RESUMEN
To explore the status of the resources of Astragali Radix, a survey on its germplasm resources was carried out. Some conclusions can be drawn for Astragali Radix: the major source is the cultivated Astragalus mongolicus. The new major cultivation areas for A. mongolicus and A. membranaceus are Shandong and Gansu province. The semi-wildly planting model in Shanxi province maintains the genuine trait of Astragali Radix, but its yield is limited, and now a combination model has been developed. The major problems for Astragali Radix are the selection of planting sites, the rot root and difficulty in collecting and processing. Several developmental proposals for Astragali Radix were put forward including rational distribution of planting areas, establishment of standard system, development and standardization of producing technologies.
Asunto(s)
Planta del Astrágalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Astragalus propinquus/crecimiento & desarrollo , ChinaRESUMEN
This study aims to find metabolites responsible for antitussive and expectorant activities of Tussilago farfara L. by metabolomic approach. Different parts (roots, flower buds, and leaves) of the title plant were analyzed systematically. The in vivo study revealed that the leaves and flower buds had strong antitussive and expectorant effects. Then ¹H NMR spectrometry together with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant (PLS-DA) analysis were used to investigate the compounds responsible for the bioactivities. PCA was used to find the differential metabolites, while PLS-DA confirmed a strong correlation between the observed effects and the metabolic profiles of the plant. The result revealed that chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and rutin may be closely related with the antitussive and expectorant activities. The overall results of this study confirm the benefits of using metabolic profiling for screening active principles in medicinal plants.
Asunto(s)
Antitusígenos/análisis , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Expectorantes/análisis , Tussilago/química , Animales , Antitusígenos/farmacología , Antitusígenos/uso terapéutico , Ácido Clorogénico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Clorogénico/análisis , Ácido Clorogénico/farmacología , Ácido Clorogénico/uso terapéutico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Etnofarmacología , Expectorantes/farmacología , Expectorantes/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Flores/química , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Metabolómica/métodos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/química , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Rutina/análisis , Rutina/farmacología , Rutina/uso terapéutico , Estadística como Asunto , Tussilago/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tussilago/metabolismoRESUMEN
The quality and grade of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were assessed by their characteristics traditionally. According to traditional experience, the quality of the purple Flos Farfarae is better than that of yellow buds. NMR-based metabolomic approach combined with significant analysis of microarray (SAM) and Spearman rank correlation analysis were used to investigate the different metabolites of the Flos Farfarae with different color feature. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear distinction between the purple and yellow flower buds of Tussilago farfara. The S-plot of orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) and t test revealed that the levels of threonine, proline, phosphatidylcholine, creatinine, 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, kaempferol analogues, and tussilagone were higher in the purple flower buds than that in the yellow buds, in agreement with the results of SAM and Spearman rank correlation analysis. The results confirmed the traditional medication experience that "purple flower bud is better than the yellow ones", and provide a scientific basis for assessing the quality of Flos Farfarae by the color features.
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Metabolómica , Plantas Medicinales/química , Tussilago/química , Ácidos Cafeicos/análisis , Color , Creatinina/análisis , Flores/química , Quempferoles/análisis , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Fosfatidilcolinas/análisis , Análisis de Componente Principal , Prolina/análisis , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/análisis , Rutina/análisis , Sesquiterpenos/análisis , Treonina/análisisRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Plant metabolomics combined with GC-MS was used to investigate metabolic fingerprinting of Tussilago farfara at different growth stages. METHOD: Dried Samples were extracted by two-phase solvent system to obtain polar and nonpolar parts, which were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Metabolites were identified by NIST data base search and comparison with the authentic standards. The data were introduced into SIMCA-P 11.0 software package for multivariate analysis after pretreatment. RESULT: Fifty-four metabolites were identified, including 35 polar metabolites and 19 nonpolar compounds. The score plot for PCA showed clear separation of the different development stages of flower buds of T. farfara, showing a trend of gradual change. Samples of October, November, December were in close proximity on the plot, indicating that the metabolome of these three periods was similar, samples from September (early development) and March (after flowering) were far away, showing big chemical differences. Content comparison results of some representative metabolites reveals that, the content of proline, lysine and linoleic acid increased gradually to the highest in the medium term, but sharply decreased to the lowest after flowering; the content of malic acid and citric acid were the lowest in the medium term; sucrose content decreased gradually, and then reached the lowest level after blooming. CONCLUSION: It is obvious that metabolites of the early development and flowering stage were quite different with those of the traditional harvest time, suggesting that they can not be used as traditional medicine. This study will provide a research basis for harvest time determination and bioactive compounds of T. farfara.
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Flores/química , Flores/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Metabolómica , Tussilago/química , Tussilago/metabolismo , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Tussilago/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the antidepressant effects of Xiaoyaosan (XYS) in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model. METHODS: The changes in behaviour and plasma metabolic profiles were investigated after four-week CUMS exposure and treatment. Drugs were administered during the four-week period of CUMS, with the healthy group serving as negative controls, and the fluoxetine and venlafaxine groups serving as positive controls. Plasma samples were collected at 28th day, and the plasma metabolic profiling was measured using NMR, followed by multivariate analysis. KEY FINDINGS: Exposure to CUMS for four weeks caused depression-like behaviour in rats, as indicated by significant decreases in weight gain, sucrose consumption and locomotor activity. Eleven potential biomarkers, including seven in the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectra, five in the diffusion-edited spectra, and one in both were identified. It was found that trimethylamine-N-oxide, alanine, ß-hydroxybutyrate, valine, leucine/isoleucine, low-density lipoprotein/very low-density lipoprotein and lipids were lower and phosphatidylcholine, high-density lipoprotein, choline and N-acetyl glycoproteins were higher in CUMS-treated rats, as compared with controls. XYS significantly suppressed behavioural changes and attenuated plasma metabolite changes. CONCLUSIONS: XYS produced an obvious antidepressant effect, and the metabonomic approach benefits estimation of the pharmacodynamic action of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.
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Antidepresivos/farmacología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Enfermedad Crónica , Ciclohexanoles/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fluoxetina/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Metabolómica/métodos , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Análisis Multivariante , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estrés Psicológico/tratamiento farmacológico , Sacarosa/administración & dosificación , Clorhidrato de VenlafaxinaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. is widely used for the treatment of coughs, bronchitis and asthmatic disorders in traditional Chinese medicine. In Europe, the plant has been used as herbal remedies for virtually the same applications, but the leaves are preferred over flowers. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the chemical profiles of Tusssilago farfara leaves and flowers along with the identification of the polar and non-polar metabolites. METHODOLOGY: Metabolic profiling carried out by means of ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis was applied to crude extracts from flowers and leaves. Metabolites were identified directly from the crude extracts through one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectra. RESULTS: A broad range of metabolites were detected without any chromatographic separation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of ¹H-NMR data provided a clear separation between the samples. The corresponding loadings plot indicated that higher levels of phenylpropanoids, amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids, as well as lower levels of sugars, terpenoids and sterols were present in the leaves, as compared with flowers. For the flowers, more phenylpropanoids were present in fully open flowers, while more sugars and fatty acids were present in flower buds. CONCLUSION: NMR spectra (one- and two-dimensional) are useful for identifying metabolites, especially for the overlapped signals. The NMR-based metabolomics approach has great potential for chemical comparison study of the metabolome of herbal drugs.
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Flores/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Metaboloma , Metabolómica/métodos , Hojas de la Planta/química , Tussilago/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/química , Aminoácidos/aislamiento & purificación , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/química , Ácidos Grasos/aislamiento & purificación , Flores/metabolismo , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Análisis Multivariante , Fitosteroles/química , Fitosteroles/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Análisis de Componente Principal , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Tussilago/químicaRESUMEN
Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is a well-validated model of depression. In this study, a urinary metabonomics method based on the NMR spectrometry was used to study the metabolic perturbation in CUMS-induced rat depression model. With pattern recognition analysis, a clear separation of CUMS rats and healthy controls was achieved, and nine endogenous metabolites contributing to the separation were identified. CUMS-treated rats were characterized by the increase of glycine, pyruvate, glutamine, and asparagines, as well as the decrease of 2-oxoglutarate, dimethylglycine, citrate, succinate, and acetate. The urinary biochemical changes related to the metabolic disturbance in CUMS induced depression, and the possible correlations with live qi stagnation in traditional Chinese medicine are discussed. The work shows that CUMS is a reliable model for studying depression, and the noninvasive urinary metabolomic method is a valuable tool to investigate the biochemical pertubations in depression as an early diagnostic means.
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Ácidos/orina , Aminas/orina , Aminoácidos/orina , Depresión/orina , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Estrés Fisiológico , Ácidos/metabolismo , Aminas/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animales , Conducta Animal , Depresión/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. is widely used for the treatment of cough, bronchitis and asthmatic disorders in the Traditional Chinese Medicine. However, due to the increasing demands, adulteration with rachis is frequently encountered in the marketplace. No report demonstrated the chemical and pharmacological differences between flower bud and rachis before. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The water extracts were orally administrated to mice. Ammonia induced mice coughing model was used to evaluate the antitussive activity. The expectorant activity was evaluated by volume of phenol red in mice's tracheas. Metabolites were identified directly from the crude extracts through 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. A metabolic profiling carried out by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis was applied to crude extracts from flower bud and rachis. RESULTS: Flower bud significantly lengthened the latent period of cough, decreased cough frequency caused by ammonia and enhanced tracheal phenol red output in expectorant evaluation. Principal component analysis (PCA) yielded good separation between flower bud and rachis, and corresponding loading plot showed that the phenolic compounds, organic acid, sugar, amino acid, terpene and sterol contributed to the discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide pharmacological and chemical evidence that only flower bud can be used as the antitussive and expectorant herbal drug. The high concentration of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin in flower buds may be related with the antitussive and expectorant effects of Flos Farfara. To guarantee the clinical effect, rachis should be picked out before use.
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Antitusígenos/uso terapéutico , Contaminación de Medicamentos , Expectorantes/uso terapéutico , Flores/química , Fitoterapia , Tallos de la Planta/química , Tussilago/química , Amoníaco , Animales , Antitusígenos/farmacología , Ácido Clorogénico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Clorogénico/farmacología , Ácido Clorogénico/uso terapéutico , Tos/inducido químicamente , Tos/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Expectorantes/farmacología , Femenino , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Metaboloma , Metabolómica , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Análisis Multivariante , Fenolsulfonftaleína/metabolismo , Análisis de Componente Principal , Rutina/farmacología , Rutina/uso terapéutico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Tráquea/metabolismo , Tussilago/metabolismoRESUMEN
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was established to analyze 36 Chaihu (Radix Bupleuri) samples collected from three species (Bupleurum chinense DC., B. scorzonerifolium Willd. and B. smithii Wolff.). Addition of trifluoroacetic acid into the mobile phase resulted in fingerprint chromatograms with stable baselines. There were thirty-two characteristic peaks in the standard fingerprint of B. chinense DC. Different recognition pattern methods, including similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) were utilized to analyze the 36 samples based on the contents of chemical constituents. Consistent results from SA, HCA and PCA analysis illustrated the rationalisation for why B. smithii Wolff. was not quoted in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and classified samples were in agreement with their species. PLS-DA loading plots showed the chemical markers which had the most influences on the separation among different species. However, SA, HCA and PCA could not differentiate between wild and cultivated B. chinense DC. as well as between samples from different provinces. HPLC fingerprint in combination with chemometric techniques provided a very flexible and reliable method for homogeneity evaluation and quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Bupleurum/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Análisis por Conglomerados , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Medicina Tradicional China , Análisis de Componente Principal , Control de Calidad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
A metabolomic investigation of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats was carried out. Plasma obtained from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated by CUMS was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Thirty-seven metabolites were identified among the detected compounds. Subsequent data analysis using the t test and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant metabolic changes in the rats' plasma after CUMS treatment. Clear separation between the model and control group was achieved, and the level of twelve metabolites, including amino acids, sugar, organic acids and fatty acids, were significantly different between plasma samples from the controls and CUMS group. These observations suggested that the depressed state may be associated with perturbation of amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and glycometabolism. The study suggested that the metabolomics approach could be used as a potential powerful tool to investigate the biochemical change in certain physiopathological conditions, such as depression, as an early diagnostic means.
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Análisis Químico de la Sangre/métodos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Glicómica/métodos , Metabolómica/métodos , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiología , Aminoácidos/química , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Peso Corporal , Ácidos Carboxílicos/química , Ácidos Carboxílicos/metabolismo , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Metabolismo Energético , Masculino , Metaboloma , Análisis de Componente Principal , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sacarosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride and Fructus Aurantii come from the fruit of Citrus genus and possess analogous pharmacological activities. Either two or three of them are often present in one preparation. However, there is no standard method to differentiate the three herbal medicines for quality control. OBJECTIVE: To develop a fingerprint method for authentication of these three herbal medicines by HPLC. METHODOLOGY: Methanol extracts were analysed by HPLC, with a mobile phase of 0.1% phosphoric acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B) in a gradient programme. The flow rate was set at 0.8 mL/min and UV detection at 320 nm. Principal component analysis and similarity evaluation were employed to analyse the chromatographic dataset. RESULTS: The chromatograms of 20 Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, 13 Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride and 15 Fructus Aurantii samples from diverse habitats had 13 peaks in common, and showed one peak characteristic for Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride and two peaks characteristic for Fructus Aurantii. Furthermore, it was possible to differentiate the three medicines by a 'fingerprint region'. The difference between Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Fructus Aurantii was much bigger than that between Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride, as could be shown by calculation of common peak ratio and variation peak ratio. CONCLUSION: A reliable HPLC fingerprint method coupled with principal component analysis and similarity evaluation was developed and showed substantial differentiation power for the three medicines.
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Citrus/química , Flavanonas/química , Hesperidina/análogos & derivados , Hesperidina/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Programas Informáticos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Frutas/química , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(14)H(14)N(2), contains two independent mol-ecules with slightly different conformations; the dihedral angles formed by aromatic rings in the two mol-ecules are 73.2â (1) and 75.0â (1)°. Inter-molecular N-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains extended in the [100] direction.