RESUMEN
Studies showed that the increase of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumour microenvironment is closely related to the resistant treatment and poor prognosis of metastatic breast cancer. However, the effect of tumour-derived exosomes on MDSCs and its mechanism are not clear. Here, we reported that breast cancer cells (4T1)-secreted exosomes (BCC-Ex) were able to differentiate bone marrow cells into MDSCs and significantly inhibited the proliferation of T lymphocytes to provide an immunosuppressive microenvironment for cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. The number of MDSCs in bone marrow and spleen of 4T1 tumour-bearing mice and BCC-Ex infused mice was significantly higher than that of normal mice, whereas the number of T lymphocytes in spleen was significantly decreased. In addition, BCC-Ex markedly promoted the differentiation of MDSCs from bone marrow cells or bone marrow cells derived macrophages, seen as the increased expressions of MDSCs-related functional proteins Arginase-1 (Arg-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, BCC-Ex significantly down-regulated the expressions of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and markedly up-regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 in bone marrow cells and macrophages and remarkably inhibited the division and proliferation of T cells. Importantly, CXCR4 agonist, CXCL12, could reverse the function of BCC-Ex, indicating that BCC-Ex-induced MDSCs might be dependent on the down-regulation of CXCR4. Western blot showed that BCC-Ex significantly promoted the phosphorylation of STAT3 in bone marrow cells, resulting in the inhibitions of the proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow cells, and the aggravation of the differentiation of bone marrow cells into MDSCs.
Asunto(s)
Células de la Médula Ósea/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Exosomas/metabolismo , Células Supresoras de Origen Mieloide/patología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR4/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Animales , Células de la Médula Ósea/inmunología , Células de la Médula Ósea/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Células Supresoras de Origen Mieloide/inmunología , Células Supresoras de Origen Mieloide/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Receptores CXCR4/genética , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/genética , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and adult stem cells (ASCs) are able to repair/replace damaged or degenerative tissues and improve functional recovery in experimental model and clinical trials. However, there are still many limitations and unresolved problems regarding stem cell therapy in terms of ethical barriers, immune rejection, tumorigenicity, and cell sources. By reviewing recent literatures and our related works, human amnion-derived stem cells (hADSCs) including human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) and human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs) have shown considerable advantages over other stem cells. In this review, we first described the biological characteristics and advantages of hADSCs, especially for their high pluripotency and immunomodulatory effects. Then, we summarized the therapeutic applications and recent progresses of hADSCs in treating various diseases for preclinical research and clinical trials. In addition, the possible mechanisms and the challenges of hADSCs applications have been also discussed. Finally, we highlighted the properties of hADSCs as a promising source of stem cells for cell therapy and regenerative medicine and pointed out the perspectives for the directions of hADSCs applications clinically.