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As the strategic importance of Li in the energy sector increases, selective Li extraction technology from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is attracting increasing attention. Current Li extraction processes typically suffer from lengthy procedures, high costs, and low efficiency. To improve the efficiency of Li extraction, a novel approach to achieve efficient Li recovery is proposed in this study, namely, reacting pyrite (FeS2) with LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) powder in a subcritical water reduction (SWR) system. The reducing solvent environment created by the enhanced reaction of FeS2 with subcritical water converts the high-valent metals in NCM to a low-valent state, causing the collapse of the stable laminar structure and allowing Li+ to be released smoothly. After dual activation through mechanochemical and roasting processes, more than 99 % of Li is preferentially extracted under optimal conditions. Furthermore, Li+ in solution is converted into highly pure Li2CO3, while other metallic elements remain in the residue. Using inexpensive FeS2 for efficient Li extraction without adding additional chemical reagents is a promising approach for recovering spent LIBs.
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INTRODUCTION: In women of childbearing age with epilepsy, 40% experience the comorbidity of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is marked by a higher prevalence of hyperandrogenism. Our recent clinical observations indicate the potential contribution of hyperandrogenism-induced PCOS to epilepsy susceptibility, and this study aimed to unravel the underlying factors that increase the susceptibility of females to epilepsy. METHODS: A letrozole-induced PCOS rat model was employed to simulate endogenous hyperandrogenism. Susceptibility was assessed through seizure kindling rates using pentetrazol and electroencephalogram recordings. Additionally, the role of androgens in epilepsy was verified through interventions using Diane-35. RESULTS: This study revealed that letrozole induced elevated testosterone levels and PCOS-related changes in female rats. PCOS rats, through pentetrazol-kindling, exhibited a reduced seizure threshold compared with controls. Elevated testosterone levels were observed in both the hippocampal and frontal brain tissues, accompanied by changes in circulation. Two weeks of Diane-35 intervention showed a tendency to alleviate these changes, modifying testosterone levels in both the plasma and brain tissue. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of GABA-A receptor in the hippocampus and decreased AMPA receptor expression in the frontal cortex, correlating with anti-epileptic status in PCOS rats. CONCLUSION: This study delves into the impact of elevated androgen levels on seizure threshold, providing crucial insights into the underpinnings of the comorbidity between PCOS and epilepsy. These findings significantly contribute to the evolving field of epilepsy research, emphasizing the imperative consideration of hormonal influences for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions in individuals with epilepsy and PCOS.
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Smart responsive materials are capable of responding to external stimuli and, compared to traditional materials, can be effectively reused and reduce usage costs in applications. However, smart responsive materials often face challenges such as the inability to repair extensive damage, instability in long-term performance, and inapplicability in extreme environments. This study combines 2D diamond nanosheets with organic fluorinated molecules to prepare a smart nanofluid (fluorinated diamond nanosheets, F-DN) with self-healing and self-adhesion properties. This smart nanofluid can be used to design various coatings for different applications. For example, coatings prepared on textured steel plates using the drop-casting method have excellent superhydrophobic and high oleophobic properties; coatings on titanium alloy plates achieve low friction and wear in the presence of lubricating additives of F-DN in perfluoropolyether (PFPE). Most impressively, coatings on steel plates not only provide effective corrosion resistance but also have the ability to self-heal significant damage (approximately 2 mm in width), withstand extremely low temperatures (-64 °C), and resist long-term corrosion factors (immersion in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution for 35 days). Additionally, it can act as a "coating glue" to repair extensive damage to other corrosion-resistant organic coatings and recover their original protective properties. Therefore, the smart nanofluid developed in this study offers diverse applications and presents new materials system for the future development of smart responsive materials.
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BACKGROUND: The energy supply of certain cancer cells depends on aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation. Our previous studies have shown that withaferin A (WA), a lactone compound derived from Withania somnifera, suppresses skin carcinogenesis at least partially by stabilizing IDH1 and promoting oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we have extended our studies to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of WA in liver cancer. METHODS: Differential expression of glycolysis-related genes between liver cancer tissues and normal tissues and prognosis were verified using an online database. Glycolysis-related protein expression was detected using western blot after overexpression and knockdown of IDH1 and mitochondrial membrane potential assay based on JC-1, and mitochondrial complex I activity was also detected. The inhibitory effect of WA on the biological functions of HepG2 cells was detected along with cell viability using MTT assay, scratch assay, clone formation assay, glucose consumption and lactate production assay. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of proteins and genes related to IDH1, p53 and HIF1α signaling pathways. RESULTS: We first identified that IDH1 expression was downregulated in human liver cancer cells compared to normal liver cells. Next, we found that treatment of HepG2 cells with WA resulted in significantly increased protein levels of IDH1, accompanied by decreased levels of several glycolytic enzymes. Furthermore, we found that WA stabilized IDH1 proteins by inhibiting the degradation by the proteasome. The tumor suppressor p53 was also upregulated by WA treatment, which played a critical role in the upregulation of IDH1 and downregulation of the glycolysis-related genes. Under hypoxic conditions, glycolysis-related genes were induced, which was suppressed by WA treatment, and IDH1 expression was still maintained at higher levels under hypoxia. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results indicated that WA suppresses liver cancer tumorigenesis by p53-mediated IDH1 upregulation, which promotes mitochondrial respiration, thereby inhibiting the HIF-1α pathway and blocking aerobic glycolysis.
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Glucólisis , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Transducción de Señal , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor , Witanólidos , Humanos , Witanólidos/farmacología , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Glucólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinogénesis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Acute kidney injury (AKI) poses a significant global public health challenge. Current methods for detecting AKI rely on monitoring changes in serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urinary output and some commonly employed biomarkers. However, these indicators are usually neither specific nor sensitive to AKI, especially in cases of mild kidney injury. AKI is accompanied by severe inflammatory reactions, resulting in the upregulation of numerous inflammation-associated proteins in the plasma. Plasma biomarkers are a noninvasive method for detecting kidney injury, and to date, plasma inflammation-associated cytokines have not been adequately studied in AKI patients. The objective of our research was to identify novel inflammatory biomarkers for AKI. We utilized Olink proteomics to analyze the alterations in plasma inflammation-related proteins in the serum of healthy mice (n = 2) or mice treated with cisplatin (n = 6). Additionally, transcriptome datasets for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cisplatin, and ischemiaâreperfusion injury (IRI) groups were obtained from the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We calculated the intersection of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and genes (DEGs) from both datasets. In the Olink proteomics analysis, the AKI group had significantly greater levels of 11 DEPs than did the control group. In addition, 56 common upregulated DEGs were obtained from the transcriptome dataset. The expression of CXCL1 and TNFRSF12A overlapped across all the datasets. The transcription and protein expression levels of CXCL1 and TNFRSF12A were detected in vivo. The gene and protein levels of CXCL1 and TNFRSF12A were significantly increased in different AKI mouse models and clinical patients, suggesting that these genes and proteins could be potential specific biomarkers for the identification of AKI.
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Metabolic reprogramming enables cancer cells to generate energy mainly through aerobic glycolysis, which is achieved by increasing the expression levels of glycolysis-related enzymes. Therefore, the development of drugs targeting aerobic glycolysis could be an effective strategy for cancer treatment. Icaritin (ICT) is an active ingredient from the Chinese herbal plant Epimedium with several biological activities, but its anti-cancer mechanism remains inconclusive. Using normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, our results showed that ICT suppressed cell proliferation and clonal formation and decreased glucose consumption and lactate production in liver cancer cells. In consistent, the mRNA and protein levels of several aerobic glycolysis-related genes were decreased upon ICT treatment. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the expression levels of the aerobic glycolysis-related proteins were correlated with the p53 status in hepatoma cells. Using PFT-α or siRNA-p53, our results confirmed that ICT regulated aerobic glycolysis in a p53-dependent manner. In addition, ICT was found to stabilize p53 at the post-translational level which might be mediated by inhibiting MDM2 expression and affecting its interaction with p53. Finally, our results demonstrated that ICT increased the levels of ROS that activated p53 via the p38 MAPK pathway. In conclusion, ICT increased intracellular ROS levels in liver cancer cells, which promoted the stabilization and activation of p53, inhibiting the expression of aerobic glycolysis-related genes and glycolysis, and ultimately leading to the suppression of liver cancer development.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Flavonoides , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Glucólisis , Proliferación Celular , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been developed over the last three decades. Increased amount of silicon (Si) is added into graphite anode to increase the energy density of LIBs. However, the amount of Si is limited, due to its structural instability and poor electronic conductivity so a novel approach is needed to overcome these issues. In this work, the synthesized chromium silicide (CrSi2) doped Si nanoparticle anode material achieves an initial capacity of 1729.3 mAh g-1 at 0.2C and retains 1085 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles. The new anode also shows fast charge capability due to the enhanced electronic conductivity provided by CrSi2 dopant, delivering a capacity of 815.9 mAh g-1 at 1C after 1000 cycles with a capacity degradation rate of <0.05% per cycle. An in situ transmission electron microscopy is used to study the structural stability of the CrSi2-doped Si, indicating that the high control of CrSi2 dopant prevents the fracture of Si during lithiation and results in long cycle life. Molecular dynamics simulation shows that CrSi2 doping optimizes the crack propagation path and dissipates the fracture energy. In this work a comprehensive information is provided to study the function of metal ion doping in electrode materials.
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Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising modality for addressing advanced or conventionally drug-resistant malignancies. When it comes to lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), T cells have demonstrated significant influence on both antitumor activity and the tumor microenvironment. However, their specific contributions remain largely unexplored. This investigation aimed to delineate molecular subtypes and prognostic indicators founded on T cell marker genes, thereby shedding light on the significance of T cells in LUAD prognosis and precision treatment. The cellular phenotypes were identified by scrutinizing the single-cell data obtained from the GEO repository. Subsequently, T cell marker genes derived from single-cell sequencing analyses were integrated with differentially expressed genes from the TCGA repository to pinpoint T cell-associated genes. Utilizing Cox analysis, molecular subtypes and prognostic signatures were established and subsequently verified using the GEO dataset. The ensuing molecular and immunological distinctions, along with therapy sensitivity between the two sub-cohorts, were examined via the ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, and ssGSEA methodologies. Compartmentalization, somatic mutation, nomogram development, chemotherapy sensitivity prediction, and potential drug prediction analyses were also conducted according to the risk signature. Additionally, real-time qPCR and the HPA database corroborated the mRNA and protein expression patterns of signature genes in LUAD tissues. In summary, this research yielded an innovative T cell marker gene-based signature with remarkable potential to prognosis and anticipate immunotherapeutic outcomes in LUAD patients.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Pronóstico , ARN , Secuencia de Bases , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Complejo CD3 , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMEN
The application of Si anodes is hindered by some critical issues such as large volume changes of bare Si and fragile solid-electrolyte interface (SEI), resulting in low coulombic efficiency and rapid capacity decay. Herein, a multifunctional SEI film with high content of LiF is in situ constructed via the surface grafting of carbon-fluorine functionalized groups on silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) during cycling. Mechanical study demonstrates that the incorporation of LiF with high modulus and unbroken carbon-fluorine groups with highly elastic guarantee the rigid-soft coupling SEI film on Si electrode. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the rigid-soft coupling SEI film can effectively accommodate the volume expansion of Si nanoparticles during lithiation process, with the electrode expanding rate of only 114.16% after 100 cycles (263.87% for bare Si without surface modification). Afterward, with the aid of well-designed rigid-soft coupling SEI, the initial Coulomb efficiency of 89.8% is achieved, showing a reversible capacity of 1477 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at 1.2 A g-1 . This work provides a simple and efficient solution that can potentially facilitate the practical application of Si anodes.
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With the increasing demand for lithium resources, the efficient recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become the focus of social attention. Herein, a combined process of reduction roasting of herb-medicine residue (HMR) and oxalic acid (OA) leaching is proposed to improve the recovery efficiency of lithium. Due to the large amount of reducing gas produced by the pyrolysis of herb-medicine residue, the layered structure of LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode powder can be destroyed at 650â for 10 min, and the cathode powder is converted into Li2CO3, Ni, Co, MnO. Moreover, about 99.6 % of Li in the roasting residue can be selectively extracted by 0.5 mol L-1 oxalic acid for 20 min. Under the combined action of HMR and OA, the extraction efficiency and kinetics of lithium are improved simultaneously. This work achieves synergistic treatment of two types of waste from the perspective of waste management for waste. Meanwhile, it provides an alternative and innovative approach for the difficult problem of low efficiency of lithium recovery from spent LIBs.
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Litio , Administración de Residuos , Ácido Oxálico , Polvos , Reciclaje , Suministros de Energía EléctricaRESUMEN
With the annual increase in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) disposal, valuable resources are being generated with worrying waste, so it is strategically important to recover the critical metals from them. Individual high temperature or leaching processes do not apparently achieve very satisfactory results. In the present work, the reduction with zinc powder was able to convert the lithium in LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) to soluble LiOH, while the reduction and ammonia complexation environment generated by the decomposition of cysteine (Cys) achieved an efficient leaching of transition metals without additional additives. The leaching efficiency of Li can reach more than 92 %, while that of Ni/Co/Mn reaches more than 97 % through the regulation of the parameters of each process. In particular, an in-situ redox mechanism is proposed to explain the efficient leaching of transition metals, which further enriches the theory of spent LIBs recycling and provides a promising idea for various hydrometallurgical extraction systems.
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The three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy features the advantage of obtaining emission spectra at different excitation wavelengths and providing more detailed information. This study established a simple method to discriminate both the producer and grade of matcha tea by coupling three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy analysis and distance discrimination. The matcha tea was extracted three times and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopies of these tea infusions were scanned; then, the dimension of three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopies was reduced by the integration at three specific areas showing local peaks of fluorescence intensity, and a series of vectors were constructed based on a combination of integrated vectors of the three tea infusions; finally, four distances were used to discriminate the producer and grade of matcha tea, and two discriminative patterns were compared. The results indicated that proper vector construction, appropriate discriminative distance, and correct steps are three key factors to ensure the high accuracy of the discrimination. The vector based on the three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy of all three tea infusions resulted in a higher accuracy than those only based on spectroscopy of one or two tea infusions, and the first tea infusion was more sensitive than the other tea infusion. The Mahalanobis distance had a higher accuracy that was up to 100% when the vector is appropriate, while the other three distances were about 60-90%. The two-step discriminative pattern, identifying the producer first and the grade second, showed a higher accuracy and a smaller uncertainty than the one-step pattern of identifying both directly. These key conclusions above help discriminate the producer and grade of matcha in a quick, accurate, and green method through three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as in quality inspections and identifying the critical parameters of the producing process.
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Renal fibrosis, characterized by excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix in the renal tubulointerstitium, can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), resulting in a heavy burden on families and society. Clinical studies have shown that smoking is closely associated with CKD deterioration in patients with diabetes, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation. However, the mechanism of action of nicotine in renal fibrosis pathogenesis remains largely unknown. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, is involved in apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and immune response. Here, the upregulated expression of XIAP and α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) was determined in the kidneys of the CKD smoking group in human and animal studies. A significant positive correlation between XIAP and cotinine was observed. In addition, the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of SP1 were promoted when nicotine bound to α7-nAChR, resulting in XIAP overexpression and renal interstitial fibrosis progression. This phenotype can be reversed by the nicotine receptor subtype α7-nAChR antagonists methyllycaconitine. Our results revealed the complex underlying mechanism of nicotine in promoting renal fibrosis by altering SP1 nucleocytoplasmic translocation and regulating XIAP expression. These results provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of CKD.
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Receptores Nicotínicos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Animales , Humanos , Nicotina/farmacología , Regulación hacia Arriba , Fumar , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa 7/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Proteína Inhibidora de la Apoptosis Ligada a X/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background: Chloroplast genomes are usually circular molecules, and most of them are tetrad structures with two inverted repeat (IR) regions, a large single-copy region, and a small single-copy region. IR contraction and expansion are among the genetic diversities during the evolution of plant chloroplast genomes. The only previously released tool for the visualization of junction sites of the regions does not consider the diversity of the starting point of genomes, which leads to incorrect results or even no results for the examination of IR contraction and expansion. Results: In this work, a new tool named CPJSdraw was developed for visualizing the junction sites of chloroplast genomes. CPJSdraw can format the starting point of the irregular linearized genome, correct the junction sites of IR and single-copy regions, display the tetrad structure, visualize the junction sites of any number (≥1) of chloroplast genomes, show the transcription direction of genes adjacent to junction sites, and indicate the IR expansion or contraction of chloroplast genomes. Conclusions: CPJSdraw is a software that is universal and reliable in analysis and visualization of IR expansion or contraction of chloroplast genomes. CPJSdraw has more accurate analysis and more complete functions when compared with previously released tool. CPJSdraw as a perl package and tested data are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7669480 for English users. In addition, an online version with a Chinese interface is available at http://cloud.genepioneer.com:9929/#/tool/alltool/detail/335.
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Genoma del Cloroplasto , Genoma del Cloroplasto/genética , Filogenia , Genoma de Planta/genética , Cloroplastos/genéticaRESUMEN
Biodegradable composites consisting of Poly-(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), thermoplastic starch, hydrophobically modified nanofibrillated cellulose (HMNC), and green surfactant (sucrose fatty acid ester) were prepared via the melt-mixing and film-blowing process (PBAT-HMNC). The composites were characterized using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The mechanical and barrier properties were systematically studied. The results indicated that PBAT-HMNC composites exhibited excellent mechanical and barrier properties. The tensile strength reached the maximum value (over 13 MPa) when the HMNC content was 0.6% and the thermal decomposition temperature decreased by 1 to 2 °C. The lowest values of the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) were obtained from the composite with 0.6 wt% HMNC, prepared via the film-bowing process with the values of 389 g/(m2·day) and 782 cc/(m2·day), which decreased by 51.3% and 42.1%, respectively. The Agaricus mushrooms still had a commodity value after 11 days of preservation using the film with 0.6 wt% HMNC. PBAT-HMNC composites have been proven to be promising nanocomposite materials for packaging.
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Embalaje de Alimentos , Poliésteres , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Celulosa , AdipatosRESUMEN
Developing efficient bifunctional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is beneficial for simplifying the design of electrolytic cells and reducing the cost of device manufacturing. Herein, a metal phosphide nanoarray (NiMo-Fe-P) electrocatalyst was designed by in situ ion exchange and low-temperature phosphating to promote overall water splitting in 1 M KOH. NiMo-Fe-P demonstrates superb HER and OER activities as reflected by the low overpotentials of 73.1 mV and 215.2 mV, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. The addition of Fe changes the electronic structure of Ni, which is conducive to the chemisorption of oxygen-containing intermediates and reduces the energy barrier for water decomposition. Besides, the metal phosphide not only acts as the active site of the HER, but also improves the conductivity of the catalyst. Furthermore, nanowire arrays and the small particles generated on their surfaces provide a high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), which was beneficial for the exposure of active sites. Attributed to these advantages, the cell voltage of the water electrolyzer constructed with NiMo-Fe-P as both the cathode and anode is only 1.526 V at 10 mA cm-2, and it maintains excellent stability for 100 h with near negligible changes in potential.
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Battery safety calls for solid state batteries and how to prepare solid electrolytes with excellent performance are of significant importance. In this study, hybrid solid electrolytes combined with organic PVDF-HFP and inorganic active fillers are studied. The modified active fillers of Li7-x-3yAlyLa3Zr2-xTaxO12are obtained by co-element doping with Al and Ta when LLZO is synthesized by calcination. And an high room temperature ionic conductivity of 5.357 × 10-4S cm-1is exhibited by ATLLZO ceramic sheet. The composite solid electrolyte PVDF-HFP/LiTFSI/ATLLZO (PHL-ATLLZO) is prepared by solution casting method, and its electrochemical properties are investigated. The results show that when the contents of lithium salt LiTFSI and active filler ATLLZO are controlled at 40 wt% and 10%, respectively, the ionic conductivity of the resulting composite solid electrolyte is as high as 2.686 × 10-4S cm-1at room temperature, and a wide electrochemical window of 4.75 V is exhibited. The LiFePO4/PHL-ATLLZO/Li all-solid-state battery assembled based on the composite solid-state electrolyte exhibits excellent cycling stability at room temperature. The cell assembled by casting the composite solid-state electrolyte on the cathode surface shows a discharge specific capacity of 134.3 mAh g-1and 96.2% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. The prepared composite solid-state electrolyte demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance.
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Silicon is an excellent candidate for the next generation of ultra-high performance anode materials, with the rapid iteration of the lithium-ion battery industry. High-quality silicon sources are the cornerstone of the development of silicon anodes, and silicon cutting waste (SCW) is one of them while still faces the problems of poor performance and unclear structure-activity relationship. Herein, a simple, efficient, and inexpensive purification method is implemented to reduce impurities in SCW and expose the morphology of nanosheets therein. Furthermore, HF is used to modulate the abundant native O in SCW after thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, realizing the mechanical support for the internal Si in the form of an amorphous SiO2 shell. Afterward, SCNS@SiO2 -2.5 with a 1.0 nm thick SiO2 shell exhibits a reversible capacity of 1583.3 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at 0.8 A g-1 . Ultimately, the molecular dynamics simulations profoundly reveal that the amorphous SiO2 shell is transformed into the extremely ductile Lix SiOy shell to ditch stress and relieve strain during the lithiation/delithiation process.
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The recovery of valuable elements in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted more and more attention. Efficient recovery of valuable elements from spent LIBs with lower consumption and shorter process is the target that people have been pursuing. In this study, the valuable metals (Ni, Co, Mn and Li) and FePO4 products are simultaneously recovered from mixed spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 and LiFePO4 in one step under the optimized condition of 0.88 M H3PO4, a mass ratio of LFP/NCM of 2:1, a L/S ratio of 33:1 and 80 â for 120 min without additional auxiliary reagents. Over 60 % of acid consumption is reduced and the process of adjusting pH is avoidable. The leaching efficiencies of the valuable elements reach up to 99.1 % for Ni, 98.9 % for Co, 99.6 % for Li and 97.3 % for Mn. Almost all of Fe is precipitated as FePO4·2H2O. By means of the empirical model, the research on leaching kinetics demonstrates that the leaching reaction is internal diffusion-controlled with the apparent activation energy of valuable metals less than 30 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the redox reaction mechanism between spent LiBs has been explored. And the intrinsic driving force in the phosphoric acid system is found out. This finding may provide an innovative and selective recycling method for valuable elements from mixed spent LIBs with high economic benefit and fewer environmental footprints.
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Suministros de Energía Eléctrica , Litio , Humanos , Metales , Ácidos Fosfóricos , ReciclajeRESUMEN
Recycling valuable metals in spent LIBs is not only in line with the purpose of resource recycling but also an important measure for environmental protection. In this article, a process using biomass reduction roasting followed by a unique complexation-assisted ammonia leaching is proposed. Using waste areca powder (WAP) as a biomass reducing agent, the roasted residue is leached in an aqueous solution for the carbonate. The leaching efficiencies of Ni, Co, and Mn reach over 99% under ammonia leaching conditions of 1.5 M ammonium citrate (AC), 3 M ethylenediamine (EDA). The kinetics of ammonia leaching indicates the activation energies of Ni, Co, and Mn are 51.8 kJ mol-1, 47.7 kJ mol-1, and 40.8 kJ mol-1, respectively, which shows the whole duration is controlled by chemical reactions. Most importantly, this study systematically explores the mechanism of ammonia leaching and provided a useful recommendation for selecting the right ammonium salt.