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Crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs, hold significant ecological significance and substantial economic value within marine ecosystems. However, their susceptibility to disease outbreaks and pathogenic infections has posed major challenges to production in recent decades. As invertebrate, crustaceans primarily rely on their innate immune system for defense, lacking the adaptive immune system found in vertebrates. Mucosal immunity, acting as the frontline defense against a myriad of pathogenic microorganisms, is a crucial aspect of their immune repertoire. This review synthesizes insights from comparative immunology, highlighting parallels between mucosal immunity in vertebrates and innate immune mechanisms in invertebrates. Despite lacking classical adaptive immunity, invertebrates, including crustaceans, exhibit immune memory and rely on inherent "innate immunity factors" to combat invading pathogens. Drawing on parallels from mammalian and piscine systems, this paper meticulously explores the complex role of mucosal immunity in regulating immune responses in crustaceans. Through the extrapolation from well-studied models like mammals and fish, this review infers the potential mechanisms of mucosal immunity in crustaceans and provides insights for research on mucosal immunity in crustaceans.
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Crustáceos , Inmunidad Mucosa , Animales , Crustáceos/inmunología , Inmunidad InnataRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acute carotid stenting (ACS) in comparison to non-stenting interventions for patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by tandem lesions (TL). METHODS: A systematic review of literature from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published up to October 10, 2023. The comparison between ACS and no stenting in patients with TL undergoing endovascular therapy (EVT) focused on outcomes, such as 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, successful recanalization, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and 90-day mortality. RESULTS: The final analysis encompassed a total of 3,187 patients from 21 studies, with 1,786 patients classified as ACS patients and 1,401 as non-stent patients. The overall treatment effect favored the ACS group, as evidenced by their association with improved functional independence at 90 days (mRS 0-2) [relative risk (RR) = 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.34; P < 0.05; I2 = 44%] and a higher rate of successful recanalization [modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) ≥ 2b/3] (RR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.09-1.25; P < 0.05; I2 = 40%). The risk of sICH was not significantly different between the two groups (RR = 1.28; 95% CI 0.98-1.68; P > 0.05; I2 = 0%). Additionally, there was no significant difference in 90-day mortality between the two groups (RR = 0.78; 95% CI 0.58-1.07; P > 0.05; I2 = 45%). CONCLUSION: Among TL patients undergoing EVT, ACS may be associated with better functional outcomes at 90 days compared with no stenting.
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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the photoprotection effect of peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) protein in ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced damage of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS: ARPE-19 cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the PRDX1 expression. The corresponding kits were employed to measure the levels or activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD). Western blotting was applied to examine PRDX1 expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-related proteins. RESULTS: After exposure to 20 mJ/cm2 intensity of UVB irradiation for 24 h, ARPE-19 cells viability was decreased, the leakage degree of LDH and 8-OHdG were increased, and cell apoptosis was elevated. The expression of PRDX1 was significantly down-regulated in UVB-induced ARPE-19 cells. The low expression of PRDX1 was involved in high irradiation intensity. Overexpression of PRDX1 increased cell activity, decreased cell apoptosis, and LDH as well as 8-OHdG leakage in UVB-induced ARPE-19 cells. In addition to alleviating UVB-induced cell damage, PRDX1 overexpression also inhibited UVB-induced oxidative stress (down-regulation of ROS and MDA levels, up-regulation of GSH-Px and SOD activities) and the activation of MAPK signaling pathway in ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSION: PRDX1 exerts a photoprotection effect on RPE by attenuating UVB-induced cell damage and inhibiting oxidative stress, which can be attributed to the inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway activation.
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Apoptosis , Supervivencia Celular , Estrés Oxidativo , Peroxirredoxinas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Epitelio Pigmentado de la Retina , Rayos Ultravioleta , Humanos , Epitelio Pigmentado de la Retina/efectos de la radiación , Epitelio Pigmentado de la Retina/metabolismo , Peroxirredoxinas/metabolismo , Rayos Ultravioleta/efectos adversos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/fisiología , Línea Celular , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxicoguanosina/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a crucial enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and has established roles in immune function. However, the understanding of SDH in Penaeus vannamei, particularly its involvement in immune responses, is currently limited. Through affinity proteomics, a potential interaction between hemocyanin (HMC) and SDH in shrimp has been identified. The successful cloning of PvSDH in this study has revealed a high degree of evolutionary conservation. Additionally, it has been found that hemocyanin regulates SDH not only at the transcriptional and enzymatic levels but also through confirmed protein-protein interactions observed via Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) assay. Moreover, by combining PvHMC knockdown and Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, it was demonstrated that fumaric acid, a product of SDH, enhances the host's immune resistance to pathogen infection by modulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides. This research provides new insights into HMC as a crucial regulator of SDH, potentially impacting glycometabolism and the dynamics of immune responses.
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Proteínas de Artrópodos , Hemocianinas , Penaeidae , Succinato Deshidrogenasa , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animales , Penaeidae/inmunología , Penaeidae/genética , Hemocianinas/inmunología , Hemocianinas/genética , Hemocianinas/metabolismo , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/fisiología , Proteínas de Artrópodos/genética , Proteínas de Artrópodos/inmunología , Proteínas de Artrópodos/metabolismo , Succinato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Succinato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Succinato Deshidrogenasa/inmunología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Filogenia , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
This study carried out the atmospheric and precipitation observation in Beijing for nearly one year, and firstly simultaneously observed the pollution characteristics of PFASs and their main isomers, focusing on their gas-particle partitioning mechanism and dry and wet deposition characteristics. After deducting PFASs in the aqueous phase of particulate matter, the gas-particle partitioning coefficients (-7.04 to -5.49) were about 3-4 units smaller than before (-2.77 to -1.51), and all were smaller than 0, which indicated that each PFAS and isomer were more distributed in the gas phase. Dry deposition was dominant in the atmospheric deposition of each PFAS and isomer with relative contribution of 66 ± 17%, but the relative contribution of dry deposition was significantly different. It was found that the gas-particle partitioning coefficient can be influenced by key chemical structures such as carbon chain length, functional group type, and isomer structure. Furthermore, the gas-particle partitioning can influence the dry and wet deposition of PFASs. Specifically, PFASs with longer carbon chains, carboxylic acid functional group (compared to sulfonic acid functional group) or PFOA branched chain structures had larger gas-particle partitioning coefficients and can be more distributed in the hydrophobic phase of particulate matter, and their relative contributions of dry deposition were smaller.
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Hemocyanin is a multifunctional protein present in arthropods and mollusks, responsible for oxygen transport and participating in multiple roles of immune defense including antibacterial activity. However, the molecular basis of how hemocyanin recognizes pathogens and exerts antibacterial activity remains poorly understood. In the present study, the pull-down assay was used to isolate Vibrio parahaemolyticus outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that bind to Litopenaeus vannamei hemocyanin. Two interacting OMPs bands were determined as OmpC and OmpU, and the heterogeneous interaction between hemocyanin and the two OMPs was further confirmed by far-Western blot. After construction of ompC and ompU deletion mutants, we found that the agglutinating activity and antibacterial activity of hemocyanin significantly decreased compared to the wild-type strain. After hemocyanin treatment, we identified four intracellular proteins of V. parahaemolyticus, including fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and ribosomal proteins could interact with rOmpC and rOmpU, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the mRNA levels of ompC, ompU, fbaA, rpsB and rpsC significantly decreased after hemocyanin treatment. These findings indicated that OmpC and OmpU are the key targets for L. vannamei hemocyanin recognize pathogens and exert its antibacterial activity.
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Penaeidae , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animales , Hemocianinas , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , AntibacterianosRESUMEN
Hemocyanin is a respiratory protein, it is also a multifunctional immune molecule that plays a vital role against pathogen invasion in shrimp. However, the regulation of hemocyanin gene expression in shrimp hemocytes and the mechanisms involved during pathogen infection remains unclear. Here, we used DNA pull-down followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the Yin Yang 1 transcription factor homolog in Penaeus vannamei (PvYY1) as a key factor that modulates transcription of the small subunit hemocyanin gene of P. vannamei (PvHMCs) in hemocytes during Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND (VPAHPND) infection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the core promoter region of PvHMCs contains two YY1 motifs. Mutational and oligoprecipitation analyses confirmed that PvYY1 could bind to the YY1 motifs in the PvHMCs core promoter region, while truncation of PvYY1 revealed that the N-terminal domain of PvYY1 is essential for the transactivation of PvHMCs core promoter. Besides, the REPO domain of PvYY1 could repress the activity of the PvHMCs core promoter. Overexpression of PvYY1 significantly activates the promoter activity of PvHMCs core promoter, while PvYY1 knockdown significantly decreases the expression level of PvHMCs in shrimp hemocytes and survival rate of shrimp upon infection with VPAHPND. Our present study provides new insights into the transcriptional regulation of PvHMCs by PvYY1 in shrimp hemocytes during bacteria (VPAHPND) infection.
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Penaeidae , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animales , Hemocianinas , Proteínas de Artrópodos/genética , Cromatografía Liquida , Yin-Yang , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Inmunidad Innata/genéticaRESUMEN
Globally, penaeid shrimp are the most farmed and traded aquatic organisms, although they are easily susceptible to microbial pathogens. Moreover, there is a desire to increase the nutritional value of shrimp, especially the levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which also possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Some aquatic animals can synthesize EPA and DHA from dietary plant-sourced alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), but penaeid shrimps' ability to synthesize these n-3 PUFAs is unknown. Here, molecular biology techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, qPCR, ELISA, etc., were used to demonstrate that exogenous ALA or Vibrio parahaemolyticus could modulate EPA and DHA levels and immune genes in Penaeus vannamei by inducing key enzymes involved in n-3 PUFAs biosynthesis, such as delta desaturases and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (ELOVLs). Most importantly, knockdown or inhibition of ∆6 desaturase significantly decreased EPA and DHA levels and immune gene expression even with exogenous ALA treatment, consequently affecting shrimp antibacterial immunity and survival. This study provides new insight into the potential of P. vannamei to synthesize n-3 PUFAs from exogenous ALA or upon bacteria challenge, which could be leveraged to increase their nutritional content and antimicrobial immunity.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animales , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacología , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/farmacología , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/genética , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Hemocyanin is the main respiratory protein of arthropods and is formed by hexameric and/or oligomeric subunits. Due to changes in the living environment and gene rearrangement, various hemocyanin subtypes and subunits evolved in crustaceans. This paper reviews the various hemocyanin subtypes and isoforms in shrimp and analyses published genomic data of sixteen hemocyanin family genes from Litopenaeus vannamei to explore the evolution of hemocyanin genes, subunits, and protein structure. Analysis of hemocyanin subtypes distribution and structure in various tissues was also performed and related to multiple and tissue-specific functions, i.e., immunological activity, immune signaling, phenoloxidase activity, modulation of microbiota homeostasis, and energy metabolism. The functional diversity of shrimp hemocyanin due to molecular polymorphism, transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, degradation into functional peptides, interaction with other proteins or genes, and structural differences will also be highlighted for future research. Inferences would be drawn from other crustaceans to explain how evolution has changed the structure-function of hemocyanin and its implication for evolutionary research into the multifunctionality of hemocyanin and other related proteins in shrimp.
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Hemocianinas , Penaeidae , Animales , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Péptidos/genética , Empalme AlternativoRESUMEN
Ferroptosis, characterized by iron-dependent cell death, has recently emerged as a critical defense mechanism against microbial infections. The present study aims to investigate the involvement of exosomes in the induction of ferroptosis and the inhibition of bacterial infection in crustaceans. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the pivotal role of exosomes in the immune response of crustaceans, wherein they facilitate intracellular iron accumulation and activate the ferroptotic pathways. Using RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis, we demonstrate that cytochrome P450 (CYP) can effectively trigger ferroptosis. Moreover, by conducting an analysis of exosome cargo proteins, we have identified the participation of six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 in the regulation of hemocyte ferroptotic sensitivity. Subsequent functional investigations unveil that six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 enhances cellular Fe2+ levels, thereby triggering Fenton reactions and accelerating CYP-mediated lipid peroxidation, ultimately culminating in ferroptotic cell death. Additionally, the Fe2+-dependent CYP catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, which activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Consequently, the downstream target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, cluster of differentiation 36, promotes intracellular fatty acid accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis. These significant findings shed light on the immune defense mechanisms employed by crustaceans and provide potential strategies for combating bacterial infections in this species.
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Bacterias , Crustáceos , Exosomas , Ferroptosis , Hierro , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Exosomas/metabolismo , Ferroptosis/fisiología , Hierro/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido , Receptores Activados del Proliferador del Peroxisoma/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Antígenos CD36/metabolismo , RNA-Seq , Compuestos Ferrosos/metabolismo , Crustáceos/citología , Crustáceos/genética , Crustáceos/metabolismo , Crustáceos/microbiología , Ácidos Hidroxieicosatetraenoicos , Ácido Araquidónico/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Bacterias/metabolismoRESUMEN
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic Gram-positive bacterium that causes invasive infections such as sepsis and meningitis, threatening public health worldwide. For successful establishment of infection, the bacterium should subvert the innate effectors of immune defence, including the cathelicidin family of host-defence peptides that combat pathogenic bacteria by directly disrupting cell membranes and coordinating immune responses. Here, our study shows that an extracellular endopeptidase O (PepO) of S. suis contributes to assisting the bacterium to resist cathelicidin-mediated killing, as the deletion of the pepO gene makes S. suis more sensitive to the human cathelicidin LL-37, as well as its mouse equivalent, mCRAMP. This protease targets and cleaves both LL-37 and mCRAMP, degrading them into shorter peptides with only a few amino acids, thereby abrogating their ability to kill S. suis. By cleaving LL-37 and mCRAMP, PepO impairs their chemotactic properties for neutrophil migration and undermines their anti-apoptosis activity, which is required for prolonging neutrophil lifespan. Also, PepO inhibits the ability of LL-37 and mCRAMP to promote lysosome development in macrophages. Moreover, the loss of PepO attenuates organ injury and decreases bacterial burdens in a murine model of S. suis bacteraemia. Taken together, these data provide novel insights into the role of the intrinsic proteolytic characteristics of PepO in S. suis-host interaction. Our findings demonstrate that S. suis utilizes the PepO protease to cleave cathelicidins, which is an immunosuppressive strategy adopted by this bacterium to facilitate pathogenesis.
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Catelicidinas , Streptococcus suis , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Catelicidinas/metabolismo , Catelicidinas/farmacología , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Evasión Inmune , Streptococcus suis/genética , Streptococcus suis/metabolismo , Metaloendopeptidasas , Bacterias/metabolismoRESUMEN
In mammals, elongation of very long chain fatty acid protein 6 (ELOVL6), a key enzyme in long chain fatty acids elongation, has been reported to regulate other metabolism processes and immunity, including inflammation in vertebrates. However, little is currently known about the ELOVL6 homolog in invertebrates, especially its role in immune response. In this study, the ELOVL6 ortholog in Penaeus vannamei (designated PvELOVL6) was cloned and found to have an open reading frame (ORF) of 435 bp and encode a putative protein of 144 amino acids. Transcripts of PvELOVL6 are constitutively expressed in all shrimp tissues tested and induced in the hepatopancreas and hemocytes by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Streptococcus iniae. Besides, PvELOVL6 knockdown followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge revealed that PvELOVL6 regulates the expression of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and immunity, including PvLGBP, PvLectin, PvMnSOD, PvProPO, PvFABP, PvLipase, PvCOX and PvGPDH. Moreover, transcript levels of PvELOVL6, fatty acids metabolism-related genes (i.e., PvGPDH, PvFABP, PvPERO and PvSPLA2), and immune-related genes (i.e., PvProPO, PvLectin, PvLGBP, PvLysozyme and PvCatalase) increased after silencing of the sterol regulatory element binding protein (PvSREBP). Thus, PvELOVL6 is involved in immune response and regulated by PvSREBP through an unknown mechanism in penaeid shrimp.
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Penaeidae , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animales , Proteínas de Artrópodos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Ácidos Grasos , Inmunidad , Mamíferos/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of endovascular therapy (EVT) versus best medical management (BMM) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large infarct core. METHODS: We searched Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from inception to February 18, 2023. We defined patients with large core infarcts as having an Alberta Stroke Program early computed tomography score (ASPECTS) of 3-5. The primary outcome was functional independence, defined as a score of 0-2 on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. Secondary outcome was independent ambulation defined as mRS 0-3 at 90 days. Safety outcomes were mortality at 90 days, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). RESULTS: The overall treatment effect was more favourable to EVT group. EVT was significantly correlated with improvement of functional independence at 90 days (mRS 0-2) (RR = 2.40; 95 % CI, 1.82-3.16; P < 0.01; I2 = 0 %) and independent ambulation (mRS 0-3) (RR = 1,78; 95 % CI, 1.28-2.48; P < 0.01; I2 = 58 %) at 90 days. 90-day mortality was not significantly different between the two groups(RR = 0.95; 95 % CI, 0.78-1.16; P > 0.05; I2 = 0 %). The risk of sICH and any ICH was higher in EVT group than in BMM group. CONCLUSION: Compared with BMM, EVT may improve functional outcomes in patients with ASPECTS 3-5, despite being associated with an increased risk of sICH and any ICH.
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Isquemia Encefálica , Procedimientos Endovasculares , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Humanos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Procedimientos Endovasculares/métodos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Accidente Cerebrovascular/cirugía , Hemorragias Intracraneales/etiología , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/cirugía , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/complicaciones , Trombectomía/efectos adversos , Trombectomía/métodos , Infarto/complicaciones , Isquemia Encefálica/cirugíaRESUMEN
Shrimp aquaculture has been seriously affected by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by a strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that carries the Pir toxin plasmids (V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND)). In this study, the transcription factor, Kruppel homolog 1-like of Peneaus vannamei (PvKr-h1), was significantly induced in shrimp hemocytes after V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge, suggesting that PvKr-h1 is involved in shrimp immune response. Knockdown of PvKr-h1 followed by V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge increased bacterial abundance in shrimp hemolymph coupled with high shrimp mortality. Moreover, transcriptome and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that PvKr-h1 silencing followed by V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge dysregulated the expression of several antioxidant-related enzyme genes, such as Cu-Zu SOD, GPX, and GST, and antimicrobial peptide genes, i.e., CRUs and PENs, and reduced ROS activity and nuclear translocation of Relish. These data reveal that PvKr-h1 regulates shrimps' immune response to V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) infection by suppressing antioxidant-related enzymes, enhancing ROS production and promoting nuclei import of PvRelish to stimulate antimicrobial peptide genes expression.
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animales , Antioxidantes , Hemocitos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Crustáceos , Enfermedad Aguda , Péptidos Antimicrobianos , NecrosisRESUMEN
Agricultural and anthropogenic activities release high ammonia levels into aquatic ecosystems, severely affecting aquatic organisms. Penaeid shrimp can survive high ammonia stress conditions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, total hemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin levels decreased in Penaeus vannamei plasma under high ammonia stress. When shrimp were subjected to high ammonia stress for 12 h, 24 hemocyanin (HMC) derived peptides were identified in shrimp plasma, among which one peptide, designated as HMCs27, was chosen for further analysis. Shrimp survival was significantly enhanced after treatment with the recombinant protein of HMCs27 (rHMCs27), followed by high ammonia stress. Transcriptome analysis of shrimp hepatopancreas after treatment with or without rHMCs27 followed by high ammonia stress revealed 973 significantly dysregulated genes, notable among which were genes involved in oxidation and metabolism, such as cytochrome C, catalase (CAT), isocitrate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), trypsin, chymotrypsin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione s-transferase (GST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, levels of key biochemical indicators, such as SOD, CAT, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), were significantly enhanced, whereas hepatopancreas malondialdehyde levels and plasma pH, NH3, GST, and ALT levels were significantly decreased after rHMCs27 treatment followed by high ammonia stress. Moreover, high ammonia stress induced hepatopancreas tissue injury and apoptosis, but rHMCs27 treatment ameliorated these effects. Collectively, the current study revealed that in response to high ammonia stress, shrimp generate functional peptides, such as peptide HMCs27 from hemocyanin, which helps to attenuate the ammonia toxicity by enhancing the antioxidant system and the tricarboxylic acid cycle to decrease plasma NH3 levels and pH.
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Antioxidantes , Penaeidae , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico , Hemocianinas/metabolismo , Hemocianinas/farmacología , Penaeidae/fisiología , Amoníaco/metabolismo , Ecosistema , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Péptidos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Besides dividing the organism's immune system into adaptive and innate immunity, it has long been thought that only adaptive immunity can establish immune memory. However, many studies have shown that innate immunity can also build immunological memory through epigenetic reprogramming and modifications to resist pathogens' reinfection, known as trained immunity. This paper reviews the role of mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetic modifications and describes the molecular foundation in the trained immunity of arthropods and mollusks. Mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetic modifications complement each other and play a key role in trained immunity.
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Artrópodos , Inmunidad Entrenada , Animales , Inmunidad Innata , Moluscos , Inmunidad AdaptativaRESUMEN
The butyrate-producing bacterium Clostridium butyricum has been proven to be important in improving the growth and health benefits of aquatic animals. In this study, C. butyricum G13 was isolated for the first time from the gut of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). The results of this study showed that C. butyricum G13 could produce a high concentration of butyric acid and grow well in a wide range of pHs (4 to 9) and NaCl (1 to 2.5%) and bile salt (0.2 to 1.0%) concentrations. In vitro characterization revealed that C. butyricum G13 is a Gram-positive and gamma-hemolytic bacterium sensitive to most antibiotics and shows hydrophobicity and the capacity to degrade starch. In vitro fermentation using mud crab gut contents showed that C. butyricum G13 alone or in combination with galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and/or resistant starch (RS) significantly increased butyric acid production and beneficially affected the abundance and diversity of intestinal microbiota. In addition, C. butyricum G13 can improve the survival rate of mud crabs and effectively maintain the normal structure of gut morphology after infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In conclusion, C. butyricum G13 can be considered a potential probiotic that improves the immune capacity and confers health benefits on mud crabs. IMPORTANCE With the development of society, more and more aquatic animals are demanded. Intensification in the aquaculture scale is facing problems, such as disease outbreaks, eutrophication of water bodies, and misuse of antibiotics. Among these challenges, disease outbreak is the most important factor directly affecting aquaculture production. It is crucial to explore new approaches effective for the prevention and control of diseases. Probiotics have been widely used in aquaculture and have shown beneficial effects on the host. In this study, the butyrate-producing bacterium Clostridium butyricum G13 was isolated for the first time from the intestine of the mud crab through in vitro fermentation. The bacterium has probiotic properties and changes the gut microbiota to be beneficial to hosts in vitro as well as protecting hosts from Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in vivo. The outcomes of this study indicate that C. butyricum G13 can be used as a potential probiotic in mud crab aquaculture.
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Braquiuros , Clostridium butyricum , Probióticos , Animales , Braquiuros/metabolismo , Braquiuros/microbiología , Ácido Butírico , Bacterias , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , IntestinosRESUMEN
LHPP (Phospholysine Phosphohistidine Inorganic Pyrophosphate Phosphatase) is a protein histidine phosphatase that modulates a hidden posttranslational modification called histidine phosphorylation. LHPP also acts as a tumor suppressor, which plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes. However, whether LHPP participates in the regulation of invertebrate's immunity is still unknown. Here we characterized a LHPP homolog in P. vannamei (designated PvLHPP), with a 807 bp length of open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 268 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that PvLHPP contains a typical hydrolase 6 and hydrolase-like domain, which was conserved from invertebrate to vertebrate. PvLHPP was ubiquitously expressed in tissues and induced in hemocyte and hepatopancreas by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Streptococcus iniae and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge, indicating that PvLHPP participated in the immune responses. Moreover, silencing of PvLHPP followed by V. parahaemolyticus inhibited hemocyte apoptosis. This study enriches our current insight on shrimp immunity, and provides novel perspective to understand immune-regulatory role of PvLHPP.
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White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a lethal shrimp pathogen that has a latent infection cycle. The latent virus can easily turn into an acute infection when the culture environment changes, leading to widespread shrimp mortality. However, the mechanism of WSSV latent infection is poorly understood. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the promoters of WSSV latency-related genes (i.e., wsv151, wsv366, wsv403, and wsv427) contained putative myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) binding sites. This suggested that the transcription factor MEF2 may be involved in WSSV latent infection. To further investigate this, a MEF2 homolog (PvMEF2) was cloned from Penaeus vannamei and its role in WSSV latent infection was explored. The results showed that knockdown of PvMEF2 led to an increase in the copy number of WSSV, indicating reactivation of WSSV from a latent infection. It was further demonstrated that suppression of PvMEF2 significantly decreased expression of the viral latency-related genes in WSSV-latent shrimp, while overexpression of PvMEF2 in Drosophila S2 cells activated the promoter activity of the viral latency-related gene. Additionally, we demonstrated that silencing of PvMEF2 was able to upregulate the expression of pro-apoptosis genes, thereby promoting cell apoptosis during latent infection. Collectively, the present data suggest that PvMEF2 could promote the expression of virus latency-related genes and enhance cell survival to maintain WSSV latent infection. This finding would contribute to a better understanding of the maintenance mechanism of WSSV latent infection.
Asunto(s)
Penaeidae , Virus del Síndrome de la Mancha Blanca 1 , Animales , Penaeidae/genética , Penaeidae/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción MEF2/genética , Factores de Transcripción MEF2/metabolismo , Virus del Síndrome de la Mancha Blanca 1/genética , Virus del Síndrome de la Mancha Blanca 1/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Drosophila/genéticaRESUMEN
The dietary supplementation of red seaweed-derived polysaccharides has been shown to be beneficial to fish and shellfish aquaculture. However, the function of red seaweed (Gracilaria lemaneiformis)-extracted polysaccharide (GLP) on the health status of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) is still unknown. This study explored the influences of GLP on growth performance, antioxidant activity, and immunity of rabbitfish. Herein, the fish were fed commercial pelleted feed incorporated with the diverse amount of GLP: 0 (control), 0.10 (GLP0.10), and 0.15 g kg-1 (GLP0.15) for 60 days. The results demonstrated that dietary GLP0.15 significantly elevated FBW and WG, while feed utilization efficiency improved (reduced feed conversion ratio and increased protein efficiency ratio) upon GLP0.10 treatment, regarding the control (P < 0.05). Also, dietary administration of GLP0.15 suggestively improved the serum acid phosphatase and lysozyme activity as well as hepatic total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity. In contrast, GLP0.15decreased the serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and malonaldehyde activity when compared to the control (P<0.05). Moreover, the lipase (36.08 and 16.46 U/mgprot in GLP0.10 and GLP0.15, respectively) and amylase (0.43 and 0.23 U/mgprot in GLP0.10 and GLP0.15, respectively) activity recorded the maximum values than the control (8.61 and 0.13 U/mgprot, respectively).Further, the intestinal morphometry was developed (such as increased villus length, width, and area) in the fish fed with a GLP-supplemented diet compared to the control. The KEGG pathway analysis unveiled that several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in control vs. GLP0.10 and control vs. GLP0.15 were associated with metabolic or immune-associated pathways like antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, complement and coagulation cascades, and platelet activation. The DEGs, namely C3, f5, fgb, MHC1, and cfb, were evaluated in control vs. GLP0.10 and C3 and MHC1 in control vs. GLP0.15, suggesting their possible contributions to GLP-regulated immunity. Additionally, the cumulative mortality of rabbitfish after the Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge was lower in both GLP0.10 (8.88%) and GLP0.15 (11.11%) than in control (33.33%) (P<0.05). Thus, these findings direct the potential use of GLP as an immunostimulant and growth promoter in rabbitfish aquaculture.