RESUMEN
The synthesis of metal macrocycle complexes holds paramount importance in coordination and supramolecular chemistry. Toward this end, we report a new, mild, and efficient protocol for the synthesis of cyclometalated macrocycle Ir(III) complexes: [Ir(L1)](PF6) (1), [Ir(L2)](PF6) (2), and [Ir(L3)](PF6) (3), where L1 presents 10,17-dioxa-3,6-diaza-2(2,8),7(8,2)-diquinolina-1,8(1,4)-dibenzenacyclooctadecaphane, L2 is 10,13,16,19,22,25-hexaoxa-3,6-diaza-2(2,8),7(8,2)-diquinolina-1,8(1,4)-dibenzenacyclohexacosaphane, and L3 is 4-methyl-10,13,16,19,22,25-hexaoxa-3,6-diaza-2(2,8),7(8,2)-diquinolina-1,8(1,4)-dibenzenacyclohexacosaphane. This synthesis involves the preassembly of two symmetric 2-phenylquinoline arms into C-shape complexes, followed by cyclization with diamine via in situ interligand C-N cross-coupling, employing a metal ion as a template. Moreover, the synthetic yield of these cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes, tethered by an 18-crown-6 ether-like chain, is significantly enhanced in the presence of K+ ion as a template. The resultant cyclometalated macrocycle Ir(III) complexes exhibit high stability, efficient singlet oxygen generation, and superior catalytic activity for the aerobic selective oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides under visible light irradiation in aqueous media at room temperature. The photocatalyst 2 demonstrates recyclability and can be reused at least 10 times without a significant loss of catalytic activity. These results unveil a new and complementary approach to the design and in situ synthesis of cyclometalated macrocycle Ir(III) complexes via a mild interligand-coupling strategy.
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The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is known to play a key role in relaying noxious information from the spinal cord to the brain. Different LPBN efferent mediate different aspects of the nocifensive response. However, the function of the LPBN â lateral hypothalamus (LH) circuit in response to noxious stimuli has remained unknown. Here, we show that LPBN â LH circuit is activated by noxious stimuli. Interestingly, either activation or inhibition of this circuit induced analgesia. Optogenetic activation of LPBN afferents in the LH elicited spontaneous jumping and induced place aversion. Optogenetic inhibition inhibited jumping behavior to noxious heat. Ablation of LH glutamatergic neurons could abolish light-evoked analgesia and jumping behavior. Our study revealed a role for the LPBN â LH pathway in nocifensive behaviors.
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Área Hipotalámica Lateral , Núcleos Parabraquiales , Humanos , Núcleos Parabraquiales/fisiología , Dolor/metabolismo , Encéfalo , Neuronas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pharmacological and anatomical evidence suggests that abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission may be associated with the pathophysiology of depression. Compounds that act as NMDA receptor antagonists may be a potential treatment for depression, notably the rapid-acting agent ketamine. The rapid-acting and sustained antidepressant effects of ketamine rely on the activation of AMPA receptors (AMPARs). As the key elements of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, AMPARs are crucially involved in synaptic plasticity and memory. Recent efforts have been directed toward investigating the bidirectional dysregulation of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in depression. Here, we summarize the published evidence relevant to the dysfunction of AMPAR in stress conditions and review the recent progress toward the understanding of the involvement of AMPAR trafficking in the pathophysiology of depression, focusing on the roles of AMPAR auxiliary subunits, key AMPAR-interacting proteins, and posttranslational regulation of AMPARs. We also discuss new prospects for the development of improved therapeutics for depression.
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Deficits in astrocyte function contribute to major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide, but the therapeutic effect of directly reactivating astrocytes for depression remains unclear. Here, specific gains and losses of astrocytic cell functions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) bidirectionally regulate depression-like symptoms. Remarkably, recombinant human Thrombospondin-1 (rhTSP1), an astrocyte-secreted protein, exerted rapidly antidepressant-like actions through tyrosine hydroxylase (Th)/dopamine (DA)/dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) pathways, but not dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs), which was dependent on SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (Shank3) in the mPFC. TSP1 in the mPFC might have potential as a target for treating clinical depression.
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The selective photoreactions under mild conditions play an important role in synthetic chemistry. Herein, efficient and mild protocols for switching the photoreactions of Ir(III)-diamine complexes between the interligand C-N coupling and dehydrogenation are developed in the presence of O2 in EtOH solution. The photoreactions of achiral diamine complexes rac-[Ir(L)2(dm)](PF6) (L is 2-phenylquinoline or 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)quinoline, dm is 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminopropane, 2-methyl-1,2-diamino-propane, or N,N'-dimethyl-1,2-ethylenediamine) are competitive in the oxidative C-N coupling and dehydrogenation at room temperature, which can be switched into the interligand C-N coupling reaction at 60 °C, affording hexadentate complexes in good to excellent yields, or the dehydrogenative reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of TEMPO as an additive, affording imine complexes. Mechanism studies reveal that 1O2 is the major reactive oxygen species, and metal aminyl is the key intermediate in the formation of the oxidative C-N coupling and imine products in the photoreaction processes. These will provide a new and practical protocol for the synthesis of multidentate and imine ligands in situ via the postcoordinated strategy under mild conditions.
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Histone acetyltransferases are responsible for histone acetylation, while histone deacetylases (HDACs) counteract histone acetylation. An unbalanced dynamic between histone acetylation and deacetylation may lead to aberrant chromatin landscape and chromosomal function. HDAC2, a member of class I HDAC family, serves a crucial role in the modulation of cell signaling, immune response and gene expression. HDAC2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for liver disease by regulating gene transcription, chromatin remodeling, signal transduction and nuclear reprogramming, thus receiving attention from researchers and clinicians. The present review introduces biological information of HDAC2 and its physiological and biochemical functions. Secondly, the functional roles of HDAC2 in liver disease are discussed in terms of hepatocyte apoptosis and proliferation, liver regeneration, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, abnormal expression of HDAC2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver disease, and its expression levels and pharmacological activity may represent potential biomarkers of liver disease. Finally, research on selective HDAC2 inhibitors and noncoding RNAs relevant to HDAC2 expression in liver disease is also reviewed. The aim of the present review was to improve understanding of the multifunctional role and potential regulatory mechanism of HDAC2 in liver disease.
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Histona Desacetilasa 2/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Hepatopatías/enzimología , ARN no Traducido/genética , Acetilación , Apoptosis , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/enzimología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Proliferación Celular , Hepatocitos/enzimología , Histona Desacetilasa 2/genética , Humanos , Cirrosis Hepática/enzimología , Cirrosis Hepática/terapia , Hepatopatías/terapia , Regeneración Hepática , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/enzimología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/terapiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Deficiency in neuronal structural plasticity is involved in the development of major depressive disorder. TWIST1, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is essential for morphogenesis and organogenesis, is normally expressed at low levels in mature neurons. However, it is poorly understood what role TWIST1 plays in the brain and whether it is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. METHODS: Depressive-like behaviors in C57BL/6J mice were developed by chronic social defeat stress. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to investigate the role of the TWIST1-miR-214-PPAR-δ signaling pathway in depressive-like behaviors. Molecular biological and morphological studies were performed to define the molecular mechanisms downstream of TWIST1. RESULTS: The expression of TWIST1 was positively correlated with depressive behaviors in humans and mice. Chronic stress elevated TWIST1 expression in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice, which was reversed by fluoxetine treatment. While the overexpression of TWIST1 increased susceptibility to stress, the knockdown of TWIST1 prevented the defective morphogenesis of dendrites of pyramidal neurons in layer II/III of the medial prefrontal cortex and alleviated depressive-like behaviors. Mechanistically, this prodepressant property of TWIST1 was mediated, at least in part, through the repression of miR-214-PPAR-δ signaling and mitochondrial function, which was also mimicked by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PPAR-δ. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that TWIST1 in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates chronic stress-induced dendritic remodeling and facilitates the occurrence of depressive-like behavior, providing new information for developing drug targets for depression therapy.
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Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Animales , Depresión , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Plasticidad Neuronal , Corteza Prefrontal , Estrés Psicológico , Factores de Transcripción , Proteína 1 Relacionada con TwistRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most prevalent viruses in humans worldwide. Owing to limited therapeutic options mainly with acyclovir (ACV) and analogues and the emergence of ACV-resistant strains, new drugs with different modes of action and low toxicity are required. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-HSV-1 effect and mechanism of action of the flavonoid compound dihydromyricetin (DHM) from Ampelopsis grossedentata. METHODS: The HSV-1 inhibitory effect of DHM was evaluated by measuring plaque formation and generation of progeny virus as well as expression of HSV-1-related genes in Vero cells. The molecular mechanism of the antiviral activity of DHM against HSV-1 was explored by real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA. RESULTS: DHM presented a significant inhibitory effect on HSV-1 plaque formation and generation of progeny virus, with an EC50 (50% effective concentration) of 12.56 µM in Vero cells. Furthermore, expression of HSV-1 immediate-early genes (ICP4 and ICP22), early genes (ICP8 and UL42) and late genes (gB, VP1/2) was decreased by DHM at concentrations of 16 µM and 32 µM. DHM specifically suppressed mRNA levels of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), leading to inhibition of the inflammatory transcriptional factor NFκB and a decrease in TNFα. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the effective inhibitory activity of DHM was achieved by suppressing TNFα production in a TLR9-dependent manner. Although further studies are needed to better characterise the activity of DHM in vivo, the results suggest this extract as a promising new anti-HSV-1 agent.
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Ampelopsis , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Animales , Antiinflamatorios , Chlorocebus aethiops , Flavonoles , Humanos , Receptor Toll-Like 9/genética , Células VeroRESUMEN
A novel aromatic compound, grandiuvarone B (5-acetoxy-3-benzoyloxymethyl-5H-oxepin-4-one), along with a known compound grandiuvarone A (5-acetoxy-6-benzoyloxymethyl-5H-oxepin-4-one) were isolated from methanol extracts of Desmos chinensis leaves. Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and circular dichroism (CD). Grandiuvarone A and grandiuvarone B are isomers and the S configuration of grandiuvarone B was reported for the first time. We then determined their antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. Results revealed that grandiuvarone B exhibited better antifungal activity against A. flavus, with MIC values of 0.01 mg/mL compared to grandiuvarone A (MIC values of 0.02 mg/mL). In the presence of each active compound at 160 µg/g of aquafeed, A. flavus growth was completely inhibited. Grandiuvarone B also showed antibacterial activity against the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum.
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Annonaceae/química , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Antifúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Oxepinas/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Aspergillus flavus/efectos de los fármacos , Isomerismo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Oxepinas/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Análisis EspectralRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The basolateral amygdala (BLA) has been widely implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. A-kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) directs kinases and phosphatases to synaptic glutamate receptors, controlling synaptic transmission and plasticity. However, the role of the AKAP150 in the BLA in major depressive disorder remains poorly understood. METHODS: Depressive-like behaviors in C57BL/6J mice were developed by chronic restraint stress (CRS). Mice received either intra-BLA injection of lentivirus-expressing Akap5 short hairpin RNA or Ht-31, a peptide to disrupt the interaction of AKAP150 and protein kinase A (PKA), followed by depressive-like behavioral tests. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid glutamate receptor (AMPAR)-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents were recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. RESULTS: Chronic stress exposure induced depressive-like behaviors, which were accompanied by an increase in total and synaptic AKAP150 expression in the BLA. Accordingly, CRS facilitated the association of AKAP150 with PKA, but not of calcineurin in the BLA. Intra-BLA infusion of lentivirus-expressing Akap5 short hairpin RNA or Ht-31 prevented depressive-like behaviors and normalized phosphorylation of serine 845 and surface expression of AMPAR subunit 1 (GluA1) in the BLA of CRS mice. Finally, blockage of AKAP150-PKA complex signaling rescued the changes in AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in depressive-like mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that AKAP150-PKA directly modulates BLA neuronal synaptic strength, and that AKAP150-PKA-GluA1 streamline signaling complex is responsible for CRS-induced disruption of synaptic AMPAR-mediated transmission and depressive-like behaviors in mice.
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Proteínas de Anclaje a la Quinasa A/genética , Complejo Nuclear Basolateral/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/genética , Depresión/genética , Depresión/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/genética , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Proteínas de Anclaje a la Quinasa A/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/efectos de los fármacos , Depresión/etiología , Suspensión Trasera/psicología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas/farmacología , Receptores AMPA/biosíntesis , Receptores AMPA/genética , Restricción Física , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Natación/psicología , Transmisión SinápticaRESUMEN
Activation of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) plays an important role in neuroinflammation. Macrophage recruitment to the sites of inflammation is an essential step in host defense. ASIC1 and ASIC3 have been reported to mediate the endocytosis and maturation of bone marrow derived macrophages. However, the expression and inflammation-related functions of ASICs in RAW 264.7 cells, another common macrophage, are still elusive. In the present study, we first demonstrated the presence of ASIC1, ASIC2a and ASIC3 in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments. The non-specific ASICs inhibitor amiloride and specific homomeric ASICla blocker PcTxl reduced the production of iNOS and COX-2 by LPS-induced activating RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, not only amiloride but also PcTxl inhibited the migration and LPS-induced apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that ASICs promote the inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells, and ASICs may serve as a potential novel target for immunological disease therapy.
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Canales Iónicos Sensibles al Ácido/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
A new triterpenoid saponin named esculentoside U(1), along with the five known compounds, was isolated and characterized from the roots of Phytolacca acinosa, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatoid activities. The structure of the new saponin was elucidated as 3-O-[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1â4)]-ß-D-xylopyranosyl]-2, 23-dihydroxyolean-11, 13(18)-diene-28, 29-dioic acid 29-methyl ester(1). The assignment of all NMR signals of 1 was performed by means of 2D-NMR experiments.
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Phytolacca/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Saponinas/química , Triterpenos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Estructura Molecular , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Saponinas/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Mefloquine (MFQ) is widely used for the treatment of malaria clinically. Apart from antimalarial effect, psychiatric side effects such as depression and anxiety of MFQ have been reported. Interestingly, MFQ is also known as a broad-spectrum pannexin-1 (Panx1) inhibitor. Panx1 is a new gap junction channel in the brain which mediates efflux of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Although exogenous ATP has been known to produce a potential antidepressant-like effect, little is known about the role of Panx1 in pathophysiology of depression, especially the depression induced by administration of MFQ. Here, we used the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model and found a decrease in the expression and function of Panx1 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of susceptible mice. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of Panx1 in the mPFC with carbenoxolone (CBX) (100 mM) or 10Panx (100 µM) was sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors and increase vulnerability to stress in mice, which were prevented by preconditioning with ATP (25 µM). Finally, systemic and intral-mPFC injection of MFQ both inhibited the activity of Panx1 and induced depressive-like and anxiety behaviors in mice with sub-threshold social defeat stress. Indeed, the behavioral abnormalities induced by MFQ were prevented by preconditioning with ATP in the mPFC. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a role of the Panx1 channel in chronic stress and MFQ-induced depressive-like and anxiety behaviors, which may provide a novel molecular mechanism for psychiatric side effects of MFQ.
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Antimaláricos/efectos adversos , Conexinas/metabolismo , Depresión/inducido químicamente , Depresión/metabolismo , Mefloquina/efectos adversos , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Corteza Prefrontal/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Animales , Ansiedad/inducido químicamente , Ansiedad/metabolismo , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Reacción de Prevención/fisiología , Conexinas/administración & dosificación , Dominación-Subordinación , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/administración & dosificación , Corteza Prefrontal/efectos de los fármacos , Resiliencia Psicológica/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Extracellular acid can have important effects on cancer cells. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), which emerged as key receptors for extracellular acidic pH, are differently expressed during various diseases and have been implicated in underlying pathogenesis. This study reports that ASIC1 and ASIC3 are mainly expressed on membrane of pancreatic cancer cells and upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues. ASIC1 and ASIC3 are responsible for an acidity-induced inward current, which is required for elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Inhibition of ASIC1 and ASIC3 with siRNA or pharmacological inhibitor significantly decreased [Ca2+]i and its downstream RhoA during acidity and, thus, suppressed acidity-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pancreatic cancer cells. Meanwhile, downregulating [Ca2+]i with calcium chelating agent BAPTA-AM or knockdown of RhoA with siRNA also significantly repressed acidity-induced EMT of pancreatic cancer cells. Significantly, although without obvious effect on proliferation, knockdown of ASIC1 and ASIC3 in pancreatic cancer cells significantly suppresses liver and lung metastasis in xenograft model. In addition, ASIC1 and ASIC3 are positively correlated with expression of mesenchymal marker vimentin, but inversely correlated with epithelial marker E-cadherin in pancreatic cancer cells. In conclusion, this study indicates that ASICs are master regulator of acidity-induced EMT. In addition, the data demonstrate a functional link between ASICs and [Ca2+]i/RhoA pathway, which contributes to the acidity-induced EMT.
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Canales Iónicos Sensibles al Ácido/metabolismo , Ácidos/farmacología , Calcio/metabolismo , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína de Unión al GTP rhoA/metabolismo , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Invasividad Neoplásica , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Chronic stress induces altered energy metabolism and plays important roles in the etiology of depression, in which the glucocorticoid negative feedback is disrupted due to imbalanced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) functions. The mechanism underlying the dysregulation of GR by chronic stress remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the key enzyme regulating cellular energy metabolism, and related signaling pathways in chronic stress-induced GR dysregulation. In cultured rat cortical astrocytes, glucocorticoid treatment decreased the level, which was accompanied by the decreased expression of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and reduced phosphorylation of AMPK. Glucocorticoid-induced effects were attenuated by glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) inhibitor GSK650394, which also inhibited glucocorticoid induced phosphorylation of Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a). Furthermore, glucocorticoid-induced down-regulation of GR was mimicked by the inhibition of AMPK and abolished by the AMPK activators or the histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) inhibitors. In line with the role of AMPK in GR expression, AMPK activator metformin reversed glucocorticoid-induced reduction of AMPK phosphorylation and GR expression as well as behavioral alteration of rats. Taken together, these results suggest that chronic stress activates SGK1 and suppresses the expression of LKB1 via inhibitory phosphorylation of FOXO3a. Downregulated LKB1 contributes to reduced activation of AMPK, leading to the dephosphorylation of HDAC5 and the suppression of transcription of GR.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Corteza Prefrontal/metabolismo , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/antagonistas & inhibidores , Estrés Fisiológico , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Astrocitos/citología , Astrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/metabolismo , Proteínas Inmediatas-Precoces/metabolismo , Masculino , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Prefrontal/citología , Corteza Prefrontal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
AIM: To investigate the influence of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT)-HIF-1α signaling pathway on glycolysis in esophageal carcinoma cells under hypoxia. METHODS: Esophageal carcinoma cell lines Eca109 and TE13 were cultured under hypoxia environment, and the protein, mRNA and activity levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), glucose transporter 1, hexokinase-II, phosphofructokinase 2 and lactate dehydrogenase-A were determined. Supernatant lactic acid concentrations were also detected. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was then inhibited with wortmannin, and the effects of hypoxia on the expression or activities of HIF-1α, associated glycolytic enzymes and lactic acid concentrations were observed. Esophageal carcinoma cells were then transfected with interference plasmid with HIF-1α-targeting siRNA to assess impact of the high expression of HIF-1α on glycolysis. RESULTS: HIF-1α is highly expressed in the esophageal carcinoma cell lines tested, and with decreasing levels of oxygen, the expression of HIF-1α and the associated glycolytic enzymes and the extracellular lactic acid concentration were enhanced in the esophageal carcinoma cell lines Eca109 and TE13. In both normoxia and hypoxic conditions, the level of glycolytic enzymes and the secretion of lactic acid were both reduced by wortmannin. The expression and activities of glycolytic enzymes and the lactic acid concentration in cells were reduced by inhibiting HIF-1α, especially the decreasing level of glycolysis was significant under hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSION: The PI3K/AKT pathway and HIF-1α are both involved in the process of glycolysis in esophageal cancer cells.
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Androstadienos/farmacología , Carcinoma/enzimología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/enzimología , Glucólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Inhibidores de las Quinasa Fosfoinosítidos-3 , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Carcinoma/genética , Carcinoma/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasa/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Transfección , Hipoxia Tumoral , Microambiente Tumoral , WortmaninaRESUMEN
Orofacial pain is a common clinical symptom that is accompanied by tooth pain, migraine and gingivitis. Accumulating evidence suggests that acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), especially ASIC3, can profoundly affect the physiological properties of nociception in peripheral sensory neurons. The aim of this study is to examine the contribution of ASICs in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons to orofacial inflammatory pain. A Western blot (WB), immunofluorescence assay of labelled trigeminal ganglion neurons, orofacial formalin test, cell preparation and electrophysiological experiments are performed. This study demonstrated that ASIC1, ASIC2a and ASIC3 are highly expressed in TG neurons innervating the orofacial region of rats. The amplitude of ASIC currents in these neurons increased 119.72% (for ASIC1-like current) and 230.59% (for ASIC3-like current) in the formalin-induced orofacial inflammatory pain model. In addition, WB and immunofluorescence assay demonstrated a significantly augmented expression of ASICs in orofacial TG neurons during orofacial inflammation compared with the control group. The relative protein density of ASIC1, ASIC2a and ASIC3 also increased 58.82 ± 8.92%, 45.30 ± 11.42% and 55.32 ± 14.71%, respectively, compared with the control group. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of ASICs and genetic deletion of ASIC1 attenuated the inflammation response. These findings indicate that peripheral inflammation can induce the upregulation of ASICs in TG neurons, causing orofacial inflammatory pain. Additionally, the specific inhibitor of ASICs may have a significant analgesic effect on orofacial inflammatory pain.
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Canales Iónicos Sensibles al Ácido/metabolismo , Dolor Facial/metabolismo , Dolor Facial/patología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Ganglio del Trigémino/patología , Bloqueadores del Canal Iónico Sensible al Ácido/farmacología , Canales Iónicos Sensibles al Ácido/deficiencia , Canales Iónicos Sensibles al Ácido/genética , Animales , Fenómenos Electrofisiológicos/efectos de los fármacos , Dolor Facial/inducido químicamente , Dolor Facial/fisiopatología , Formaldehído/efectos adversos , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Ratones , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Nocicepción/efectos de los fármacos , Subunidades de Proteína/antagonistas & inhibidores , Subunidades de Proteína/deficiencia , Subunidades de Proteína/genética , Subunidades de Proteína/metabolismo , Ratas , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Magnetic iron oxideï¼Fe(3)O(4)ï¼ nanoparticles were sythesized using solvothermal reaction and then coated with titanium oxideï¼TiO(2)ï¼ via sol-gel process of hydrolysis and condensation of tetrabutyl titanateï¼TBOTï¼. The obtained Fe(3)O(4)-TiO(2) particles were characterized with transmission electron microscopeï¼TEMï¼ and dynamic light scatteringï¼DLSï¼. The loading and release of doxorubicinï¼DOXï¼ were evaluated. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazoliumï¼MTTï¼ method was used to study the cytotoxicity and effect of chemo-photodynamic therapy. The obtained Fe(3)O(4)-TiO(2) particles were uniform and well dispersed. The loading capacity of DOX was 43%. A p H-sensitive release property of Fe(3)O(4)-TiO(2)-DOX was observed. In the cytotoxicity experiment, cytotoxicity was found upon combination of Fe(3)O(4)-TiO(2)-DOX and ultravioletï¼UVï¼, while no obvious cytotoxicity was found in the blank Fe(3)O(4)-TiO(2) particles. In conclusion, the fabricated Fe(3)O(4)-TiO(2) nanoparticles exhibited a high loading capacity and excellent photodynamic therapeutic effect, suggesting that it may be used as a novel carrier for chemo-photodynamic therapy of cancer.
Asunto(s)
Doxorrubicina/química , Compuestos Férricos/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Fotoquimioterapia , Titanio/químicaRESUMEN
Microglia, the major immune cells in central nervous system, act as the surveillance and scavenger of immune defense and inflammatory response. Previous studies suggest that there might be close relationship between acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and inflammation, however, the exact role of ASICs in microglia during inflammation remains elusive. In the present study, we identified the existence of ASICs in the primary cultured rat microglia and explored their functions. By using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), western blotting, and immunofluorescence experiments, we demonstrated that ASIC1, ASIC2a, and ASIC3 were existed in cultured and in situ rat microglia. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the expressions of microglial ASIC1 and ASIC2a were upregulated. Meanwhile, ASIC-like currents and acid-induced elevation of intracellular calcium were increased, which could be inhibited by the nonspecific ASICs antagonist amiloride and specific homomeric ASIC1a blocker PcTx1. In addition, both inhibitors reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 stimulated by LPS. Furthermore, we also observed significant increase in the expression of ASIC1 and ASIC2a in scrape-stimulated microglial migration. Amiloride and PcTx1 prevented the migration by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that ASICs participate in neuroinflammatory response, which will provide a novel therapeutic strategy for controlling the inflammation-relevant neuronal diseases.
Asunto(s)
Canales Iónicos Sensibles al Ácido/metabolismo , Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Microglía/fisiología , Bloqueadores del Canal Iónico Sensible al Ácido/farmacología , Animales , Calcio/metabolismo , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Lipopolisacáridos , Potenciales de la Membrana/fisiología , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Estimulación Física , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , RatasRESUMEN
Four new ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)2(TMBiimH2)](ClO4)2 (Ru-5; bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and TMBiimH2 is 4,5,4',5'-tetramethyl-2,2'-biimidazole), [Ru(bpy)2(L1H2)](ClO4)2·H2O (Ru-6; L1H2 is 4,5-dimethyl-2-(N,N-diacetyl)carboximidamide-1H-imidazole), [Ru(bpy)2(L2H2)](ClO4)2 (Ru-7; L2H2 is N(1),N(1),N(2),N(2)-tetrakis(acetyl)ethanediimidamide), and [Ru(phen)2(TMBiimH2)](ClO4)2 (Ru-8; phen is 1,10'-phenanthroline) have been synthesized and characterized. Their photophysical and electrochemical properties have been studied and compared to the previously reported [Ru(bpy)2(BiimH2)](PF6)2 (Ru-1), [Ru(bpy)2(BbimH2)](PF6)2 (Ru-2), [Ru(bpy)2(DMBbimH2)](PF6)2 (Ru-3), and [Ru(bpy)2(TMBbimH2)](PF6)2 (Ru-4). Under irradiation with either sunlight or household light in atmosphere, Ru-5 reacts with molecular oxygen to produce Ru-6 in an acetonitrile solution with a relatively high concentration and Ru-7 in a methanol or dilute acetonitrile solution, respectively. The mechanism studies show that singlet oxygen is the reactive oxygen species in the ring-opening reaction and the photooxidation reaction is solvent- and concentration-dependent. The photoreaction product Ru-6 is an intermediate, which has been isolated and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Ru-6 is stable in the solid state and an acetonitrile solution with a high concentration, but can be further oxidized to Ru-7 in a methanol or dilute acetonitrile solution.