Carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) en niños y adolescentes: Evolución clínica y factores pronósticos / Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents: Clinial outcome and prognostic factors

Si bien la forma de presentación del CDT es más agresiva en la edad pediátrica que en los adultos, la tasa de sobrevida es superior al 90%.Objetivo: analizar retrospectivamente las características clínico-patológicas,la evolución y los factores pronósticos en pacientes prepuberales (PP) y puberales (P) con diagnostico de CDT controlados en nuestro servicio. Resultados se incluyeron 43 pacientes seguidos por un tiempo X (±DS) de 5.99 años(a) (3.57) a, rango 1 -14 a. El tratamiento consistió en tiroidectomía con vaciamiento ganglionar, Iodo131 y levotiroxina en dosis inhibitoria de TSH. Al diagnóstico: edad cronológica (EC) X (±DS)10.9 (3.84) a, rango: 4.7 -17a, relación femenino /masculino 2.9. Diecinueve PP y 24 P. El 53.5% (n:23) presentó nódulos confinados a la glándula con o sin extensión ganglionar y el 46.5% (n:20) tenia un estadío tumoral más avanzado con invasión local y metástasis (MTS) pulmonar. Treinta y ocho pacientes (88.4%) tenían MTS ganglionar cervical y 16(37.2%) MTS pulmonar. El grupo PP comparado con el P tenía EC significativamente menor X (±DS) 7.25 (2.03) a vs 13.83a (p <0.001), estadío tumoral más avanzado 84.2 vs16.8% (p<0.001) y mayor ocurrencia de MTS pulmonar 68.4 vs 12.5% (p<0.003). La sobrevida global fue de 92% y libre de enfermedad 78%.Las variables predictoras de persistencia de enfermedad más significativas fueron presencia de MTS pulmonar al diagnóstico y niveles séricos de tiroglobulina superiores a 8.5 ng/ml posterior al tratamiento inicial. Conclusión: el CDT pediátrico tiene una presentación agresiva especialmente en los pacientes prepuberales. El pediatra debería incorporar el examen clínico del cuello para realizar un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz (AU)

Children-DTC has been found to behave differently than in adults. At diagnosis, children present in a more aggressive way. However the overall survival rates is greater than 90%. The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of clinicopathologycal features at diagnosis, evolution and prognostic factors for DTC in pre-pubertal (PP)and pubertal (P)children treated at our centre. Results: 43 CDT patients were included. Mean follow up was X (±DS) 5.99 (3.57) years (y) range: 1 -14 y. Treatment consisted on total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection, radioiodine therapy, and TSH suppressive therapy with L-thyroxine. At diagnosis: chronological age (CA) was (±DS) :10.9 (3.84) y, range: 4.7 - 17y,sex: female/male ratio: 32/11,nineteen were PP and 24 P. Twentythree ( 53.5%) presented intrathyroidal nodes with or without lymph node MTS, Twenty patients (46.5%) had advanced disease, with adjacent tissue invasion and lung MTS. Thirty-eight patients (88.4%) had cervical lymph node MTS, 16 (37.2%) lung MTS.PP group had significant less CA X (±DS) 7.25 (2.03) y vs 13.83 (1.95)y (p <0.001),advanced tumor stage 84.2 vs16.8% (p<0.001) and more lung MTS occurrence 68.4 vs 12.5% (p<0.003). Global survival rate was 92% and disease free survival rate was 78%.Lung metastases (MTS) and serum thyroglobuline levels greater than 8.5 ng\ml post initial treatment were the most significant prognostic factor related to persistent disease. Conclusion: CDT had a more aggressive presentation in children; especially in PP children. Pediatricians should be aware of this in order to realize a precocious diagnosis and treatment (AU)

Factores de riesgo de adquisición, características clínicas y evolución de las sobreinfecciones en niños con neutropenia y fiebre de origen oncohematológico / Risk factors for acquisition, clinical characteristics, and evolution of superinfections in children with neutropenia and fever of hemato oncologic origen

La aparición de una sobreinfección (SI) en un paciente con neutropenia y fiebre (NF) es un problema grave. La experiencia publicada sobre el tema en niños es muy escasa. Objetivo. Analizar los factores de riesgo de adquisición, características clínicas y de evolución de las SI en niños con NF de causa hematooncológica. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo de la SI en niños con N (<500 neutrófilos/mm3) y f (<38.5ºC) entre los meses de septiembre de 2005 y diciembre de 2006. Se comparó la SI con los episodios de NF que no la padecieron. Si fue definida como la infección que aparecia en el curso del episodio de NF mientras el niño estaba recibiendo tratamiento antibiótico y hasta una semana después de completado el mismo. Resultados: De los 399 episodios de NF diagnósticados en 298 pacientes 70 (17 por ciento) tuvieron SI. La mediana de edad de los niños con SI fue de 60 meses. Se observó mayor frecuencia de leucemia mieloide aguda (31 por ciento) vs. 12 por ciento) y de catéter venoso permanente (80 por ciento vs 61 por ciento) en niños con SI (p < 0.05) y presentaron con mayor frecuencia sepsis, neumonía neumonitis e infeccíón del catéter. Los pacientes sin SI tuvieron más frcuentemente celulitis, infección respiratoria alta y diarrea (p < 0.05). Hubo mayor tasa de confirmación bacteriológica en los niños con SI (45 por ciento) vs. 31 por ciento) (p < 0.05). Klebsiella spp prevaleció en estos pacientes (p <0.05). Los niños con SI tuvieron mayor frecuencia de ingreso a UCI (27 por ciento vs. 4 por ciento), mayor tiempo de internación (X: 17.5 vs. 6.9 días), mayor tiempo de neutropenia (X: 13 vs. 5.4 días) y mayor duración de ratamiento ATB (X: 17.4 vs. 7 días) (p <0.05). La mortalidad fue mayor en los niños con SI (14 por ciento vs. 2 por ciento). Conclusión: Las SI en niños con Nf son frecuentes. Producen alta morbilidad, prolongación de la internación y del tratamiento antibiótico y ocasionan alta mortalidad...

Evolución y progresos en el tratamiento de la leucemia finfoblastica aguda / Progress in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Muchos avances se han logrado en los últimos 30 años en el tratamiento de la leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) pediática, a nivel mundial y tamibén en nuestro Hospital. Después de su apertura en agosto de 1987 hasta noviembre de 2002 fueron ingresados 989 pacientes con diagnóstico de LLA de los cuales 896 fueron evaluables. Los mismos fueron tratados con 3 protocolos sucesivos: 92 (7 LLa 87), 374 (1 LLA 90) y 430 (1 LLA 96). Las tasas de remisión completa (RC) fueron de 95,6 en el primer protocolo, 94,4 en el segundo y 96,9 en el tercero y un 2,1, 2,9 y 1,8 de los pacientes fallecieron durante la inducción en los respectivos estudios. El principal evento observado fue la recaída de la enfermedad y fallecieron en RC 6 de los pacientes del 7 LLA 87, 4,8 del 1 LLA 90 y 4,3 del 1 LLA 96. La pSLE (EE) fue de 61 (5), 63 (5) y 72 (6), respectivamente, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,0237). El Hospital ha incorporado los métodos diagnósticos necesarios para una mejor estratificicón de los pacientes, y fueron mejoradas las medidas de soporte ofrecidas a los pacientes. Como consecuencia de los logros mencionados se observó una disminución en las tasas de muerte durante la inducción y en RC, con un aumento gradual y significativo de la pSLE. Estos resultados muestran una mejora a lo largo del tiempo y nuestros esfuerzos deben orientarse a una aún mejor optimización de las herramientas diagnósticas, terpéuticas y de soporte para lograr alcanzar los estándares internacionales pra esta población de pacientes.

Tumores germinales malignos extracerebrales en niños y adolescentes: resultados del protocolo tgm 95 en una institución / Extra cerebral malignant germ gelf tumors in children and adolescents: results of the protocol tgm 95 in our institution

Objetivos: Evaluación de las características clínicas y los resultados terapéuticos de los tumores germinales malignos (TGM) extra cerebrales tratados según los lineamientos del protocolo TGM 95 de la Sociedad Francesa de Oncología Pediátrica (SFOP) en una sola institución. Pacientes y Métodos: Entre septiembre de 1995 y septiembre de 2005, 110 pacientes (pts) nuevos consecutivos con tumores germinales extra cerebrales fueron registrados en nuestra institución, 62 de los cuales eran malignos, todos ellos fueron evaluados. El primer gesto diagnóstico terapéutico fue la gonadectomía inicial o la detección de niveles elevados de marcadores tumorales. Los pacientes fueron tratados según los lineamientos del Protocolo TGM 95 de la SFOP. Para la enfermedad estadio I-II completamente resecada y con marcadores positivos, se utilizó una estrategia de expectación y seguimiento. Para los casos avanzados de diseminación hemátogena o niveles de alfa fetoproteína superiores a 15.000 ng/ml se empleó el régimen "VIP" (Etopósido, ifosfamida y cisplatino) 4-6 ciclos. El resto de los casos fue tratado con el regimén VBP (vinblastina, bleomicina y cisplatino) 3-5 ciclos. Resultados: La mediana edad para el grupo fue 12.1 (r: 0-17) años. Varones: 30; mujeres:32 (V/M: 0.94). La signo sintomatología clínica varió según la localización y la extensión tumoral. Hubo 13 (21) pacientes en estadio I y 9 (14,5) en estadio II (35,5). En estadio III y 18 (29) en estadío IV. Ocho (12,9) fueron tumores puros del saco vitelino. Cincuenta (80.6) fueron TGM mixtos con variadas combinaciones de componentes malignos teratomatosos. Dos (3,2) fueron teratomas inmaduros de alto grado. Veintiseis (41,9) fueron de origen ovárico, 25 (40,3) testiculares., 6 (9,7) sacrococcigeos, 3 (4,8) mediastinales y 2 (3,2) de otra localización. Catorce pacientes en estadio I-II y enfermedad inicialmente resecada en forma completa, no recibieron quimioterapia luego del a cirugía.

Factores de riesgo de adquisición de bacteriemia en niños con neutropenia y fiebre / Risk factors for bacteremia in children with fever and neutropenia

La bacteriemia es una infección que conlleva alto riesgo en niños con neutropenia y fiebre (NF). No existen en la literatura suficiente información sobre los factores de riesgo de adquisición de bacteriemias e niños con NF. Entre marzo de 2000 y setiembre de 2002 se realizó un estudio prospectivo para analizar los factores de riesgo de adquisición de bacteriemias en niños con NF. Fueron incluidos 715 episodios de NF en 458 niños. Las leucemias fueron las enfermedades de base más frecuentes (63 por ciento). En 64 por ciento de los niños se detectó algún foco clínico de infección prevaleciendo las infecciones respiratorias altas. Un 14 por ciento (97) de los pacientes presento bacteriemia. Staphilococcus aureus (33 por ciento) y Staphylococcus coagulasa-negativa (28 por ciento) fueron los patógenos prevalentes. Al realizar un análisis multivariado pudimos determinar que los niños que tenían una enfermedad de base avanzada (OR: 7.04; 3.3-14.8), neutropenia severa (OR: 1.9;1.1-3.2) y mucositis al ingreso (OR: 1.7; 1.01-3.03) tenían mayor riesgo de padecer bacteriemia. Da detección de estas tres variables permitirá realizar un tratamiento antibiótico racional e identificar a los pacientes con un riesgo mayor en quienes estaría indicada la internación para su tratamiento.

Neuroblastoma: primitivo oculto. Descripción de casos / Neuroblastoma with occult primary. Description of 2 cases

El neuroblastoma es el tumor extracraneal más frecuente en la infancia representando aproximadamente un 8 por ciento de las enfermedades malignas. Se analizó la forma de presentación clínica, evolución respuesta al tratamiento de dos pacientes que presentaron como diagnóstico neuroblastoma con tumor primitivo oculto. La forma de presentación de estos pacientes fue atípica. Caracterizada por la presencia de dolores óseos, radiografía de huesos largos patológicas y aspirado de médula ósea con infiltración neoplásica, sin evidencia de tumor tanto en examen clínico como en los estudios por imágenes. En niños, las neoplasias sólidas de origen desconocido correponden a menos del 1 por ciento del total, siendo esta incidencia algo mayor en el adulto. Un interrogatorio adecuado y dirigido, la evaluación radiológica correcta, la determinación de catecolaminas urinarias y el medulograma son herramientas útiles para arribar al diagnóstico en las presentaciones poco habituales de esta enfermedad.

Tratamiento ambulatorio secuencial parenteral oral en niños con neutropenia y fiebre de causa hemato oncológíca y bajo riesgo de mortalidad / Secuencial parenteral oral ambulatory treatment of children with cancer and low risk of mortality fever and neutropenia

Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento ambulatorio parenteral oral de niños con neutropenia y fiebre (NF) de causa hemato oncológica y bajo riesgo (BR) de mortalidad se reaizó un estudio prospectivo entre los meses de marzo de 2000 y octubre de 2002. Fueron incluídos todos los niños con un recuento de neutrófilos menor a 500/mmm3 y fiebre mayor a 38ºC y bajo riesgo de mortalidad (ej. expectativa de neutropenia menor a 7 días, buen estado general, ausencia de signos de co morbilidad asociados, sin celulitis del catéter, perianal de cara, sin mucositis severa, gingivitis necrotizante o enteritis y sin bacteriemia. Todos los niños recibieron ceftriaxona y ami kacina. A las 24 horas continuaron el tratamiento con ciprofloxacina o continuaron con ceftriaxona únicamente hasta permanecer 24 horas sin fiebre. Todo el tratamiento se realizó en forma ambulatoria. Durante el período de estudio fueron evaluados 715 episodios de NF en 485 pacientes, de los cuales 199 episodios en 123 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. La mediana edad de los niños fue de 70 meses. El 58% de los niños tuvieron leucemias. El 111% recibieron factores estimulantes de colonias y 53% tenía catéter implantable. El 44% de los episodios se presentó con un recuento menor a 100 neutrófilos/mm3. La media de duración de la neutropenia fue de 4 más menos 2.3 días y de la fiebre 1 más menos 1.9 días. El 30% tuvo un foco clínico de infección, siendo la infección respiratoria alta el foco más frecuente. el 17% de los niños requirió algún cambio al tratamiento empírico. Se registraron 11 fallos (5%) terapéuticos. Todos los niños con fallos fueron hospitalizados, ninguno requirió internación en UCI y ninguno falleció. La mediana de tratamiento parenteral fue de 3 días y de tratamiento oral de 5 días. El tratamiento ambulatorio secuencial parenteral realizado en forma ambulatoria con ceftriaxona y amikacina seguido de ciprofloxacina o ceftraxina es seguro.

Viridans streptococci bacteraemia in children with fever and neutropenia: a case-control study of predisposing factors.

Viridans streptococci (VS) are an increasing cause of bacteraemia in neutropenic patients with cancer. Case-control studies of predisposing factors for acquisition of this infection in children are not published. Between January 1989 and December 1999, 168 episodes of bacteraemia in 161 children with fever and neutropenia of haemato-oncology origin were analysed. 15 cases (9%) in 15 patients were caused by VS. Each case patient was compared with 6 matched control patients; 2 with other Gram-positive cocci (group 2), 2 with gram-negative bacilli bacteraemia (group 3) and two children with fever and neutropenia without bacteraemia (group 4). The median age of patients was 4.1 years (range: 2-15 years). 87% of children had acute leukaemia or lymphomas. Pneumonia was the predominant clinical focus (70%). Shock was observed in 13% of patients. ARDS was observed in one child who died of this complication. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for the development of VS bacteraemia showed that two factors were independent predictors: high doses of cytosine-arabinoside (ARA-C) as part of the chemotherapy treatment (Odds Ratio (OR): 9.3; Confidence Interval (CI) 1.56-55.5) (P<0.014) and the presence of pneumonia (OR: 1.36: CI 2.27-81.9) (P<0.0043). We propose that further studies are warranted to confirm these results.

Secuelas pulmonares del tratamiento de la enfermedad de Hodgkin / Pulmonary sequelae of therapy for Hodgkin´s disease

En las últimas décadas se ha producido un incremento en la sobrevida de las enfermedades malignas pediátricas. En la enfermedad de Hodgkin (EH) esta ha alcanzado el 90 por ciento, sin embargo la morbilidad secundaria al tratamiento persiste. Objetivos: determinar la incidencia de enfermedad pulmonar secundaria al tratamiento de la EH en pacientes pediátricos que reciben el protocolo COPP/ABV. Material y métodos: desde el año 1996 gasta el 2000 se diagnosticaron 55 pacientes con diagnóstico de EH que fueron enrolados en este protocolo. Se incluyeron en el estudio 22 pacientes con estudio funcional respiratorio completo. Los pacientes se dividieron en cuatro estadios y estos en A o B de acuerdo a si presentaron síntomas o no al momento del diagnóstico. Las drogas utilizadas fueron Vincristina, Ciclofosfamida. Procarbazina, Prednisona, Doxorrubicina, Bleomicina y Vinblastina. En todos los pacientes se realizaron pruebas de función pulmonar completas. Resultados: se estudiaron 22 pacientes con EH desde el punto de vista respiratorio. Once varones, edad x 12.1 (r6.1 -16.4); 3 pacientes fueron estadio 1.7 estadio II, 2 estadio III y 10 estadio IV. Todos recibieron quimioterapia (QMT) y 13 además radioterapia (RDT). La CVF estubo disminuida en forma significativa en 1/22 luego del 4º ciclo, en 4/22 la DLCO disminuyó más del 20 por ciento, y la CPT presentó caída en 1/22. De los pacientes que recibieron RDT, 10 completaron los estudios funcionales, 6/10 presentaron disminución de la CVF y 4/10 de la DLCO y la CPT. Conclusión: la quimioterapia y la radioterapia producen morbilidad pulmonar. Nosotros creemos necesario monitorear la toxicidad pulmonar mediante pruebas de función pulmonar seriadas en los niños con EH.

Oral ciprofloxacin in the management of children with cancer with lower risk febrile neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports and a previous randomized trial conducted at the authors' institution suggested that a lower risk subset of children with febrile neutropenia under chemotherapy might benefit of an oral antibiotic outpatient approach. METHODS: The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of lower risk febrile neutropenia (LRFN) in children treated for malignant diseases. From November 1998 to December 1999, 93 episodes of LRFN in 87 children (median age, 5.5 years; range, 0.9-15.8 years) were included in a prospective randomized controlled single institution trial. Inclusion criteria included fever (> 38 degrees C), severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count, < 500/mm(3)), and lower risk features (e.g., absence of severe comorbidity factors, good clinical condition, negative blood cultures, control of local infection, prediction of a period of neutropenia less than 10 days after admission, and compliant parents). After 24 hours of a single intravenous ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg) plus amikacin (15 mg/kg) and completed risk assessment workup, patients were discharged and randomly allocated to two groups. Group A (48 episodes) received ciprofloxacin 20 mg/kg/day orally (p.o.) every 12 hours for 6 days. Group B (45 episodes) received intravenous ceftriaxone plus amikacin for 2 days more followed by cefixime (8 mg/kg/day p.o.) every 24 hours for 4 additional days. Failure was defined as the need of a second hospitalization during the same episode. RESULTS: Most of the patients (59% in Group A and 52% in Group B) were treated for malignant solid tumors. Fifteen (31%) children in Group A and 15 (33%) in Group B presented with fever of unknown origin (P value was not significant). No significant differences were found in sites of initial infection between both groups. Overall results in this study were excellent. Only one patient with respiratory failure was detected in Group B, who did well with secondary treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In febrile neutropenic children after anticancer therapy and lower risk features, oral ciprofloxacin for 6 days after 24 hours of intravenous ceftraxione plus amikacin appears to be as efficacious as intravenous ceftriaxone plus amikacin for 2 days more followed by cefixime for 4 additional days. These results contribute to strengthen the concept of LRFN.

[Criteria of low risk of mortality in children with neutropenia and fever during cancer chemotherapy]. / Criterios de bajo riesgo de mortalidad en niños con neutropenia y fiebre durante la quimioterapia por cáncer.

To validate the use of a lower-risk mortality profile in pediatric febrile neutropenia during anticancer therapy and to evaluate the efficacy of a sequential parenteral-oral antibiotic treatment for these children, a prospective study was conducted between May 1997 and December 1999. During this period 247 episodes in 215 patients were included in the present study. Children with neutropenia (ANC < 500/mm3) and fever (> 38 degrees C) due to anticancer therapy were eligible for the study if they presented the following lower-risk conditions: absence of severe co-morbidity factors, good clinical condition, no risk clinical foci, no bacteremia, and responsible parents. They were initially treated with inpatient parenteral short course of ceftriaxone and amikacin followed by ambulatory oral cefixime or ciprofloxacin to complete 7 days. Mean age was 64 (range: 8-200) months. The most common underlying malignant disease was acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 48% (118) of cases and 57% (141) of patients had an indwelling central venous catheter. Clinical evidence of infection was found in 47% (122) of children and the most common site was the upper respiratory tract (81%). Mean period of fever was 1.1 days (r: 1-8) and the duration of neutropenia was 3.9 days (r: 1-9). Sixty-one% (150) of children was discharged with neutropenia. Mean time of hospitalization was 1.5 days. Four clinical failures were detected (1.6%). They all were satisfactorily treated with a secondary treatment and none underwent any major complications or died. The lower-risk profile used was safe and the sequential antibiotic therapy was adequate to manage febrile neutropenia in this subset of children.

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic value of initial peripheral blast count in good responders to prednisone.

PURPOSE: To assess the value of initial peripheral blast count in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and prednisone good response (PGR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1990 to December 1995, 403 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed ALL were enrolled in the authors' protocol 1-ALL90-BFM/HPG. Prednisone good response was defined as a blast count of less than 1,000/microL and a prednisone poor response (PPR) as a blast count of at least 1,000/microL, both in peripheral smears, after 7 days of oral prednisone (60 mg/m2 per day) and one intrathecal dose of methotrexate. In the PGR group, patients were divided into two subgroups: patients who had less than 1,000 blasts/microL at diagnosis and those with at least 1,000 blasts/microL at diagnosis. RESULTS: Three-hundred thirty-seven patients (90%) had PGR and 37 had (10%) PPR. At 5-year follow-up, event-free survival estimates were 67 +/- 3.8% and 38 +/- 8% for PGR and PPR, respectively (P = 0.0001). In the PGR group, 114 patients (34%) had an initial blast count of less than 1,000/microL and 223 (66%) had an initial blast count of at least 1,000/microL. The authors compared the clinical and laboratory characteristics of these subgroups at diagnosis and outcome and detected significant differences in white cell count, incidence of T immunophenotype, and presence of mediastinal or spleen enlargement. However, there were no differences in response to induction treatment, death in complete remission, relapses, or event-free survival probability. CONCLUSIONS: In the PGR group, regardless of the initial blast count, both subgroups had the same outcome. The PGR group with an initial blast count of at least 1,000/microL had significantly higher white cell counts. T markers, and mediastinal or spleen enlargement at diagnosis. Response to prednisone is a practical, inexpensive, and good prognostic factor in childhood ALL.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in childhood and adolescence: a single-institution experience with combined therapy.

BACKGROUND: A high cure rate may be attained for locally advanced, undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in children, provided that a combined modality of treatment is employed. Both local and systemic therapies are necessary. Results at a single pediatric institution were analyzed. METHODS: From November 1988 to December 1997, 16 consecutive patients were treated with NPC at the Hospital Garrahan in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The authors were able to evaluate 11 patients (9 boys and 2 girls); their median age was 12 (range, 8-14) years. Chemotherapy consisted of 3 courses, every 3 weeks, of 5-fluorouracil (500 mg/m(2)) plus bleomycin (15 mg/m(2)) daily for 4 days, with cisplatin (100 mg/m(2)) added the last day. External beam radiotherapy was delivered over a median of 52 (range, 45-63) days, to a median cumulative dose to the primary site of 55 (range, 50-61.2) grays (Gy). The median dose for the lower neck area was 45 (range, 45-55.8) Gy. All patients received radiotherapy to the primary site and to the initially involved lymphoid areas, with daily single doses of 1.8 Gy (5 of 7 days per week). RESULTS: The main symptoms at onset were cervical mass (100%), epistaxis (54%), cephalalgia (36%), and trismus (36%). All cases were Stage IV (American Joint Committee on Cancer and International Union Against Cancer TNM system). Complete response was achieved in 45% of patients after initial chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 63 (range, 23-119) months, disease free survival (with standard error [SE]) and overall survival estimates were 61% (16%) and 91% (9%), respectively, at 75 months. Acute toxicity due to therapy was tolerable. Chronic sinusitis (73%), hypothyroidism (73%), and mild (64%) or moderate (9%) neck fibrosis were detected at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although this series is small, the authors concluded that NPC patients have a good chance of survival in the setting described, in spite of locally advanced disease. Chemotherapy might be useful in preventing the development of systemic metastases.

Oral administration of cefixime to lower risk febrile neutropenic children with cancer.

BACKGROUND: Febrile neutropenia is a heterogeneous condition. Recently, several risk factors have been defined, permitting the definition of a lower risk group of patients who may benefit form less aggressive therapy. The use of an oral antibiotic approach was tested in the current trial. METHODS: From May 1997 to March 1998, 154 episodes of lower risk febrile neutropenia in 128 children with a mean age of 62 (range, 8-200) months were enrolled in this randomized, single-institution trial. Inclusion criteria were fever (> 38 degrees C), neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500/mm(3)), lower risk features (i.e., absence of severe comorbidity factors, good clinical condition, negative blood cultures, control of local infection, no fever during the last 24 hours), and compliance of parents. After 3 days of ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg/day administered intravenously [i.v.]) every 12 hours plus amikacin (15 mg/kg/day i.v.) every 24 hours for 3 days, all patients were discharged and randomized to be allocated to 2 treatment arms. Group A (n = 74) received ceftriaxone cefixime (8 mg/kg/day administered orally) every 24 hours for 4 days, whereas Group B (n = 80) was treated with ceftriaxone plus amikacin for 7 days. Failure was defined as the need for second hospitalization during the same episode of neutropenia, or fever during the 7 days after discharge. RESULTS: Most of the patients (49% in Group A and 55% in Group B) had acute leukemia. Fifty-four (72%) children in Group A and 46 (56%) in Group B had fever of unknown origin (P = not significant [NS]). No significant differences were found in the sites of initial infection between the two groups. Overall results were outstanding, with a favorable outcome in 73 of 78 cases (98.6%) in Group A and 78 of 80 cases (97.5%) in Group B (P = NS). Three patients needed a second hospitalization due to failure of the initial therapy: one in Group A and two in Group B. All three did well with secondary treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In lower risk febrile neutropenic children receiving anticancer therapy, the efficacy of oral cefixime, given for 4 days after 72 hours of intravenous ceftriaxone plus amikacin, was similar to that of 7 days of parenteral ceftriaxone plus amikacin. The oral outpatient therapy approach to the treatment of lower risk febrile neutropenia after chemotherapy is safe and may be cost-saving. This strategy might be adopted as standard therapy in the future.

Good outcome of children with acute myeloid leukemia and t(8;21)(q22;q22), even when associated with granulocytic sarcoma: a report from a single institution in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: The association between t(8;21) and granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is well known, but to the authors' knowledge the prognostic significance of GS in these patients has not been defined clearly. METHODS: Between January 1990 and July 1999 174 children with acute myeloid leukemia were admitted to the study institution. Translocation (8;21) was identified in 20 patients (11.5%). Eighteen patients were evaluable for the current study and 8 presented with GS at the time of diagnosis (GS+). RESULTS: The authors defined two groups of patients: those who were GS+ and those who were GS-. One patient in the GS+ group and two patients in the GS- group died during the induction phase of the study. Complete remission was achieved in seven patients in the GS+ group and eight patients in the GS- group. Two patients developed a recurrence in the GS+ group as did one patient in the GS- group. The event free-survival probability (the standard error) was 58% (18%) in the GS+ group and 70% (14%) in the GS- group. Localization of GS was in only one site in seven patients and at multiple sites in one patient. Patients with an epidural mass received local radiotherapy (one patient) or surgery (two patients). Two of these patients developed paraplegia as sequelae: one patient after surgery and one patient after radiotherapy. One patient with orbital GS received local radiotherapy because of progressive proptosis. The remaining four patients had a complete resolution of the GS with chemotherapy only. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study of patients with t(8;21)(q22;q22), the presence of granulocytic sarcoma was not found to be an adverse prognostic factor. However, careful attention should be paid, especially to patients with an epidural site, to avoid sequelae. Chemotherapy appears to be the optimum treatment for these children.

Childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia: no benefit of all-trans-retinoic acid administered in a short-course schedule.

From January 1990 to August 1997, 29 consecutive patients were treated with newly diagnosed primary acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) at the authors' Institution. Of these, 27 (16 boys and 11 girls) were evaluable. Median age at diagnosis was 6.3 (range: 1.9-15.7) years. This population was treated with two consecutive protocols: 13 patients were included in the AML-HPG-90 protocol and 14 in the AML-HPG-95. The initial treatment was the same for both protocols: an induction 8-day phase with cytarabine, idarubicin, and etoposide was followed by a consolidation with cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisone. Two courses of intensification with high-dose (HD) cytarabine and etoposide were given in the first study. Only one intensification course was administered in the second study, with HD cytarabine plus idarubicin or etoposide decided by randomization. Complete remission was achieved in 67% (18/27) of cases. Mortality on induction was quite high, 30% (8/27) mainly due to hemorrhages from disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The event-free survival estimate for all patients was 0.47 (SE: 0.1). From April 1994, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) was administered just during the first days of the induction phase (median: 9, range: 2-27) to stop or prevent DIC. Eighteen patients received ATRA and 9 did not. Three patients developed signs of ATRA syndrome during the first days of administration but no one died due to this toxicity. The impact of a short course of ATRA on early control of DIC was studied by analyzing the number of platelet, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma transfusions during the induction phase in both groups. No statistical differences in complete remission rate, early mortality, need of transfusion of blood components for DIC, and survival estimates could be established between patients who received ATRA and those who did not. ATRA used in a short-course schedule during induction of APL did not stop early mortality due to DIC. Moreover, survival results did not improve with this method of ATRA usage. Longer periods of ATRA administration during APL therapy are strongly recommended.