Effects of Different Farming Modes on Salmo trutta fario Growth and Intestinal Microbial Community.

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in upholding intestinal health, fostering intestinal development, fortifying organisms against pathogen intrusion, regulating nutrient absorption, and managing the body's lipid metabolism. However, the influence of different cultivation modes on the growth indices and intestinal microbes of Salmo trutta fario remains underexplored. In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics techniques to scrutinize the intestinal microbiota in three farming modes: traditional pond aquaculture (TPA), recirculating aquaculture (RA), and flow-through aquaculture (FTA). We aimed to assess the impact of different farming methods on the water environment and Salmo trutta fario's growth performance. Our findings revealed that the final weight and weight gain rate in the FTA model surpassed those in the other two. Substantial disparities were observed in the composition, relative abundance, and diversity of Salmo trutta fario gut microbiota under different aquaculture modes. Notably, the dominant genera of Salmo trutta fario gut microbiota varied across farming modes: for instance, in the FTA model, the most prevalent genera were SC-I-84 (7.34%), Subgroup_6 (9.93%), and UTCFX1 (6.71%), while, under RA farming, they were Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 (10.61%), MBNT15 (7.09%), and Anaeromyxoactor (6.62%). In the TPA model, dominant genera in the gut microbiota included Anaeromyxobacter (8.72%), Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 (8.30%), and Geobacter (12.54%). From a comparative standpoint, the genus-level composition of the gut microbiota in the RA and TPA models exhibited relative similarity. The gut microbiota in the FTA model showcased the most intricate functional diversity, while TPA farming displayed a more intricate interaction pattern with the gut microbiota. Transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and temperature emerged as pivotal factors influencing Salmo trutta fario gut microbiota under diverse farming conditions. These research findings offer valuable scientific insights for fostering healthy aquaculture practices and disease prevention and control measures for Salmo trutta fario, holding substantial significance for the sustainable development of the cold-water fish industry in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Novel mechanism of Clostridium butyricum alleviated coprophagy prevention-induced intestinal inflammation in rabbit.

As bacteria synthesize nutrients primarily in the cecum, coprophagy is indispensable for supplying rabbits with essential nutrients. Recent research has demonstrated its pivotal role in maintaining intestinal microbiota homeostasis and immune regulation in rabbits, although the specific mechanism remains unknown. Here, we used coprophagy prevention (CP) to investigate the effects of coprophagy on the cecum homeostasis and microbiota in New Zealand white rabbits. Furthermore, whether supplementation of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) may alleviate the cecum inflammation and apoptosis caused by CP was also explored. Four groups were randomly assigned: control (Con), sham-coprophagy prevention (SCP), coprophagy prevention (CP), and CP and C. butyricum addition (CPCB). Compared to Con and SCP, CP augmented cecum inflammation and apoptosis, as well as bacterial adhesion to the cecal epithelial mucosa, while decreasing the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1). The relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria was significantly decreased in the CP group. Inversely, there was an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. Additionally, CP increased the levels of Flagellin, IFN-γ, TNF-a, and IL-1ß in cecum contents and promoted the expression of TLR5/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in cecum tissues. However, the CPCB group showed significant improvements in all parameters compared to the CP group. Dietary C. butyricum supplementation significantly increased the production of SCFAs, particularly butyric acid, triggering anti-inflammatory, tissue repairing, and barrier-protective responses. Notably, CPCB effectively mitigated CP-induced apoptosis and inflammation. In summary, CP disrupts the cecum epithelial barrier and induces inflammation in New Zealand white rabbits, but these effects can be alleviated by C. butyricum supplementation. This process appears to be largely associated with the TLR5/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Transcriptome analysis of Schizothorax oconnori (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) oocytes: The role of K+ in promoting yolk globule fusion and regulating oocyte maturation.

Schizothorax oconnori (S. oconnori) is an economically important fish in Tibet. Oocyte maturation is a physiological process that is of great significance to reproduction and seed production in S. oconnori, yet little is currently known regarding the molecular mechanisms of oocyte development in this species. To identify candidate genes involved in reproduction of female fish, a combination of PacBio and Illumina HiSeq technologies was employed to provide deep coverage of the oocyte transcriptome. Transcriptome analysis revealed several candidate genes that are potentially involved in the regulation of oocyte maturation in S. oconnori, including GIRK1, CHRM3, NPY2R, GABRA3, GnRH3, mGluR1α, GPER1, GDF9, HSP90, and ESR2. Genes that are significantly expressed during oocyte maturation mainly contribute to the GPCR signaling pathway and the estrogen signaling pathway. Neurotransmitter (Ach, NPY, and GABA) and peptide hormone (GnRH3) binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) frees G-protein ßγ subunits to interact with the G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ channel 1 (GIRK1). This process helps release K+ from granulosa cells to maturing oocytes, allowing yolk globule fusion. This mechanism may play an important role in oocyte maturation in S. oconnori. In conclusion, this study provides a valuable basis for deciphering the reproductive system in S. oconnori during the oocyte maturation process.

Daphnia sp. (Branchiopoda: Cladocera) Mitochondrial Genome Gene Rearrangement and Phylogenetic Position Within Branchiopoda.

In high-altitude (4500 m) freshwater lakes, Daphnia is the apex species and the dominant zooplankton. It frequently dwells in the same lake as the Gammarid. Branchiopoda, a class of Arthropoda, Crustacea, is a relatively primitive group in the subphylum Crustacea, which originated in the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic. The complete mitogenome sequence of Daphnia sp. (Branchiopoda: Cladocera) was sequenced and annotated in this study and deposited in GenBank. The sequence structure of this species was studied by comparing the original sequences with BLAST. In addition, we have also researched the mechanisms of their mitochondrial gene rearrangement by establishing a model. We have used the Bayesian inference [BI] and maximum likelihood [ML] methods to proceed with phylogenetic analysis inference, which generates identical phylogenetic topology that reveals the phylogenetic state of Daphnia. The complete mitogenome of Daphnia sp. shows that it was 15,254 bp in length and included two control regions (CRs) and 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and two ribosomal RNAs [16S and 12S]). In addition to tRNA-Ser (GCT), other tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf secondary structure. Meanwhile, the mitogenome of Daphnia sp. was clearly rearranged when compared to the mitogenome of typical Daphnia. In a word, we report a newly sequenced mitogenome of Daphnia sp. with a unique rearrangement phenomenon. These results will be helpful for further phylogenetic research and provide a foundation for future studies on the characteristics of the mitochondrial gene arrangement process in Daphnia.

Novel Gene Rearrangement in the Mitochondrial Genome of Three Garra and Insights Into the Phylogenetic Relationships of Labeoninae.

Complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) can provide valuable information for phylogenetic relationships, gene rearrangement, and molecular evolution. Here, we report the mitochondrial whole genomes of three Garra species and explore the mechanisms of rearrangements that occur in their mitochondrial genomes. The lengths of the mitogenomes' sequences of Garra dengba, Garra tibetana, and Garra yajiangensis were 16,876, 16,861, and 16,835, respectively. They contained 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two identical control regions (CRs). The mitochondrial genomes of three Garra species were rearranged compared to other fish mitochondrial genomes. The tRNA-Thr, tRNA-Pro and CR (T-P-CR) genes undergo replication followed by random loss of the tRNA-Thr and tRNA-Pro genes to form tRNA-Thr, CR1, tRNA-Pro and CR2 (T-CR-P-CR). Tandem duplication and random loss best explain this mitochondrial gene rearrangement. These results provide a foundation for future characterization of the mitochondrial gene arrangement of Labeoninae and further phylogenetic studies.

Deefgea salmonis sp. nov., isolated from gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

A Gram-stain-negative, milky white, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium named strain H3-26T was isolated from gills of Oncorhynchus mykiss in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, PR China. Strain H3-26T grew at 4-30 °C and pH 5.0-11.0 (optimum, 25 °C and pH 7.0) with 0-1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain H3-26T showed the highest similarity to Deefgea rivuli WB 3.4-79T (98.42%), followed by Deefgea chitinilytica Nsw-4T (96.91%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA genes indicated that strain H3-26T was a new member of the genus Deefgea. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between the genome sequence of strain H3-26T and Deefgea spp. were 21.2-21.9% and 76.3-77.4%, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain H3-26T was 48.74%. The predominant fatty acids were C12:0, C14:0, C16:0 and C16:1 ω7c. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genotypic data, strain H3-26T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Deefgea, for which the name Deefgea salmonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H3-26T (= JCM 35050T = CICC 25103T).

Cupriavidus in the intestinal microbiota of Tibet endemic fish Glyptosternum maculatum can help it adapt to habitat of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.

BACKGROUND: Gut microbes play an important role in the growth and development of fish. The Tibetan Plateau fish Glyptosternum maculatum is a unique species of sisorid catfish living in the river up to 4200 m altitude. RESULTS: To understand the mechanisms underlying the ability of G. maculatum to adapt to the high-altitude habitat, the intestinal microbiota of G. maculatum was studied. We used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of intestinal microorganisms of wild and cultured G. maculatum to explore the characteristics of intestinal microorganisms and compared the gut microbial community of wild and cultured G. maculatum. The results showed that the α-diversity and richness of the intestinal microbiome were higher in wild G. maculatum than in cultured fish. The most abundant phylum in both G. maculatum were Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes; Cetobacterium and Cupriavidus are the most dominant genus. The membership and structure of intestinal bacterial communities in wild G. maculatum are similar to the cultured fish, suggesting that a core microbiota is present in both G. maculatum intestinal bacterial communities. Metastats analysis showed that six genera were differentially represented between the wild and cultured G. maculatum. CONCLUSIONS: The most interesting characteristic of the intestinal microbial communities of G. maculatum is that there were large numbers of Cupriavidus, which may play an important role in the adaptation of G. maculatum to the water of the Yarlung Zangbo River with a high Cu content. This result, in turn, can guide us on breeding G. maculatum.

Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Liver and Oocytes of Schizothorax o'connori Raised in Captivity.

Schizothorax o'connori (S. o'connori) is a representative tetraploid species in the subfamily Schizothoracinae and an important endemic fish in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, the domestication of S. o'connori remains challenging due to the lack of basic research. Here, we investigated the effects of artificial feeding on the oocytes and liver of S. o'connori by comparing the histological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic data. Histological results showed that the oocytes and liver of captive-reared S. o'connori had abnormal cell morphology. After comparison with the self-built database, a total of 233 metabolites were annotated. In oocytes, a total of 37 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected and two pathways were significantly enriched. There were obvious differences in the metabolites related to ovarian development, including pregnenolone and arachidonic acid. In liver, a total of 70 DAMs were detected and five pathways were significantly enriched. Based on the transcriptomic data, a total of 159 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly related with cell growth and death pathway in oocytes, while a total of 2841 DEGs were significantly related with 102 pathways in liver. Comparing the metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that there were three common significant enrichment pathways in liver, including biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, starch and sucrose metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. These results showed that special attention should be given to the composition and intake of fatty acids during the artificial breeding of S. o'connori. In addition, many of metabolite-gene pairs were related to adenosine 5'-diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and pregnenolone. In summary, these data provide an overview of global metabolic and transcriptomic resources and broaden our understanding of captive-reared S. o'connori.

Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Gammarus lacustris (G.O. Sars, 1863) (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) and its phylogenetic position within Amphipoda.

Gammarus lacustris is native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), widely distributed in alpine lakes. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of G. lacustris was 15,349 base pairs in length and comprised 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 control region. The BI tree showed that G. lacustris was most closely related to Gammarus duebeni, and indicated that Gammarus, Gmelinoides, Brachyuropus, Pallaseopsis, and Eulimnogammarus evolved from a common ancestor. The mitogenome of G. lacustris provides new molecular data for further taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of Amphipoda.

Comprehensive transcriptome data for endemic Schizothoracinae fish in the Tibetan Plateau.

The Schizothoracinae fishes, endemic species in the Tibetan Plateau, are considered as ideal models for highland adaptation and speciation investigation. Despite several transcriptome studies for highland fishes have been reported before, the transcriptome information of Schizothoracinae is still lacking. To obtain comprehensive transcriptome data for Schizothoracinae, the transcriptome of a total of 183 samples from 14 representative Schizothoracinae species, were sequenced and de novo assembled. As a result, about 1,363 Gb transcriptome clean data was obtained. After the assembly, we obtain 76,602-154,860 unigenes for each species with sequence N50 length of 1,564-2,143 bp. More than half of the unigenes were functionally annotated by public databases. The Schizothoracinae fishes in this work exhibited diversified ecological distributions, phenotype characters and feeding habits; therefore, the comprehensive transcriptome data of those species provided valuable information for the environmental adaptation and speciation of Schizothoracinae in the Tibetan Plateau.

Transcriptome Analysis of the Effects of Fasting Caecotrophy on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in New Zealand Rabbits.

In order to investigate the effects of fasting caecotrophy on hepatic lipid metabolism in rabbits, 12 weaned female New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into (n = 6/group) a control and fasting caecotrophy group. Rabbits in the experimental group were treated with an Elizabeth circle to prevent them from eating their own soft feces for a 60-day period. Growth and blood biochemical indices, transcriptome sequencing and histology analysis of the liver were performed. Compared with the control group, final weight, weight gain, liver weight, growth rate and feed conversion ratio, all decreased in the experimental group (p < 0.05). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed a total of 301.2 million raw reads (approximately 45.06 Gb of high-quality clean data) that were mapped to the rabbit genome. After a five-step filtering process, 14,964 genes were identified, including 444 differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05, foldchange ≥ 1). A number of differently expressed genes linked to lipid metabolism were further analyzed including CYP7A1, SREBP, ABCA1, GPAM, CYP3A1, RBP4 and RDH5. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) annotation of the differentially expressed genes indicated that main pathways affected were pentose and glucuronide interactions, starch and sucrose metabolism, retinol metabolism and PPAR signaling. Overall, the present study revealed that preventing caecotrophy reduced growth and altered lipid metabolism, both of which will help guide the development of new approaches for rabbits' feeding and production. These data also provide a reference for studying the effects of soft feces in other small herbivores.

Three forms of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript may be involved in food intake regulation in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio).

In fish, as in mammals, several studies have demonstrated that the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) plays an important role in feeding. However, thus far, the function of CART in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) feeding regulation has not been reported. In our study, we first identified three forms of CART peptide precursors from gibel carp brain and named these CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3. The full-length cDNA sequences of CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 were 616 bp, 705 bp, and 760 bp, respectively, encoding peptides of 118, 120, and 104 amino acid residues. We detected mRNA expression of CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 in a wide range of peripheral and central tissues, with the highest expression detected in the brain. After a meal, mRNA expression of CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 was significantly elevated, suggesting that CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 may act as postprandial satiety signals. Moreover, mRNA expression of all three CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 was significantly reduced during fasting and significantly elevated with refeeding. Our findings indicate that CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 might function as a satiety factor in the gibel carp.

Draft genome of Glyptosternon maculatum, an endemic fish from Tibet Plateau.

Background: Mechanisms for high-altitude adaption have attracted widespread interest among evolutionary biologists. Several genome-wide studies have been carried out for endemic vertebrates in Tibet, including mammals, birds, and amphibians. However, little information is available about the adaptive evolution of highland fishes. Glyptosternon maculatum (Regan 1905), also known as Regan or barkley and endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, belongs to the Sisoridae family, order Siluriformes (catfishes). This species lives at an elevation ranging from roughly 2,800 m to 4,200 m. Hence, a high-quality reference genome of G. maculatum provides an opportunity to investigate high-altitude adaption mechanisms of fishes. Findings: To obtain a high-quality reference genome sequence of G. maculatum, we combined Pacific Bioscience single-molecule real-time sequencing, Illumina paired-end sequencing, 10X Genomics linked-reads, and BioNano optical map techniques. In total, 603.99 Gb sequencing data were generated. The assembled genome was about 662.34 Mb with scaffold and contig N50 sizes of 20.90 Mb and 993.67 kb, respectively, which captured 83% complete and 3.9% partial vertebrate Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. Repetitive elements account for 35.88% of the genome, and 22,066 protein-coding genes were predicted from the genome, of which 91.7% have been functionally annotated. Conclusions: We present the first comprehensive de novo genome of G. maculatum. This genetic resource is fundamental for investigating the origin of G. maculatum and will improve our understanding of high-altitude adaption of fishes. The assembled genome can also be used as reference for future population genetic studies of G. maculatum.

Structural and functional characterization of peptide YY on feeding in Schizothorax davidi.

Several studies have demonstrated that the neuropeptide peptide YY (PYY) plays an important role in feeding in mammals and fish. However, thus far, the feeding regulation function of PYY in Schizothorax davidi has not been well understood. Here, we identified the full-length cDNA sequence of PYY in S. davidi for the first time. S. davidi PYY contains 803 bp nucleotides including a 328 bp 3' untranslated region (UTR), a 181 bp 5' UTR, and a 294 bp open reading frame encoding a peptide of 97 amino acids. S. davidi PYY expression was observed in almost all tissues, with the highest expression detected in the hypothalamus. PYY mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was significantly elevated after a meal (P < 0.01), and significantly decreased after fasting (P < 0.01). PYY expression levels were increased sharply following refeeding after 9 days (P < 0.01), suggesting that it might function as a satiety factor in S. davidi.

Tonal and vowel information processing in Chinese spoken word recognition: an event-related potential study.

In the present study, the time course of tonal and vowel information processing of the spoken words in Mandarin Chinese was investigated using a delayed-response paradigm. Idiomatic materials, providing semantically highly constraining contexts, were utilized. Besides being presented normally, the terminal monosyllabic words in idioms were manipulated with Tonal, Vowel, or Triple violations (i.e. with consonantal, tonal, and vowel mismatches). Event-related potential results showed that all three violations elicited larger widespread negativities in comparison with the Control condition, with the Triple violation effect starting first from 150 ms, then the Vowel violation, and the Tonal violation being the latest. The different starting times of the violation effects suggest that the access of tonal information is slower than that of vowel information, even though the lexical tones are very important in distinguishing the meaning of Chinese words.

LED Phototherapy with Gelatin Sponge Promotes Wound Healing in Mice.

Tiny but highly efficient, a light-emitting diode (LED) can power a therapy device, such as a phototherapy device, and, at the same time, decrease the device's size requirements. In this study, a LED phototherapy device was designed to investigate the possible impact on wound healing using a mouse model and a cell line exposed to red and blue light. To enhance wound phototherapy, a gelatin sponge was fabricated. Results showed that the red and blue lights promoted cell growth and wound healing, while the blue light with a gelatin sponge protected the wound from infection in the early stages of wound healing. The LED phototherapy device combined with the gelatin sponge, therefore, has potential significance in clinical application for wound healing.

Regulating Anger under Stress via Cognitive Reappraisal and Sadness.

Previous studies have reported the failure of cognitive emotion regulation (CER), especially in regulating unpleasant emotions under stress. The underlying reason for this failure was the application of CER depends heavily on the executive function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but this function can be impaired by stress-related neuroendocrine hormones. This observation highlights the necessity of developing self-regulatory strategies that require less top-down cognitive control. Based on traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine, which examine how different types of emotions promote or counteract one another, we have developed a novel emotion regulation strategy whereby one emotion is used to alter another. For example, our previous experiment showed that sadness induction (after watching a sad film) could reduce aggressive behavior associated with anger [i.e., "sadness counteracts anger" (SCA)] (Zhan et al., 2015). Relative to the CER strategy requiring someone to think about certain cognitive reappraisals to reinterpret the meaning of an unpleasant situation, watching a film or listening to music and experiencing the emotion contained therein seemingly requires less cognitive effort and control; therefore, this SCA strategy may be an alternative strategy that compensates for the limitations of cognitive regulation strategies, especially in stressful situations. The present study was designed to directly compare the effects of the CER and SCA strategy in regulating anger and anger-related aggression in stressful and non-stressful conditions. Participants' subjective feeling of anger, anger-related aggressive behavior, skin conductance, and salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels were measured. Our findings revealed that acute stress impaired one's ability to use CR to control angry responses provoked by others, whereas stress did not influence the efficiency of the SCA strategy. Compared with sadness or neutral emotion induction, CER induction was found to reduce the level of subjective anger more, but this difference only existed in non-stressful conditions. By contrast, irrespective of stress, the levels of aggressive behavior and related skin conductance after sadness induction were both significantly lower than those after CER induction or neutral emotion induction, thus suggesting the immunity of the regulatory effect of SCA strategy to the stress factor.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Gymnocypris chui (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae).

The Gymnocypris chui, a new recorded species in Lange Lake, was grouped into genus Gymnocypris in Schizothoracinae, and had the rare quantity and limited resources on biology and genetics, especially in the mitochondrion. In this study, the complete mitochondrial sequence of G. chui was assembled and phylogenetic relationships with other species in Cyprinidae were analyzed. The whole mitochondrial sequence was 16,864 bp in length, which contained two control regions (D-loop regions), two rRNA genes (12S and 16S rRNA), 13 protein-coding genes and 22 tRNA genes. The D-loop region was separated by tRNAPro . The 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA located between tRNAPhe and tRNALeu and were separated by tRNAVal . The 13 mRNAs had three start codons, five termination codons and four overlap regions. The 22 tRNA scattered among the whole mitochondrion, and they were range from 66 (tRNACys ) to 76 (tRNALys andtRNALeu ) in length. To further explore the phylogenetic relationship of the G. chui, we constructed the phylogenetic tree and verified that the G. chui was a part of genus Gymnocypris and had closer relationship with Gymnocypris dobula and was independent from other species of Schizothoracinae, Barbinae and Labeoninae in Cyprinidae. This study provided the valuable evidence on phylogenetic relationship of the G. chui at the molecular level and essential resource for further research on this species.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Gymnocypris scleracanthus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae).

The Gymnocypris scleracanthus, a species of genus Gymnocypris belongs to Schizothoracinaein Cyprinidae. In this study, the complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequence of G. scleracanthus was determined. The 16,771 bp long circular molecule contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two non-coding regions, showing a typical vertebrate pattern. These genes except ND6 and eight tRNA genes were encoded on the H-strand. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the G. scleracanthus was a part of genus Gymnocypris and had closer relationship with Gymnocypris dobula and was independent from other species of Psilorhynchus and Labeoninae in Cyprinidae.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Gymnocypris selincuoensis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae).

The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Gymnocypris selincuoensis was determined and analyzed. This mitochondrial genome was 16,728bp in length and consisted of 37genes in the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement. Phylogenetic analysis showed that G. selincuoensis is more closely related to G. namensis than to other species.