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Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) are functional compounds known for enhancing plant growth and development. However, their environmental impact is a concern due to poor water solubility and the need for substantial organic solvents. Recently, nano-delivery systems have emerged as a solution, offering a broad range of applications for small molecule compounds. This study introduces a nano-delivery system for Triacontanol (TA), utilizing a star polymer (SPc), aimed at promoting maize growth and improving physiological indicators. The system forms nearly spherical nanoparticles through TA's hydroxyl group and SPc's tertiary amine group. The TA/SPc nano-complex notably outperforms separate TA or SPc treatments in maize, increasing biomass, chlorophyll content, and nutrient absorption. It elevates chlorophyll content by 16.4%, 10.0%, and 6.2% over water, TA, and SPc treatments, respectively, and boosts potassium and nitrate ion uptake by up to 2 and 1.6 times compared to TA alone, leading to enhanced plant height and leaf growth. qRT-PCR analysis further demonstrated that the nano-complex enhanced cellular uptake through the endocytosis pathway by up-regulating endocytosis-related gene expression. The employment of TEM to observe vesicle formation during the internalization of maize leaves furnishes corroborative evidence for the participation of the endocytosis pathway in this process. This research confirms that SPc is an effective carrier for TA, significantly enhancing biological activity and reducing TA dosage requirements.
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Alcoholes Grasos , Zea mays , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/metabolismo , Alcoholes Grasos/farmacología , Nanopartículas/química , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Polímeros/química , Polímeros/farmacología , Clorofila/metabolismoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to explore the potential molecular mechanism of Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba against gastric cancer by using network pharmacology methods, molecular docking, and cellular experimental validation. Medicinal plants related to gastric cancer were queried through TCMSP, SymMap, and Herb databases. The TCSMP database (drug-likeness ≥ 0.18) was used to retrieve the bioactive constituents. TCSMP, SwissTargetPrediction, and Herb databases were used to retrieve the target genes, and Cytoscape software was used to construct the "active ingredient-target" network. After protein interaction analysis using String 11.0 platform, the hub genes were screened using CytoHubba. The obtained hub genes were uploaded to the cBioPortal for pathway enrichment. The genes involved in gastric cancer-related RTK-RAS pathway were molecularly docked and experimentally validated. Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba was common to TCMSP, SymMap, and Herb databases. A total of nine active ingredients were obtained in Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba, acting on 192 targets. Seven hub genes were obtained from these target genes and enriched in the RTK-RAS pathway in gastric cancer. MAPK1 and EGFR had good molecular docking results with their corresponding chemicals. Cellular experiments showed that the treatment of luteolin, quercetin, and Okanin reduced the expression of EGFR in AGS cells; the treatment of luteolin and quercetin could reduce the expression of MAPK1. Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba contained active components, which may be anti-gastric cancer in a multi-target (MAPK1 and EGFR) manner.
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Lodging restricts growth, development, and yield formation in maize (Zea mays L.). Shorter internode length is beneficial for lodging tolerance. However, although brassinosteroids (BRs) and jasmonic acid (JA) are known to antagonistically regulate internode growth, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, application of the JA mimic coronatine (COR) inhibited basal internode elongation at the jointing stage and repressed expression of the cell wall-related gene XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE 1 (ZmXTH1), whose overexpression in maize plants promoted internode elongation. We demonstrated that the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor ZmbHLH154 directly binds to the ZmXTH1 promoter and induces its expression, whereas the bHLH transcription factor ILI1 BINDING BHLH 1 (ZmIBH1) inhibits this transcriptional activation by forming a heterodimer with ZmbHLH154. Overexpressing ZmbHLH154 led to longer internodes, whereas zmbhlh154 mutants had shorter internodes than the wild type. The core JA-dependent transcription factors ZmMYC2-4 and ZmMYC2-6 interacted with BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (ZmBZR1), a key factor in BR signaling, and these interactions eliminated the inhibitory effect of ZmBZR1 on its downstream gene ZmIBH1. Collectively, these results reveal a signaling module in which JA regulates a bHLH network by attenuating BR signaling to inhibit ZmXTH1 expression, thereby regulating cell elongation in maize.
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Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico , Brasinoesteroides , Ciclopentanos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Oxilipinas , Proteínas de Plantas , Transducción de Señal , Zea mays , Brasinoesteroides/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/genética , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Indenos/farmacología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , AminoácidosRESUMEN
MicroRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression in maize. However, the mechanisms through which miRNAs control internode elongation remain poorly understood. This study engineered varying levels of internode elongation inhibition, revealing that dwarfing treatments diminished gibberellin levels, curtailed cell longitudinal growth, and slowed the rate of internode elongation. Comprehensive transcriptome and miRNA profiling of the internode elongation zone showed gene expression changes that paralleled the extent of the internode length reduction. We identified 543 genes and 29 miRNAs with significant correlations to internode length, predominantly within families, including miR164 and miR396. By incorporating target gene expression levels, we pinpointed nine miRNA-mRNA pairs that are significantly associated with the regulation of the internode elongation. The inhibitory effects of these miRNAs on their target genes were confirmed through dual-luciferase reporter assays. Overexpression of miR164h in maize resulted in increased internode and cell length, suggesting a novel genetic avenue for manipulating plant stature. These miRNAs may also serve as precise spatiotemporal regulators for in vitro plant development.
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MicroARNs , Humanos , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
A novel electromagnetic heat extraction method was presented, whereby mandarin peels residue solution was located in a winding coil subjected to an oscillating magnetic field, and the pectin was extracted under appropriate conditions. Numerical relationships between applied magnetic field and induced electric field (IEF) in the extraction process were elaborated. The results showed that the induced current density, IEF and terminal temperature increased with increasing magnetic field. The maximum current density of 0.35 A/cm corresponds to the highest terminal temperature of 84.6 °C and IEF intensity of 26.6 V/cm. When magnetic field intensity was 1.39 T and the extraction time was 15 min, the maximum yield of pectin reached 9.16 %. In addition, all treatments impacted the ash content, protein content, water-holding capacity (WHC), and oil-holding capacity (OHC) of the obtained pectin. The pectin extracted by electromagnetic heat had the lowest DE value of 71.3 % with 126.55 kDa molecular weight, while the GalA content was at the highest level of 76.18 %. After different treatments, the composition of pectin monosaccharides changed, but there were slight differences in the composition of pectin polysaccharides. Moreover, the electromagnetic heat extracted pectin had light color and an obvious surface fragmentation of the peel residue.
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Calor , Pectinas , Pectinas/química , Polisacáridos , Monosacáridos , Fenómenos ElectromagnéticosRESUMEN
Food safety has become an attractive topic among consumers. Raw material production for food is also a focus of social attention. As hormones are widely used in agriculture and human disease control, consumers' concerns about the safety of hormone agents have never disappeared. The present review focuses on the interkingdom regulations of exogenous animal hormones in plants and phytohormones in animals, including physiology and stress resistance. We summarize these interactions to give the public, researchers, and policymakers some guidance and suggestions. Accumulated evidence demonstrates comprehensive hormonal regulation across plants and animals. Animal hormones, interacting with phytohormones, help regulate plant development and enhance environmental resistance. Correspondingly, phytohormones may also cause damage to the reproductive and urinary systems of animals. Notably, the disease-resistant role of phytohormones is revealed against neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These resistances derive from the control for abnormal cell cycle, energy balance, and activity of enzymes. Further exploration of these cross-kingdom mechanisms would surely be of greater benefit to human health and agriculture development.
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Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Plantas , Animales , Humanos , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas/metabolismo , Desarrollo de la Planta , Hormonas/metabolismo , Inocuidad de los AlimentosRESUMEN
One of the highly attractive research directions in the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) field is how to regulate and improve ECL efficiency. Quantum dots (QDs) are highly promising ECL materials due to their adjustable luminescence size and strong luminous efficiency. MoS2 NSs@QDs, an ECL emitter, is synthesized via hydrothermal methods, and its ECL mechanism is investigated using cyclic voltammetry and ECL-potential curves. Then, a stable and vertical attachment of a triplex DNA (tsDNA) probe to the MoS2 nanosheets (NSs) is applied to the electrode. Next, an innovative ECL sensor is courageously empoldered for precise and ultrasensitive detection of target miRNA-199a through the agency of ECL-resonance energy transfer (RET) strategy and a dextrous target-initiated catalytic three-arm DNA junction assembly (CTDJA) based on a toehold strand displacement reaction (TSDR) signal amplification approach. Impressively, the ingenious system not only precisely regulates the distance between energy donor-acceptor pairs leave energy less loss and more ECL-RET efficiency, but also simplifies the operational procedure and verifies the feasibility of this self-assembly process without human intervention. This study can expand MoS2 NSs@QDs utilization in ECL biosensing applications, and the proposed nucleic acid amplification strategy can become a miracle cure for ultrasensitive detecting diverse biomarkers, which helps researchers to better study the tumor mechanism, thereby unambiguously increasing cancer cure rates and reducing the risk of recurrence.
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ADN Catalítico , MicroARNs , Humanos , Molibdeno , Catálisis , ElectrodosRESUMEN
Stomatal density (SD) is closely related to crop drought resistance. Understanding the genetic basis for natural variation in SD may facilitate efforts to improve water-use efficiency. Here, we report a genome-wide association study for SD in maize seedlings, which identified 18 genetic variants that could be resolved to seven candidate genes. A 3-bp insertion variant (InDel1089) in the last exon of Zea mays (Zm) IRX15A (Irregular xylem 15A) had the most significant association with SD and modulated the translation of ZmIRX15A mRNA by affecting its secondary structure. Dysfunction of ZmIRX15A increased SD, leading to an increase in the transpiration rate and CO2 assimilation efficiency. ZmIRX15A encodes a xylan deposition enzyme and its disruption significantly decreased xylan abundance in secondary cell wall composition. Transcriptome analysis revealed a substantial alteration of the expression of genes involved in stomatal complex morphogenesis and drought response in the loss-of-function of ZmIRX15A mutant. Overall, our study provides important genetic insights into the natural variation of leaf SD in maize, and the identified loci or genes can serve as direct targets for enhancing drought resistance in molecular-assisted maize breeding.
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Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Agua , Agua/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Xilanos/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , SequíasRESUMEN
Waterlogging negatively affects maize growth and yield. In this study, we found that ethylene played a vital role in plant adaptation to waterlogging. ET promotes better growth in seedlings under waterlogging conditions by altering root architecture and increasing lateral root formation by 42.1%. What's more, plants with high endogenous ethylene levels exhibited reduced sensitivity to waterlogging stress. ET also induced the formation of aerenchyma, a specialized tissue that facilitates gas exchange, in a different pattern compared to aerenchyma formed under waterlogging. Aerenchyma induced by ET was mainly located in the medial cortex of the roots and was not prone to decay. ethylene inhibited root elongation under normal conditions, but this inhibition was not alleviated under waterlogging stress. Upon activation of the ET signaling pathway, the transcription factor EREB90 promoted aerenchyma formation by enhancing the programmed cell death process. Overexpression of EREB90 resulted in increased waterlogging tolerance compared to wild type plants. Our findings suggest that pre-treatment of maize seedlings with ET before waterlogging stress can trigger the programmed cell death process and induce aerenchyma formation, thus improving waterlogging resistance.
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Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones and rhizosphere communication signals of great interest. They perform diverse biological functions including the stimulation of parasitic seed germination and phytohormonal activity. However, their practical use is limited by their low abundance and complex structure, which requires simpler SL analogues and mimics with maintained biological function. Here, new, hybrid-type SL mimics were designed, derived from Cinnamic amide, a new potential plant growth regulator with good germination and rooting-promoting activities. Bioassay results indicated that compound 6 not only displayed good germination activity against the parasitic weed O. aegyptiaca with an EC50 value of 2.36 × 10-8 M, but also exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Arabidopsis root growth and lateral root formation, as well as promoting root hair elongation, similar to the action of GR24. Further morphological experiments on Arabidopsis max2-1 mutants revealed that 6 possessed SL-like physiological functions. Furthermore, molecular docking studies indicated that the binding mode of 6 was similar to that of GR24 in the active site of OsD14. This work provides valuable clues for the discovery of novel SL mimics.
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Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Germinación , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Lactonas/químicaRESUMEN
The lengths of the basal internodes is an important factor for lodging resistance of maize (Zea mays). In this study, foliar application of coronatine (COR) to 10 cultivars at the V8 growth stage had different suppression effects on the length of the eighth internode, with three being categorized as strong-inhibition cultivars (SC), five as moderate (MC), and two as weak (WC). RNA-sequencing of the eighth internode of the cultivars revealed a total of 7895 internode elongation-regulating genes, including 777 transcription factors (TFs). Genes related to the hormones cytokinin, gibberellin, auxin, and ethylene in the SC group were significantly down-regulated compared to WC, and more cell-cycle regulatory factors and cell wall-related genes showed significant changes, which severely inhibited internode elongation. In addition, we used EMSAs to explore the direct regulatory relationship between two important TFs, ZmABI7 and ZmMYB117, which regulate the cell cycle and cell wall modification by directly binding to the promoters of their target genes ZmCYC1, ZmCYC3, ZmCYC7, and ZmCPP1. The transcriptome reported in this study will provide a useful resource for studying maize internode development, with potential use for targeted genetic control of internode length to improve the lodging resistance of maize.
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Ácidos Indolacéticos , Zea mays , Zea mays/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Giberelinas/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
Graphdiyne oxide quantum dots (GDYO QDs), as derivatives of graphdiyne (GDY), have excellent electroconductibility and luminous properties and can be applied as a new ECL emitter. Herein, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor for miRNA-21 ultrasensitive determination is constructed based on AuNPs/GDY, GDYO QD and oligonucleotide signal amplification strategy that integrates DNA walker and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification. As electrode substrate material, AuNPs/GDY can not only bond with the aptamer CP but can also enhance the conductivity of the interface. When miRNA-21 exists, the DNA walker process is initiated, and the signaling probes are introduced on the electrode surface, producing abundant double-stranded H1/H2; then, H3/H4 undergoes complementary base pairing with H1/H2 through HCR. With the increase in miRNA-21, the 3D DNA nanomachine is actively manipulated, resulting in a gradual increase in ECL signal. This ECL biosensor demonstrates outstanding performance in the determination of miRNA-21 in the linear range from 0.1 fM to 1 nM. This study offers a new sensitive idea for the clinical analysis of cancer biomarkers.
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Técnicas Biosensibles , Nanopartículas del Metal , MicroARNs , Puntos Cuánticos , MicroARNs/análisis , Oro , Técnicas Electroquímicas/métodos , Mediciones Luminiscentes/métodos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , ADN/genética , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Puntos Cuánticos/química , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
Exploring new highly efficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores is a necessary condition for developing ultrasensitive ECL biosensors. Therefore, a luminescent carbon dot-based covalent organic framework (CD-COF) was prepared using aldehyde-based carbon dots (CDs) and 1,3,5-tris (4-aminophenyl) benzene (TPB). Because the CD-COF made the regular arrangement of CDs conducive to improving the ECL response, CD-COF had a higher ECL intensity and efficiency than CDs. What's more, the ECL intensity of the CD-COF/S2O82-/Bu4N+ system was about 2.98, 7.50, and 28.08 times higher than those of the CD-COF/S2O82-, CDs/S2O82- and S2O82- systems, respectively. Considering the remarkable ECL performance, the CD-COF/S2O82-/Bu4N+ system was employed combined with the CRISPR/Cas12a trans-cutting strategy to construct an "off-on" ECL biosensor for BPA detection. The proposed ECL biosensor exhibited excellent performance with a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10-14 mol L-1 to 1.0 × 10-5 mol L-1 with a low detection limit of 2.21 fM (S/N = 3) under the optimized conditions. The biosensor demonstrated that CD-COF can be used as an efficient ECL emitter, thus expanding the application field of COFs. In addition, the good stability and specificity of the biosensor enabled the rapid detection of BPA, which will provide valuable insights into promising ultrasensitive ECL biosensors.
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Técnicas Biosensibles , Estructuras Metalorgánicas , Carbono , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Técnicas Electroquímicas , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
Water uptake is crucial for crop growth and development and drought stress tolerance. The water channel aquaporins (AQP) play important roles in plant water uptake. Here, we discovered that a jasmonic acid analog, coronatine (COR), enhanced maize (Zea mays) root water uptake capacity under artificial water deficiency conditions. COR treatment induced the expression of the AQP gene Plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2;5 (ZmPIP2;5). In vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that COR also directly acts on ZmPIP2;5 to improve water uptake in maize and Xenopus oocytes. The leaf water potential and hydraulic conductivity of roots growing under hyperosmotic conditions were higher in ZmPIP2;5-overexpression lines and lower in the zmpip2;5 knockout mutant, compared to wild-type plants. Based on a comparison between ZmPIP2;5 and other PIP2s, we predicted that COR may bind to the functional site in loop E of ZmPIP2;5. We confirmed this prediction by surface plasmon resonance technology and a microscale thermophoresis assay, and showed that deleting the binding motif greatly reduced COR binding. We identified the N241 residue as the COR-specific binding site, which may activate the channel of the AQP tetramer and increase water transport activity, which may facilitate water uptake under hyperosmotic stress.
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Acuaporinas , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Agua/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Acuaporinas/química , Acuaporinas/genética , Acuaporinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
Salinity severely inhibits growth and reduces yield of salt-sensitive plants like wheat, and this effect can be alleviated by plant growth regulators and phytohormones, among which abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in response to various stressful environments. ABA is highly photosensitive to light disruption, which this limits its application. Here, based on pyrabactin (a synthetic ABA agonist), we designed and synthesized a functional analog of ABA and named B2, then evaluated its role in salt resistance using winter wheat seedlings. The phenotypes showed that B2 significantly improved the salt tolerance of winter wheat seedlings by elevating the biomass. The physiological analysis found that B2 treatment reduced the generation rate of O2 -, electrolyte leakage, the content of proline, and the accumulation of malonaldehyde (MDA) and H2O2 and also significantly increased the contents of endogenous hormones zeatin riboside (ZA) and gibberellic acid (GA). Further biochemical analysis revealed that the activities of various antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were enhanced by B2, and the activities of antioxidase isozymes SOD3, POD1/2, and APX1/2 were particularly increased, largely resembling ABA treatment. The abiotic stress response-related gene TaSOS1 was significantly upregulated by B2, while the TaTIP2;2 gene was suppressed. In conclusion, an ABA analog B2 was capable to enhance salt stress tolerance in winter wheat seedlings by stimulating the antioxidant system, providing a novel regulator for better survival of crops in saline soils and improving crop yield.
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Graphdiyne (GDY) is an sp and sp2 co-hydrocarbon allotrope whose particular structure endows it with many fascinating properties, including abundant chemical bonds, high conjugation, natural pores, high carrier mobility, high conductivity and stability, etc. In this work, two-dimensional graphdiyne is prepared as an electrode substrate material coupling with an exonuclease III-assisted amplification strategy to construct a superior-performance self-powered biosensor based on enzymatic biofuel cells for highly sensitive detection of the tumour marker miRNA-21. Glucose oxidase (GOD) is first immobilized on the GDY/AuNP composite to prepare a bioconjugate. GDY/AuNP modified carbon cloth is used as an enzyme biofuel cell electrode, which is then modified with bilirubin oxidase as a biocathode. The bioconjugate binds to GOD through specific binding to the bioanode. When miRNA-21 is present, specific recognition by exonuclease III in the system results in cleavage of the capture probe, and miRNA-21 is recovered and involved in the cycle. The target miRNA-21 then causes corresponding changes in the open-circuit voltage of the self-powered system. Based on this, a sensitive detection method was constructed, within the scope from 0.1 fM to 0.1 nM with a shallow detection limit of 55.2 aM (S/N = 3). The new approach triumphantly has been used to detect miRNA-21 in serum, which provides a compelling new way for early diagnosis of related cancers.
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Técnicas Biosensibles , MicroARNs , MicroARNs/química , Límite de Detección , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Glucosa Oxidasa/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Low grain water content (GWC) at harvest of maize (Zea mays L.) is essential for mechanical harvesting, transportation and storage. Grain drying rate (GDR) is a key determinant of GWC. Many quantitative trait locus (QTLs) related to GDR and GWC have been reported, however, the confidence interval (CI) of these QTLs are too large and few QTLs has been fine-mapped or even been cloned. Meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis is an effective method to integrate QTLs information in independent populations, which helps to understand the genetic structure of quantitative traits. RESULTS: In this study, MQTL analysis was performed using 282 QTLs from 25 experiments related GDR and GWC. Totally, 11 and 34 MQTLs were found to be associated with GDR and GWC, respectively. The average CI of GDR and GWC MQTLs was 24.44 and 22.13 cM which reduced the 57 and 65% compared to the average QTL interval for initial GDR and GWC QTL, respectively. Finally, 1494 and 5011 candidate genes related to GDR and GWC were identified in MQTL intervals, respectively. Among these genes, there are 48 genes related to hormone metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies combined traditional QTL analyses, genome-wide association study and RNA-seq to analysis major locus for regulating GWC in maize.
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Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Zea mays , Mapeo Cromosómico/métodos , Deshidratación/genética , Grano Comestible/metabolismo , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Hormonas/análisis , Hormonas/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Agua/metabolismo , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: MicroRNA (miRNA) plays vital roles in the regulation of both plant architecture and stress resistance through cleavage or translation inhibition of the target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, miRNA-induced gene silencing remains a major challenge in vivo due to the low delivery efficiency and instability of miRNA, thus an efficient and simple method is urgently needed for miRNA transformation. Previous researches have constructed a star polycation (SPc)-mediated transdermal double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery system, achieving efficient dsRNA delivery and gene silencing in insect pests. RESULTS: Here, we tested SPc-based platform for direct delivery of double-stranded precursor miRNA (ds-MIRNA) into protoplasts and plants. The results showed that SPc could assemble with ds-MIRNA through electrostatic interaction to form nano-sized ds-MIRNA/SPc complex. The complex could penetrate the root cortex and be systematically transported through the vascular tissue in seedlings of Arabidopsis and maize. Meanwhile, the complex could up-regulate the expression of endocytosis-related genes in both protoplasts and plants to promote the cellular uptake. Furthermore, the SPc-delivered ds-MIRNA could efficiently increase mature miRNA amount to suppress the target gene expression, and the similar phenotypes of Arabidopsis and maize were observed compared to the transgenic plants overexpressing miRNA. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, we report the first construction and application of star polycation nanocarrier-based platform for miRNA delivery in plants, which explores a new enable approach of plant biotechnology with efficient transformation for agricultural application.
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Arabidopsis , MicroARNs , Arabidopsis/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Silenciador del Gen , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Polielectrolitos , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study aimed to explore the effect of induced electric field (IEF) treatment on acid hydrolysis of corn starch by altering the connection modes of sample coils of a 4-reactor IEF system. Results suggested that IEF treatment could enhance the hydrolysis of corn starch and series connection (1. RRRR, η=16ESi2Pin4ZSi+Zload) exhibited higher energy efficiency than parallel (9. (RRRR), η=4ESi2PinZSi+4Zload), thus contributing to more extensive hydrolysis. Although no new functional group was formed, the starch granules were partially cracked into pieces and the crystallinity was slightly increased after IEF-assisted hydrolysis. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that IEF-assisted hydrolysis increased the gelatinization temperatures but decreased the enthalpy of starch, with a greatest variation was observed by series connection. Rapid visco-analysis showed that IEF-assisted hydrolysis greatly decreased the pasting viscosity of corn starch and also series connection showed the strongest reduction. The obtained results could provide a theoretical guide for the applications of IEF technology in biomaterial processing.
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AlmidónRESUMEN
Salt stress negatively affects maize growth and yield. Application of plant growth regulator is an effective way to improve crop salt tolerance, therefore reducing yield loss by salt stress. Here, we used a novel plant growth regulator B2, which is a functional analogue of ABA. With the aim to determine whether B2 alleviates salt stress on maize, we studied its function under hydroponic conditions. When the second leaf was fully developed, it was pretreated with 100 µM ABA, 0.01 µM B2, 0.1 µM B2, and 1 µM B2, independently. After 5 days treatment, NaCl was added into the nutrient solution for salt stress. Our results showed that B2 could enhance salt tolerance in maize, especially when the concentration was 1.0 µMol·L-1. Exogenous application of B2 significantly enhanced root growth, and the root/shoot ratio increased by 7.6% after 6 days treatment under salt stress. Compared with control, the ABA level also decreased by 31% after 6 days, which might have resulted in the root development. What is more, B2 maintained higher photosynthetic capacity in maize leaves under salt stress conditions and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and decreased the generation rate of reactive oxygen species by 16.48%. On the other hand, B2 can enhance its water absorption ability by increasing the expression of aquaporin genes ZmPIP1-1 and ZmPIP1-5. In conclusion, the novel plant growth regulator B2 can effectively improve the salt tolerance in maize.