 cases and 72,799 controls) were obtained from the FinnGen consortium. The inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median (WM), Cochran Q tests, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out were used as a supplement to Mendelian randomization (MR) results and sensitivity analysis. Results: The results of MR analysis indicated a significant causal association between Eubacterium oxidoreducens (OR = 2.048, P = 0.008), Lactococcus (OR = 1.445, P = 0.042), Eubacterium ventriosum (OR = 0.436, P = 0.018), Eubacterium rectale (OR = 0.306, P = 0.002), and Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 (OR = 0.537, P = 0.045) and male infertility. Genetically predicted Eubacterium ventriosum (OR = 0.809, P = 0.018), Holdemania (OR = 0.836, P = 0.037), Lactococcus (OR = 0.867, P = 0.020), Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 (OR = 0.830, P < 0.050), Ruminococcus torques (OR = 0.739, P = 0.022), and Faecalibacterium (OR = 1.311, P = 0.007) were associated with female infertility. Sensitivity analysis did not detect heterogeneity and pleiotropy (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Our results provided evidence for the causal relationship between some gut microbiota and male and female infertility. These findings might be valuable in providing personalized treatment options for preventing infertility and improving reproductive function by monitoring and regulating the gut microbiota of infertility patients in the context of PPPM. Moreover, detecting the abundance of microbiota in feces can support preventive and personalized strategies, which may benefit more infertility patients. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-023-00332-6.

Discovery of New Heterocyclic/Benzofuran Hybrids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Their Related Inflammatory Factors Based on NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways.

NF-κB and MAPK are classic inflammation signaling pathways which regulate inflammation signal transmission and induce the expression of many inflammatory factors. Based on the potent anti-inflammatory activity of benzofuran and its derivatives, several new heterocyclic/benzofuran hybrids were first designed and synthesized by molecular hybridization. Their structure was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS or X-single crystal diffraction. The anti-inflammatory activity of these new compounds was screened by compounds; compound 5d exhibited an excellent inhibitory effect on the generation of NO (IC50 = 52.23 ± 0.97 µM), and low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 80 µM) against the RAW-264.7 cell lines. To further elucidate the possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms of compound 5d, the hallmark protein expressions of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways were studied in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results indicate that compound 5d not only significantly inhibits the phosphorylation levels of IKKα/IKKß, IKßα, P65, ERK, JNK and P38 in the classic MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner, but also down-regulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6. Further, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of compound 5d indicated that it could regulate the involvement of neutrophils, leukocytes and lymphocytes in inflammation processes, and reduce the expression of IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and tissues. These results strongly suggest that the piperazine/benzofuran hybrid 5d has a good potential for developing an anti-inflammatory lead compound, and the anti-inflammatory mechanism might be related to the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Prognostic biomarker replication factor C subunit 5 and its correlation with immune infiltrates in acute myeloid leukemia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of replication factor C subunit 5 (RFC5) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from four aspects: expression, prognosis, biological functions, and its effects on the immune system. METHODS: The RFC5 gene expression and survival analyses, biological function analyses including functional enrichment analysis of genes co-expressed with RFC5, RFC5-interacted gene network construction, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and immune infiltration analysis were performed using data based on GDC TCGA and GEO. The CIBERSORT algorithm was employed to quantify immune cell fractions. All the statistical analyses were performed in SPSS software, GraphPad Prism, and R software. RESULTS: RFC5 expression was abnormally expressed in AML (P <0.05). Notably, differential RFC5 expression was observed among different FAB AML subtypes and hematopoietic lineages (all P <0.05). More importantly, high RFC5 expression served as an independent prognostic factor for the poor overall survival of AML patients (P <0.001). Enrichment analyses revealed that RFC5 was involved in cell cycle-related pathways in AML. CIBERSORT analysis showed high proportions of M2 macrophages in the high RFC5 expression group. CONCLUSIONS: RFC5 might serve as an effective and robust biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of AML. RFC5 might be involved in the AML progression via cell cycle regulation. Moreover, the correlation between RFC5 and immune cells might provide potential assistance for AML treatment.

Narrow linewidth semiconductor laser with a multi-period-delayed feedback photonic circuit.

A multi-period-delayed feedback (MPDF) photonic circuit constructed by a Sagnac ring and two coupled rings was designed. By coupling a distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode (LD) with the MPDF, a narrow linewidth semiconductor laser was demonstrated. The linewidth of the DFB-LD with MPDF was narrowed to be around 2 kHz, which is reduced by three orders of magnitude, and the linewidth reduction capability could be maintained when the wavelength of the DFB-LD was tuned in a range wider than 3 nm. The laser frequency stability can also be improved using the proposed technique, and the frequency fluctuation was reduced for nearly 8 times in comparison with the DFB-LD.

GLRaV-2 protein p24 suppresses host defenses by interaction with a RAV transcription factor from grapevine.

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) is a prevalent virus associated with grapevine leafroll disease, but the molecular mechanism underlying GLRaV-2 infection is largely unclear. Here, we report that 24-kDa protein (p24), an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS) encoded by GLRaV-2, promotes GLRaV-2 accumulation via interaction with the B3 DNA-binding domain of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) RELATED TO ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1 (VvRAV1), a transcription factor belonging to the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) superfamily. Salicylic acid-inducible VvRAV1 positively regulates the grapevine pathogenesis-related protein 1 (VvPR1) gene by directly binding its promoter, indicating that VvRAV1 may function in the regulation of host basal defense responses. p24 hijacks VvRAV1 to the cytoplasm and employs the protein to sequester 21-nt double-stranded siRNA together, thereby enhancing its own RSS activity. Moreover, p24 enters the nucleus via interaction with VvRAV1 and weakens the latter's binding affinity to the VvPR1 promoter, leading to decreased expression of VvPR1. Our results provide a mechanism by which a viral RSS interferes with both the antiviral RNA silencing and the AP2/ERF-mediated defense responses via the targeting of one specific host factor.

[Comparison of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 bioactive support and autologous iliac bone in bone grafting and fusion for elderly patients with lumbar tuberculosis].

Objective: To investigate the safety of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (n-HA/PA66) bioactive support in bone grafting and fusion for elderly patients with lumbar tuberculosis, and to analyze its effectiveness and advantages by comparing with autologous iliac bone grafting. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 48 elderly patients with lumbar tuberculosis who met the selection criteria between January 2017 and January 2020. The patients all underwent one-stage posterior pedicle screw internal fixation combined with anterior lesion removal and bone grafting and fusion, of which 23 cases applied n-HA/PA66 bioactive support+allogeneic bone graft (n-HA/PA66 group) and 25 cases applied autologous iliac bone graft (autologous iliac bone group). There was no significant difference between the two groups in gender, age, bone density, disease duration, lesion segment, and preoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, and Cobb angle ( P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications, as well as the VAS score, JOA score, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) spinal cord injury grading, Cobb angle, and bone fusion were recorded and compared between the two groups. Results: The operations were completed successfully in both groups. n-HA/PA66 group had significantly less operation time and intraoperative blood loss than the autologous iliac bone group ( P<0.05). All patients were followed up 12-24 months, with an average of 15.7 months. And the difference in follow-up time between the two groups was not significant ( P>0.05). Postoperative complications occurred in 3 cases (13%) in the n-HA/PA66 group and 10 cases (40%) in the autologous iliac group, and the difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups was significant ( χ 2=4.408, P=0.036). The postoperative VAS scores and JOA scores significantly improved when compared with the preoperative scores in both groups ( P<0.05), and the difference was significant ( P<0.05) between 2 weeks after operation and the last follow-up. The difference in VAS score at 2 weeks after operation was significant between the two groups ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference ( P>0.05) at the other time points. At last follow-up, according to the ASIA grading, the effective improvement rate was 86% (18/21) in the n-HA/PA66 group and 90% (18/20) in the autologous iliac group, with no significant difference ( χ 2=0.176, P=0.675). Imaging review showed that grade Ⅰ bony fusion was obtained in both groups, and the fusion time of bone graft in the n-HA/PA66 group was significantly longer than that in the autologous iliac bone group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the Cobb angle at each time point between the two groups ( P>0.05). No recurrence of tuberculosis, loosening or fracture of the internal fixator, or displacement of the bone graft was observed during follow-up. Conclusion: In elderly patients with lumbar spine tuberculosis, the n-HA/PA66 bioactive support combined with allogeneic bone graft can effectively restore and maintain the fusion segment height and physiological curvature of the lumbar spine, and the fusion rate of bone graft is similar to that of autologous iliac bone, which can achieve better effectiveness.

[Application of multimodal neuroelectrophysiological monitoring technology in surgical treatment of thoracic tuberculosis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of multimodal neuroelectrophysiological monitoring technology in the evaluation of spinal cord and nerve root function for the treatment of thoracic tuberculosis with debridement and bone grafting and posterior internal fixation by transcostal transverse process approach. METHODS: The clinical data of 25 patients with thoracic tuberculosis underwent debridement and bone grafting and posterior vertebral arch internal fixation by transcostal transverse process approach from December 2018 to September 2019 was retrospectively analyzed. Among these 25 patients, including 14 males and 11 females;aged from 20 to 83 years old, with a mean of (63.45±9.65) years;there were 3 cases of single vertebral body destruction, 13 cases of 2 vertebral bodies destruction, and 9 cases of 3 or more vertebral bodies destruction. All surgical patients underwent intraoperative detection of somatosensory evoked potential(SEP) and transcranial electric stimulation-motor evoked potential(TES-MEP);and electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor the pedicle screw placement and lesion removal. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) was used to evaluate the decline of inflammatory indexes, the visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the thoracic spine pain, and the Cobb angle and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) were used to evaluate the improvement of function. RESULTS: All 25 patients were successfully monitored. Five patients had abnormal SEP waveforms during operation, 3 cases were caused by intraoperative clearing of lesions and spinal cord compression during irrigation, timely replacement of instruments and gestures, and adjustment of irrigation water flow rate returned the waveform to normal; one case was caused by a decrease in systolic blood pressure, and the waveform returned to normal after timely treatment of increased blood pressure;after 1 case of SEP waveform abnormality, the operation was suspended for 10 minutes and recovered spontaneously, and the waveform abnormality did not reappear until the end of the operation. Seven patients had abnormal TES-MEP waveforms, 5 cases occurred when the pedicle screw was inserted, the nail path was adjusted in time, and the waveform recovered after nail repositioning;one case was caused by tilting the operation bed during operation, and the waveform gradually recovered after adjusting the tilt angle of operation bed; one case occurred during the correction of the pedicle screw and rod system, and the waveform gradually returned to normal after the contralateral screw and rod correction were completed during operation. In 5 cases, the EMG burst potential was detected at the same time when the TES-MEP waveform was abnormal. After adjustment, the EMG burst potential disappeared. There was no abnormality in the TES-MEP and SEP waveforms at the same time. Postoperative VAS, ESR, Cobb angle, and ODI were improved compared with preoperatively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients with thoracic tuberculosis, the use of debridement and bone grafting and posterior internal fixation by transcostal transverse process approach combined with intraoperative SEP, TES-MEP and EMG monitoring can timely reflect the spinal cord and nerve root function, avoid intraoperative injuries while achieving good fixation and lesion removal.

Tanshinone I exerts cardiovascular protective effects in vivo and in vitro through inhibiting necroptosis via Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Tanshinone I (TI) is a primary component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), which confers a favorable role in a variety of pharmacological activities including cardiovascular protection. However, the exact mechanism of the cardiovascular protection activity of TI remains to be illustrated. In this study, the cardiovascular protective effect and its mechanism of TI were investigated. METHODS: In this study, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-stimulated H9c2 cells model was employed to investigate the protective effect in vitro. The cell viability was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kit. The reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were investigated by the flow cytometry and JC-1 assay, respectively. While in vivo experiment, the cardiovascular protective effect of TI was determined by using myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) model including hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining assay and determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1), receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3), receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (MLKL), protein kinase B (Akt), Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) were determined by western blotting. RESULTS: Our data demonstrated that TI pretreatment attenuated t-BHP and MI/R injury-induced necroptosis by inhibiting the expression of p-RIP1, p-RIP3, and p-MLKL. TI activated the Akt/Nrf2 pathway to promote the expression of antioxidant-related proteins such as phosphorylation of Akt, nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in t-BHP-stimulated H9c2 cells. TI relieved oxidative stress by mitigating ROS generation and reversing MMP loss. In vivo experiment, TI made electrocardiograph (ECG) recovery better and lessened the degree of myocardial tissue damage. The counts of white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (Neu), lymphocyte (Lym), and the release of TNF-α and IL-6 were reversed by TI treatment. SOD level was increased, while MDA level was decreased by TI treatment. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our findings indicated that TI exerted cardiovascular protective activities in vitro and in vivo through suppressing RIP1/RIP3/MLKL and activating Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathways, which could be developed into a cardiovascular protective agent.